T-13/4 (5mm) Ultra Bright LED Datasheet - 5mm Diameter - Voltage 2.0-2.4V - Power 120mW - Super Red to Yellow Colors - English Technical Document

1. Product Overview

This document details the specifications for a series of T-13/4 (5mm) diameter, ultra bright light emitting diodes (LEDs). These are through-hole components designed for mounting on printed circuit boards (PCBs) or panels. The LEDs are constructed using Aluminum Indium Gallium Phosphide (AlInGaP) on Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) semiconductor technology, encapsulated in a water-clear epoxy package. This series is characterized by its high luminous intensity output and low power consumption, making it suitable for applications requiring high visibility and efficiency.

1.1 Core Advantages

• High Luminous Intensity: Delivers very bright output, with specific values varying by model and color.
• Low Power Consumption: Operates efficiently with a typical forward current of 20mA.
• High Efficiency: Provides significant light output relative to electrical input.
• Versatile Mounting: Standard through-hole design compatible with PCB or panel mounting.
• IC Compatible: Can be driven directly by integrated circuits due to low current requirements.
• Standard Package: Popular T-13/4 (5mm) diameter form factor.

1.2 Target Market & Application

These LEDs are primarily intended for applications where clear, bright signaling is required. Typical uses include message displays and various types of signage, such as traffic signs, where high visibility from a distance is crucial.

2. Technical Parameter Deep-Dive

The performance of these LEDs is defined across several key electrical and optical parameters, which vary between different product series (F, H, P, R) distinguished by their viewing angle.

2.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings

These ratings define the limits beyond which permanent damage to the device may occur. All values are specified at an ambient temperature (T_A) of 25°C.

• Power Dissipation (P_D): 120 mW maximum.
• Peak Forward Current (I_FP): Ranges from 90 mA to 130 mA depending on the color variant, under pulsed conditions (1/10 duty cycle, 0.1ms pulse width).
• Continuous Forward Current (I_F): 50 mA for all variants.
• Derating Factor: 0.6 mA/°C linearly from 70°C for the forward current.
• Reverse Voltage (V_R): 5 V maximum (at I_R = 100 µA).
• Operating Temperature Range: -40°C to +100°C.
• Storage Temperature Range: -55°C to +100°C.
• Lead Soldering Temperature: 260°C for 5 seconds, measured 1.6mm (0.063\") from the LED body.

2.2 Electrical & Optical Characteristics

These are the typical operating parameters measured at T_A=25°C and I_F=20mA. The series are defined by viewing angle: F Series (8°), H Series (15°), P Series (22°), and R Series (30°). Luminous intensity is inversely related to viewing angle.

2.2.1 F Series (8° Viewing Angle)

• Luminous Intensity (I_v): Ranges from 3200-5500 mcd (Super Red) to 4200-7800 mcd (other colors).
• Forward Voltage (V_F): Typically 2.0V to 2.4V, with Super Red at 1.9V to 2.3V.
• Peak Wavelength (λ_P): Spans from 588 nm (Yellow) to 639 nm (Super Red).
• Dominant Wavelength (λ_d): Spans from 587 nm (Yellow) to 631 nm (Super Red).
• Spectral Half-Width (Δλ): Ranges from 15 nm to 20 nm.

2.2.2 H Series (15° Viewing Angle)

• Luminous Intensity (I_v): Ranges from 1500-2400 mcd (Super Red) to 1900-3400 mcd (other colors).
• Electrical and spectral characteristics (V_F, λ_P, λ_d, Δλ) are identical to the F Series.

2.2.3 P Series (22° Viewing Angle)

• Luminous Intensity (I_v): Ranges from 880-1400 mcd (Super Red) to 1150-2000 mcd (other colors).
• Electrical and spectral characteristics (V_F, λ_P, λ_d, Δλ) are identical to the F and H Series.

2.2.4 Common Parameters

• Reverse Current (I_R): 100 µA maximum at V_R = 5V.
• Capacitance (C): 40 pF typical at V_F = 0V, f = 1 MHz.

2.3 Binning System Explanation

The datasheet indicates a luminous intensity binning system.

• Luminous Intensity Binning: Products are classified into two ranks (e.g., Min. and Typ. values). The specific bin classification code is marked on each individual packing bag.
• Color/Wavelength Binning: The part number structure defines the color and its corresponding wavelength characteristics precisely (e.g., \"RK\" for Super Red, \"EK\" for Red). There is no additional binning within a color code.

3. Mechanical & Package Information

3.1 Package Dimensions

The LED features a standard radial leaded package with a 5mm (T-13/4) diameter lens.

• Body Diameter: 5.0mm typical.
• Lead Spacing: Measured where leads emerge from the package body.
• Protruded Resin: Under the flange is a maximum of 1.0mm (0.04\").
• Tolerance: ±0.25mm (0.010\") unless otherwise specified.

3.2 Polarity Identification

The component uses standard LED polarity. The longer lead is typically the anode (positive), and the shorter lead is the cathode (negative). The cathode may also be indicated by a flat spot on the plastic lens rim. Always verify polarity before soldering to prevent reverse bias damage.

4. Soldering & Assembly Guidelines

4.1 Hand or Wave Soldering

For through-hole mounting, standard wave or hand soldering techniques can be used.

• Temperature Limit: The leads can withstand 260°C for a maximum of 5 seconds. This measurement is taken 1.6mm (0.063\") from the plastic body of the LED.
• Heat Management: Avoid prolonged application of heat to prevent damage to the epoxy package and the internal semiconductor die. Use a heat sink (e.g., tweezers) on the lead between the soldering point and the LED body if necessary.

4.2 Storage Conditions

To maintain solderability and device integrity, store the LEDs in their original moisture-barrier bags in an environment controlled within the specified storage temperature range of -55°C to +100°C. Avoid environments with high humidity or corrosive gases.

5. Application Suggestions

5.1 Typical Application Scenarios

• Message Signs & Displays: Ideal for status indicators, scrolling text displays, or information panels where high brightness is needed for daylight visibility.
• Traffic & Signaling Signs: Suitable for auxiliary signaling lights, pedestrian crossing indicators, or other traffic-related applications requiring specific colors (red, amber, yellow).
• Industrial Indicators: Machine status lights, warning indicators on control panels.
• Consumer Electronics: Power indicators, backlighting for small displays.

5.2 Design Considerations

• Current Limiting: Always use a series current-limiting resistor. Calculate the resistor value based on the supply voltage (V_CC), the LED's forward voltage (V_F), and the desired forward current (I_F, typically 20mA). Formula: R = (V_CC - V_F) / I_F.
• Viewing Angle Selection: Choose the series based on the required beam pattern. Use narrow-angle (8° F Series) for directed, long-distance viewing. Use wider angles (22° P Series, 30° R Series) for broader, more diffuse illumination.
• Thermal Management: While power dissipation is low, ensure the operating ambient temperature does not exceed 100°C. For designs with multiple LEDs or in high-temperature environments, consider spacing and possible airflow.
• Reverse Voltage Protection: Although the LED can tolerate up to 5V in reverse, it is good practice to avoid exposing it to reverse bias. In AC or polarity-reversing circuits, include a reverse-parallel diode for protection.

6. Technical Comparison & Differentiation

Compared to standard 5mm LEDs of an older generation (e.g., using GaP or GaAsP technology), this AlInGaP-based series offers significant advantages:

• Higher Efficiency & Brightness: AlInGaP technology provides superior luminous efficacy, resulting in much higher luminous intensity for the same drive current.
• Improved Color Saturation: The spectral characteristics (narrower half-width) can result in more pure and saturated colors, particularly in the red to amber range.
• Wider Viewing Angle Options: The availability of multiple, well-defined viewing angles (8°, 15°, 22°, 30°) from the same core technology allows designers to precisely tailor the light distribution for their application without changing the LED's electrical or color properties.

7. Frequently Asked Questions (Based on Technical Parameters)

7.1 What is the difference between Peak Wavelength and Dominant Wavelength?

Peak Wavelength (λ_P) is the wavelength at which the spectral power distribution of the LED's emitted light is at its maximum. Dominant Wavelength (λ_d) is derived from the CIE chromaticity diagram; it is the single wavelength of the pure spectral color that matches the perceived color of the LED's light. For LEDs with a broad spectrum, these values can differ. Dominant wavelength is often more representative of the human-perceived color.

7.2 How do I choose between the F, H, P series?

The choice is primarily based on the required beam pattern and intensity. The F Series (8°) concentrates light into a very narrow, intense beam, ideal for long-range indication. The H Series (15°) offers a good balance of intensity and spread. The P Series (22°) and R Series (30°) provide a much wider, more diffuse light suitable for area illumination or wide-angle viewing. Luminous intensity decreases as the viewing angle increases.

7.3 Can I drive these LEDs without a current-limiting resistor?

No. LEDs are current-driven devices. Their forward voltage has a tolerance and a negative temperature coefficient (decreases as temperature rises). Connecting directly to a voltage source will cause excessive current to flow, potentially exceeding the Absolute Maximum Rating for Continuous Forward Current (50mA) and destroying the device. A series resistor is mandatory for stable and safe operation.

7.4 What does \"Water Clear\" lens mean?

A \"Water Clear\" or non-diffused lens is perfectly transparent. This allows the full intensity of the LED chip to be projected, resulting in the highest possible luminous intensity and a more defined beam pattern (as seen in the narrow viewing angle variants). It does not scatter the light like a diffused (milky) lens would.

8. Practical Design Case

Scenario: Designing a high-visibility, battery-powered \"ON\" indicator for outdoor equipment that must be visible in direct sunlight. The indicator color should be red.

Design Choices:

1. LED Selection: Choose the LTL2F3VEKNT (Red, 8° viewing angle, F Series). The narrow 8° beam concentrates the luminous intensity (1900-3100 mcd typical) into a tight spot, maximizing perceived brightness for a viewer directly in front. The red color is a standard for \"power on\" indicators.
2. Drive Circuit: The device is powered by a 5V rail. Using the typical V_F of 2.4V and a target I_F of 20mA: R = (5V - 2.4V) / 0.020A = 130 Ω. A standard 130Ω or 150Ω 1/4W resistor would be used in series.
3. Layout: The through-hole LED is placed on the front panel. The current-limiting resistor can be placed on the main PCB. Ensure the LED's polarity is correctly oriented during assembly.
4. Result: A very bright, focused red dot indicator that consumes only 20mA * 2.4V = 48mW of power, well within the device's 120mW rating, ensuring long-term reliability.

9. Technology Principle Introduction

These LEDs are based on Aluminum Indium Gallium Phosphide (AlInGaP) semiconductor material grown on a Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) substrate. The principle of operation is electroluminescence.

1. When a forward voltage is applied across the p-n junction, electrons from the n-type region and holes from the p-type region are injected into the active region.
2. Within the active AlInGaP layer, electrons and holes recombine. The energy released during this recombination is emitted in the form of photons (light).
3. The specific color of the light (wavelength) is determined by the bandgap energy of the AlInGaP alloy, which is controlled by the precise ratios of Aluminum, Indium, Gallium, and Phosphorus during crystal growth. Adding more Aluminum and Indium increases the bandgap, shifting the emitted light from red towards yellow/green.
4. The \"water clear\" epoxy package acts as a lens, shaping the light output and providing mechanical and environmental protection for the delicate semiconductor chip.

10. Development Trends

While this datasheet represents a mature and widely used product, LED technology continues to evolve. Trends relevant to this class of device include:

• Increased Efficiency: Ongoing material science and manufacturing process improvements lead to higher luminous efficacy (more lumens per watt), allowing for either brighter output at the same current or the same brightness with lower power consumption.
• Color Consistency & Binning: Advances in epitaxial growth and process control enable tighter wavelength and luminous intensity distributions, reducing the need for extensive binning and providing more consistent performance from device to device.
• Packaging Innovations: While the T-13/4 package remains standard for through-hole applications, there is a general industry shift towards surface-mount device (SMD) packages for most new designs due to their smaller size and suitability for automated assembly. However, through-hole LEDs retain importance in prototyping, educational kits, and applications requiring high reliability or manual assembly.
• Expanded Color Range: Development of new semiconductor materials (like InGaN for blue/green/white) has complemented AlInGaP, enabling full-color displays. For monochromatic indicators, AlInGaP remains the dominant technology for high-brightness red, orange, and amber LEDs.