Takardun Bayani na Fasaha na LED Infrared 3mm IR204/H16/L10 - Girman 3mm - Ƙarfin Lantarki 1.5V - Tsawon Raɗin Raɗi 940nm - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Wannan takarda ta yi cikakken bayani game da ƙayyadaddun bayanai na babban ƙarfin LED infrared 3mm (T-1). An sanya na'urar a cikin kunshin filastik mai shuɗi mai gani kuma an ƙera ta don daidaitaccen daidaitawar raɗin raɗi tare da masu gano silicon (silicon photodetectors), phototransistors, da kuma na'urori masu karɓar infrared. Aikin farko shi ne fitar da hasken infrared a tsayin raɗin raɗi na 940 nanometers, wanda ba a iya ganinsa da idon ɗan adam yayin da na'urori masu auna lantarki ke iya gano shi sosai.

1.1 Fa'idodi na Asali da Kasuwar da Ake Nufi

LED yana ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci da yawa ciki har da babban aminci, ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, da babban ƙarfin haske. An ƙera shi tare da daidaitaccen tazarar jagora na 2.54mm don sauƙin haɗawa da PCB. Samfurin ya bi ka'idojin RoHS, EU REACH, da ka'idojin marasa halogen (Br < 900ppm, Cl < 900ppm, Br+Cl < 1500ppm), wanda ya sa ya dace da kasuwanni masu kula da muhalli da ƙa'ida. Ayyukan farko da ake nufi su ne a cikin tsarin infrared kamar sarrafa nesa (remote controls), na'urori masu gano kusanci (proximity sensors), gano abubuwa (object detection), da kuma maɓalli na gani (optical switches).

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Ƙimar Ƙarfafawa

An ƙera na'urar don yin aiki a cikin ƙayyadaddun iyaka don tabbatar da tsawon rayuwa da aminci. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba na ci gaba (IF) bai kamata ya wuce 100 mA ba. Don aikin bugun jini (pulsed operation) tare da faɗin bugun jini (pulse width) ≤100μs da cikakken aiki (duty cycle) ≤1%, ana iya amincewa da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba mai kololuwa (IFP) har zuwa 1.0 A. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya (VR) shine 5 V. Kewayon zafin aiki (Topr) daga -40°C zuwa +85°C, yayin da zafin ajiya (Tstg) ya faɗaɗa daga -40°C zuwa +100°C. Dole ne a kiyaye zafin solder (Tsol) a ko ƙasa da 260°C na tsawon lokacin da bai wuce dakika 5 ba. Matsakaicin ƙarfin watsawa (Pd) a zafin iska 25°C shine 150 mW.

2.2 Halayen Lantarki da Hasken Gani

Duk halayen lantarki da na gani an ƙayyade su a zafin yanayi (Ta) na 25°C da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (IF) na 20mA, sai dai idan an faɗi akasin haka. Ƙarfin hasken (IE) an rarraba shi zuwa rukuni (binned), tare da ƙimar mafi ƙanƙanta daga 4.0 zuwa 11.0 mW/sr dangane da matsayi. Tsayin raɗin raɗi mai kololuwa (λp) yawanci 940 nm ne, tare da faɗin raɗin raɗi (Δλ) na 45 nm. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (VF) yawanci 1.2 V ne tare da matsakaicin 1.5 V. Ƙarfin lantarki na baya (IR) matsakaicin 10 μA ne a ƙarfin lantarki na baya na 5V. Kusurwar kallo (2θ1/2), wanda aka ayyana shi azaman cikakkiyar kusurwa a rabin ƙarfi, yawanci digiri 50 ne.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

Ana rarraba fitar da hasken LED zuwa rukuni (bins) don tabbatar da daidaito a cikin ƙirar aikace-aikace. Ana yin rarrabuwar ne bisa ƙarfin hasken da aka auna a IF=20mA. Rukunan da ake da su sune K, L, M, da N, tare da madaidaicin ƙimar mafi ƙanƙanta da mafi girma na ƙarfin haske kamar haka: Rukunin K: 4.0-6.4 mW/sr; Rukunin L: 5.6-8.9 mW/sr; Rukunin M: 7.8-12.5 mW/sr; Rukunin N: 11.0-17.6 mW/sr. Wannan yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar kayan aikin da ya dace da takamaiman buƙatun hankali na da'irar mai gano hoto (photodetector).

4. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Ayyuka

4.1 Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (Forward Current) daidai da Yanayin Yanayi (Ambient Temperature)

Lanƙwasa rage ƙima (derating curve) yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba na ci gaba da aka yarda da shi da zafin yanayi. Yayin da zafin yanayi ya karu, matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da aka yarda da shi yana raguwa a layi daya. Wannan muhimmin abu ne da ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi a ƙira don hana zafi ya yi gudu (thermal runaway) da kuma tabbatar da cewa zafin haɗuwa (junction temperature) ya kasance cikin iyakokin aminci na aiki, don haka kiyaye amincin na'urar.

4.2 Rarraba Raɗin Raɗi (Spectral Distribution)

Jadawalin rarraba raɗin raɗi yana kwatanta matsakaicin ƙarfin haske dangane da tsawon raɗin raɗi. Fitowar tana tsakiya a kusa da matsakaicin tsayin raɗin raɗi na 940 nm tare da ƙayyadaddun faɗin bandeji. Wannan siffa tana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da dacewa tare da mai karɓar firikwensin (sensor), wanda yawanci yana da nasa lanƙwasa hankali na raɗin raɗi. Kyakkyawan daidaito yana haɓaka ingancin tsarin da kuma rabo na siginar zuwa amo (signal-to-noise ratio).

4.3 Ƙarfin Hasken (Radiant Intensity) daidai da Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (Forward Current)

Wannan jadawalin yana nuna alaƙar da ba ta layi daya ba tsakanin fitar da haske (Ie) da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (IF). Ƙarfin hasken yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙarfin lantarki amma ba cikin cikakkiyar tsari na layi daya ba, musamman a matakan ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma. Fahimtar wannan lanƙwasa yana da mahimmanci don tuka LED daidai don cimma ingantaccen fitar da hasken gani ba tare da wuce matsakaicin ƙimar ƙarfafawa ba.

4.4 Matsakaicin Ƙarfin Hasken (Relative Radiant Intensity) daidai da Matsakaicin Karkacewa (Angular Displacement)

Jadawalin tsarin radiation yana nuna yadda ƙarfin hasken da aka fitar ya bambanta da kusurwa daga tsakiyar axis (0°). Tsarin yawanci Lambertian ne ko kusa da Lambertian don wannan nau'in kunshin, tare da raguwar ƙarfi zuwa 50% na ƙimar sa akan axis a kusan ±25 digiri (wanda ya haifar da kusurwar kallo na 50°). Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci ga ƙirar gani, ƙayyade yankin ɗaukar hoto da buƙatun daidaitawa a cikin tsarin.

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

An kunshin LED a cikin daidaitaccen kunshin T-1 (3mm) mai jagora radial. Jikin an yi shi da filastik mai shuɗi mai gani. Jagororin suna da daidaitaccen tazara na 2.54mm (0.1 inches). Zanen girma (wanda aka nuna a cikin PDF) zai ba da daidaitattun ma'auni don diamita na jiki, tsawon jagora, da sauran mahimman girma, yawanci tare da ƙimar ƙima na ±0.25mm sai dai idan an faɗi akasin haka. Ana gano cathode ta hanyar fili a gefen ruwan tabarau ko gajeriyar jagora, ko da yake takamaiman alama ya kamata a tabbatar daga zanen injiniya.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Ana iya amfani da hanyoyin solder na hannu ko solder na igiyar ruwa. Matsakaicin zafin solder shine 260°C, kuma lokacin solder bai kamata ya wuce dakika 5 ba. Ana ba da shawarar bin ka'idojin IPC na yau da kullun don solder na kayan aikin rami. Tsawaita bayyanar da yanayin zafi mai yawa na iya lalata kunshin filastik da guntun semiconductor na ciki. Ya kamata a adana na'urar a cikin yanayi mai bushewa don hana shan danshi, wanda zai iya haifar da fashewa yayin sake kwarara idan ya dace, ko da yake wannan farkon kayan aiki ne na rami.

7. Bayanin Kunshin da Oda

Daidaitaccen ƙayyadaddun kunshin shine 200 zuwa 1000 guda a kowace jaka, jakuna 4 a kowace akwati, da akwatuna 10 a kowace kati. Alamar da ke kan kunshin ta haɗa da mahimman bayanai don gano asali da ganewa: Lambar Samar da Abokin Ciniki (CPN), Lambar Samarwa (P/N), Adadin Kunshin (QTY), Matsayi (CAT), Tsayin Raɗin Raɗi Mai Kololuwa (HUE), Magana (REF), Lambar Rukuni (LOT No), da Wurin Samarwa. Ana amfani da kayan kunshin masu jure danshi don kare kayan aikin yayin ajiya da jigilar kaya.

8. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

8.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

Wannan LED infrared ya dace da kyau ga ɗimbin aikace-aikacen ganowa da siginar da ba na taɗawa ba. Amfanin gama gari ya haɗa da sarrafa nesa na infrared don kayan lantarki na masu amfani (TVs, tsarin sauti), ganowa kusanci da abubuwa a cikin kayan aikin gida da na masana'antu, masu ɓoye gani (optical encoders), firikwensin karya katako (beam-break sensors), da kuma azaman tushen haske a cikin na'urori masu haɗawa mai fitar da haske da mai gano (paired emitter-detector modules) don ƙidaya ko ganin matakin.

8.2 Abubuwan da Ya Kamata a Yi la'akari da su a Ƙira

Lokacin ƙirar da'ira, koyaushe haɗa resistor mai iyakancewa ƙarfin lantarki a jere tare da LED don sarrafa ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da hana lalacewa. Ana iya ƙididdige ƙimar ta amfani da Dokar Ohm: R = (Vsupply - VF) / IF. Zaɓi daidaitaccen rukunin ƙarfin haske bisa ga nisan ganowa da ake buƙata da kuma hankalin mai gano (detector). Yi la'akari da kusurwar kallo lokacin daidaita LED tare da mai karɓa. Don aikin bugun jini (pulsed operation) don cimma ingantaccen fitarwa na nan take (misali, don nisa mai tsayi), tabbatar da faɗin bugun jini da cikakken aiki sun tsaya cikin ƙayyadaddun iyakoki don IFP. Samar da isasshen shimfidar PCB don watsar da zafi, musamman lokacin aiki kusa da matsakaicin ƙima.

9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Idan aka kwatanta da LED infrared na gabaɗaya, wannan na'urar tana ba da ingantaccen fitarwa na raɗin raɗi mai ma'ana da daidaito wanda ke tsakiya a 940nm, wanda shine matsakaicin tsayin raɗin raɗi na hankali na silicon photodiodes da phototransistors, yana tabbatar da haɗin kai mai inganci. Samun rukunan ƙarfin haske yana ba da damar yin hasashen aiki a cikin samar da girma. Haɗin ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (yawanci 1.2V) da babban ƙarfin haske na iya haifar da ƙira masu inganci da ƙarfi. Bin ka'idojin muhalli na zamani (RoHS, REACH, Marasa Halogen) fa'ida ce mai mahimmanci ga samfuran da ke nufin kasuwanni na duniya tare da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri.

10. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQs)

Q: Menene bambanci tsakanin rukunan K, L, M, da N?

A: Rukunan suna wakiltar kewayon daban-daban na mafi ƙanƙanta ƙarfin haske. Rukunin N yana da mafi girman fitarwa (11.0-17.6 mW/sr), yayin da Rukunin K yana da mafi ƙanƙanta (4.0-6.4 mW/sr). Zaɓi rukunin bisa ga ƙarfin siginar da ake buƙata don aikace-aikacenku.

Q: Zan iya tuka wannan LED da wadatar 5V kai tsaye?

A: A'a. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba kusan 1.2-1.5V ne. Haɗa shi kai tsaye zuwa 5V zai haifar da ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa kuma ya lalata LED. Dole ne koyaushe ka yi amfani da resistor mai iyakancewa ƙarfin lantarki a jere.

Q: Ta yaya zan gano cathode?

A: Don daidaitaccen kunshin T-1, yawanci ana nuna cathode ta gefen filastik a gefen ruwan tabarau. Ko kuma, lokacin kallon LED daga ƙasa, jagoran da ya dace da gefen filastik shine cathode. Cathode kuma na iya zama gajeriyar jagora.

Q: Menene matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar aiki?

A: Ko da yake ba a bayyana shi a fili a cikin wannan takardar bayani ba, LED infrared irin wannan yawanci suna da tsawon rayuwar aiki mai tsayi ( dubban sa'o'i) lokacin da ake aiki da su a cikin ƙayyadaddun matsakaicin ƙimar ƙarfafawa, musamman iyakokin ƙarfin lantarki da zafin jiki.

11. Misalin Amfani na Aiki

Yanayi: Ƙirar Mai Gano Abubuwa Mai Sauƙi.

Mai injiniya yana buƙatar gano kasancewar wani abu da ke wucewa ta cikin rata. Sun haɗa wannan IR204 LED tare da phototransistor da aka sanya a gefe ɗaya na rata (tsarin katako ta hanyar (through-beam configuration)). Sun zaɓi LED daga Rukunin M don isasshen ƙarfi. Ana tuka LED tare da ƙarfin lantarki na ci gaba na 20mA daga filin microcontroller na 3.3V ta hanyar resistor 100Ω (R = (3.3V - 1.2V) / 0.02A ≈ 105Ω). Mai tara phototransistor an ja shi zuwa 3.3V ta hanyar resistor, kuma ƙarfin lantarki a mai tara ana karanta shi ta ADC na microcontroller. Lokacin da katakon ba a toshe shi ba, phototransistor yana gudanarwa, yana ja ƙarfin lantarki ƙasa. Lokacin da wani abu ya toshe katakon, phototransistor ya daina gudanarwa, kuma ƙarfin lantarki ya tashi sama, yana nuna alamar kasancewar abu. Kusurwar kallo na 50° tana tabbatar da isasshen faɗin katako don ingantaccen ganowa ko da tare da ɗan karkacewa.

12. Gabatarwa da Ka'idar Aiki

LED infrared diode ne na semiconductor p-n junction. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba wanda ya wuce ƙarfin bandgap dinsa, electrons daga yankin n suna haɗuwa tare da ramuka daga yankin p a cikin yankin aiki (wanda aka yi da GaAlAs a wannan yanayin). Wannan tsarin haɗuwa yana sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Takamaiman abun da ke ciki (Gallium Aluminum Arsenide) yana ƙayyade tsayin raɗin raɗi na photons ɗin da aka fitar, wanda a cikin wannan na'urar yana cikin bakan infrared kusa da 940 nm. Kunshin filastik mai shuɗi mai gani ba tacewa ba ne amma yana aiki azaman ruwan tabarau don siffata katakon fitarwa da kuma kare guntun semiconductor.

13. Trends na Fasaha

Fasahar LED infrared tana ci gaba da haɓaka zuwa mafi inganci (ƙarin fitar da haske a kowace wutar lantarki), mafi girman ƙarfin watsawa don aikace-aikacen nisa mai tsayi kamar LiDAR da ganowa lokacin tashi (time-of-flight sensing), da ƙananan girman kunshin don haɗawa cikin ƙananan na'urori na masu amfani. Hakanan akwai yanayin zuwa mafi ingantaccen sarrafa tsayin raɗin raɗi da ƙunƙuntaccen faɗin raɗin raɗi don takamaiman aikace-aikacen ganowa, kamar gano iskar gas ko sa ido kan yanayin jiki. Haɗa direbobi da dabaru sarrafawa kai tsaye tare da guntun LED (LED masu hankali) wani yanki ne na ci gaba. Ka'idojin tushe na na'urori kamar wanda aka kwatanta a nan sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga ɗimbin tsarin gani na lantarki da aka kafa da kuma na tasowa.