Bayanin Fasaha na Jerin EL301X/302X/305X na Mai Gudanar da Triac Mai Tsayayyen Lokaci (Random-Phase) Mai Lamba 6 (DIP-6)

Teburin Abubuwan Ciki

1. Bayyani Game da Samfurin
2. Bincike Mai Zurfi na Sigogi na Fasaha
2.1 Iyakar Ma'auni Mafi Girma
2.2 Halayen Lantarki da Haske (Electro-Optical)
3. Halayen Canja Wuri da Tsarin Rarraba (Grading)
4. Bincike na Lankwasa Ayyuka (Performance Curve)
5. Bayanin Injiniya da Fakitin
6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa
7. Bayanin Tattarawa da Oda
8. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace
8.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada
8.2 Abubuwan da Ya Kamata a Yi La'akari da su a Zane
9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance
10. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQs)
11. Misalin Zane na Aiki
12. Ka'idar Aiki
13. Trends na Fasaha

1. Bayyani Game da Samfurin

Jerin EL301X, EL302X, da EL305X su ne iyalai na masu gudanar da triac mai tsayayyen lokaci (random-phase) masu lamba 6 a cikin fakitin Dual In-line (DIP). An ƙera waɗannan na'urori don samar da hanyar haɗin kai mai aminci da ƙanƙanta tsakanin ƙananan lantarki na sarrafa lantarki (kamar microcontroller ko da'irori na dabaru) da manyan triacs na wutar lantarki AC. Babban aikin shine keɓance lantarki, don kare na'urorin sarrafa lantarki masu hankali daga gefen manyan wutar lantarki AC.

Kowane na'ura ya ƙunshi Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) infrared light-emitting diode (LED) wanda aka haɗa shi da haske zuwa guda ɗaya na silicon random-phase photo-triac. Lokacin da wutar lantarki ta shiga cikin LED na shigarwa, sai ta fitar da hasken infrared, wanda ke kunna photo-triac na fitarwa don ya ba da izinin yin sauya nauyin AC. Ikoni na "random-phase" yana nufin cewa ana iya kunna triac na fitarwa a kowane lokaci a cikin zagayowar wutar lantarki AC, wanda ya sa ya dace da aikace-aikacen sauya kunnawa/kashewa mai sauƙi.

Babban abin da ya bambanta a cikin jerin shine ikon toshe mafi girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki: jerin EL301X suna da ƙimar 250V, EL302X na 400V, da EL305X na 600V. Wannan yana ba masu zane damar zaɓar na'urar da ta dace bisa ƙarfin wutar lantarki na yankinsu (misali, 115VAC ko 230VAC) tare da isasshen gefen aminci.

2. Bincike Mai Zurfi na Sigogi na Fasaha

2.1 Iyakar Ma'auni Mafi Girma

Waɗannan ma'auni suna ayyana iyakokin da za su iya haifar da lalacewa na dindindin ga na'urar. Ba a ba da garantin aiki a ƙarƙashin waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba.

Shigarwa (Gefen LED):Matsakaicin ci gaba na yanzu na ci gaba (I_F) shine 60 mA. Matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na baya (V_R) shine 6V. Matsakaicin ɓarnawar wutar lantarki (P_D) shine 100 mW a 25°C, yana raguwa da 3.8 mW/°C sama da yanayin zafi na 85°C.
Fitarwa (Gefen Triac):Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na tasha (V_DRM) yana ayyana jerin: 250V don EL301X, 400V don EL302X, da 600V don EL305X. Matsakaicin ƙarfin igiyar ruwa mai maimaitawa (I_TSM) shine 1A don bugun jini na 100μs. Matsakaicin yanzu na RMS na kan yanayi (I_T(RMS)) shine 100 mA. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na fitarwa (P_C) shine 300 mW a 25°C, yana raguwa da 7.4 mW/°C sama da 85°C.
Keɓancewa & Thermal:Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na keɓancewa (V_ISO) tsakanin shigarwa da fitarwa shine 5000 V_rmsna minti 1. Kewayon yanayin zafi na aiki shine -55°C zuwa +100°C.

2.2 Halayen Lantarki da Haske (Electro-Optical)

Waɗannan sigogi suna ayyana ayyuka a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na al'ada a 25°C.

LED na Shigarwa:Matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba (V_F) shine 1.18V a ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba (I_F) na 10 mA, tare da matsakaicin 1.5V. Matsakaicin yanzu na ɓarna na baya (I_R) shine matsakaicin 10 μA a 6V.
Triac na Fitarwa:Matsakaicin yanzu na toshewa (I_DRM) shine matsakaicin 100 nA lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙimar V_DRMkuma LED ya kashe. Matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kan yanayi (V_TM) shine matsakaicin 2.5V lokacin da yake gudanar da matsakaicin yanzu na 100 mA. Muhimmin sigogi shine ƙimar static dv/dt, wanda shine 100 V/μs don jerin EL301X/302X (a ƙimar V_DRM) da 1000 V/μs don jerin EL305X (a 400V). Wannan ƙimar tana nuna matsakaicin ƙimar hawan ƙarfin wutar lantarki da fitarwa zai iya jurewa ba tare da kunna ƙarya ba.

3. Halayen Canja Wuri da Tsarin Rarraba (Grading)

Jerin suna amfani da tsarin rarraba bisa ga LED Trigger Current (I_FT), wanda shine matsakaicin yanzu da ake buƙata don kunna triac na fitarwa cikin aminci tare da bambancin wutar lantarki 3V a kan manyan tashoshinsa. Ƙananan I_FTna'urori sun fi mahimmanci.

EL3020:Matsakaicin I_FT= 30 mA
EL3010, EL3021, EL3051:Matsakaicin I_FT= 15 mA
EL3011, EL3022, EL3052:Matsakaicin I_FT= 10 mA
EL3012, EL3023, EL3053:Matsakaicin I_FT= 5 mA

Aikin aiki da ake ba da shawarar I_Fyana tsakanin matsakaicin I_FTdon takamaiman sashi da matsakaicin I_Fna 60 mA. Matsakaicin yanzu na riƙewa (I_H) don triac na fitarwa yawanci shine 250 μA; da zarar an kunna shi, dole ne yanzu ya kasance sama da wannan matakin don ci gaba da gudanarwa.

4. Bincike na Lankwasa Ayyuka (Performance Curve)

Yayin da aka ambaci takamaiman lankwasan hoto a cikin takardar bayanin (misali, lankwasan halayen lantarki da haske na al'ada), bayanan da aka bayar suna ba da damar fahimtar mahimman ayyuka. Dangantaka tsakanin LED forward current (I_F) da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba (V_F) yana kusan layi a cikin kewayon aiki. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kan yanayi na triac na fitarwa (V_TM) yana nuna ƙaramin bambanci tare da yanzu a cikin ƙimar ƙimar sa, wanda ke haifar da ƙananan asarar gudanarwa. Halin kunna na'urar yana daidaitawa a duk faɗin kewayon yanayin zafi na aiki, ko da yake I_FTna buƙatun na iya samun ma'auni mara kyau na zafi (yana buƙatar ƙaramin yanzu a yanayin zafi mafi girma).

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Fakitin

Na'urar tana cikin daidaitaccen fakitin DIP mai lamba 6. Muhimman girma sun haɗa da daidaitaccen tazarar jeri na inci 0.1 (2.54 mm). Takardar bayanin ta yi cikakken bayani game da zaɓuɓɓukan siffar jagora guda biyu ban da daidaitattun jagororin madaidaiciya:

Nau'in DIP na Al'ada:Don hawa PCB ta hanyar rami.
Zaɓin Nau'in M:Yana da siffa ta "faɗaɗa lanƙwasa" wanda ke haifar da tazarar jeri na inci 0.4 (10.16 mm), mai yiwuwa don dacewa da takamaiman soket ko shimfidar allo.
Zaɓuɓɓukan hawa saman (S, S1) suma suna samuwa, ana samar da su a cikin kaset da fakitin reel.

Tsarin fil ɗin shine: 1-Anode, 2-Cathode (Shigar LED); 3-Babu Haɗin kai; 4-Babban Tasha 2 (T2); 5-Substrate (Kada a Haɗa); 6-Babban Tasha 1 (T1). Alamar polarity bayyananne al'ada ce akan fakitin.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Matsakaicin ƙimar ƙimar zafi na solder shine 260°C na dakika 10. Wannan ƙimar al'ada ce don hanyoyin solder na igiyar ruwa ko reflow. Don solder na hannu, yakamata a yi amfani da ƙarfe mai sarrafa zafi, kuma a rage lokacin tuntuɓar kowane jagora. Yakamata a kiyaye matakan kariya na ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) yayin sarrafawa. Ana ba da shawarar yanayin ajiya a cikin ƙayyadaddun kewayon zafin ajiya na -55°C zuwa +125°C a cikin yanayi mai ƙarancin zafi.

7. Bayanin Tattarawa da Oda

Lambar sashi tana bin tsari: EL30[1/2/5]XY(Z)-V.

Lambar farko bayan '30' tana nuna ƙimar ƙarfin wutar lantarki (1=250V, 2=400V, 5=600V).
Halin na gaba (X) yana nuna matakin hankali (0,1,2,3 kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin teburin I_FT).
Halin mai zuwa (Y) yana nuna siffar jagora: Babu (DIP na al'ada), M (faɗaɗa lanƙwasa), S (hawa saman), S1 (ƙananan bayyanar hawa saman).
Zaɓi na (Z) yana nuna kaset & reel: TA ko TB.
Ƙarin '-V' na zaɓi yana nuna amincewar aminci na VDE.

Adadin tattarawa: raka'a 65 a kowane bututu don nau'ikan ta hanyar rami. Raka'a 1000 a kowane reel don nau'ikan hawa saman na kaset da reel.

8. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

8.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Waɗannan masu keɓance lantarki da haske sun dace don haɗa ƙananan da'irori na sarrafa DC tare da layukan wutar lantarki AC don sauya nauyin resistive da inductive a cikin kewayon 115VAC zuwa 240VAC. Aikace-aikacen gama gari sun haɗa da:

Sarrafa Solenoid da Valve:Don kunna bawuloli na iska/hydraulic.
Masu Sauya Wutar Lantarki AC na Tsaye:Ƙirƙirar relays na ƙwaƙƙwaran jiki don sauya nauyin AC.
Haɗin Microprocessors:Ba da damar microcontroller don sarrafa abubuwan da ke amfani da wutar lantarki AC cikin aminci kamar fanko, famfo, ko masu dumama.
Masu Daskarewa na Fitila Incandescent:Don sauƙaƙan sarrafa kunnawa/kashewa (ba dimming na kusurwar lokaci ba).
Sarrafa Zafi da Motoci:A matsayin ɓangaren keɓancewa da kunna a cikin tsarin sarrafawa.

8.2 Abubuwan da Ya Kamata a Yi La'akari da su a Zane

Ƙuntatawa na Shigarwa na Yanzu:Dole ne a koyaushe a yi amfani da resistor na jerin tare da LED na shigarwa don iyakance yanzu zuwa ƙima tsakanin matsakaicin I_FTda 60 mA. Lissafa R_iya= (V_CC- V_F) / I_F.
Cibiyoyin Sadarwa na Snubber na Fitarwa:Lokacin tuƙi nauyin inductive (motoci, solenoids), da'irar snubber (cibiyar sadarwa RC) a kan triac na fitarwa ko nauyin sau da yawa ana buƙata don iyakance ƙimar hawan ƙarfin wutar lantarki (dv/dt) yayin canzawa da hana kunna ƙarya.
Watsawar Zafi:Tabbatar cewa jimillar ɓarnawar wutar lantarki (shigarwa + fitarwa) bai wuce ƙimar P_TOTna 330 mW ba, la'akari da raguwa tare da zafi. Yanzu na fitarwa (100 mA RMS) yana da ƙasa kaɗan, don haka waɗannan sun dace don tuƙi da'irorin ƙofar manyan triacs ko sauya ƙananan nauyi kai tsaye.
Zaɓin Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki:Zaɓi jerin ƙarfin wutar lantarki (EL301X/302X/305X) tare da ƙimar V_DRMwanda ya fi girma sosai fiye da matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki AC (misali, don 230VAC, matsakaici shine ~325V, don haka EL302X 400V ko EL305X 600V ya dace).

9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Idan aka kwatanta da masu gudanar da triac na zero-crossing photocouplers, nau'in random-phase yana ba da fa'idar kunna nan take, wanda ke da mahimmanci don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar amsa nan take. Cinikin shine yuwuwar samun manyan igiyoyin ruwa na shiga lokacin kunna a kololuwar ƙarfin wutar lantarki AC, musamman tare da nauyin capacitive ko filament mai sanyi. Babban bambance-bambance a cikin wannan jerin shine haɗuwa da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na toshewa da hankali (I_FT), yana ba da damar zaɓar kayan aiki daidai gwargwado bisa ƙarfin wutar lantarki na aikace-aikace da yanzu na tuƙi da ake samu.

10. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQs)

Q: Shin wannan na'urar za ta iya sauya fitila incandescent 100W kai tsaye?

A: Mai yiwuwa, amma ba mafi kyau ba. Fitila 100W a 120VAC tana ɗaukar kusan 0.83A RMS, wanda ya wuce ƙimar 100 mA RMS na na'urar. An ƙera wannan mai keɓance lantarki da haske don tuƙi ƙofar triac mafi ƙarfi, wanda sai ya sauya nauyin fitila.

Q: Menene manufar fil ɗin "Substrate" (Fil 5)?

A> Takardar bayanin ta bayyana a sarari "kar a haɗa." Wannan fil ɗin an haɗa shi da ciki zuwa substrate na silicon saboda dalilai na ƙira kuma dole ne a bar shi yana shawagi a cikin aikace-aikace.

Q: Ta yaya zan gwada ƙimar static dv/dt?

A: Takardar bayanin tana ba da cikakkiyar da'irar gwaji (Hoto 8) da hanyar. Ya haɗa da amfani da bugun jini mai ƙarfin wutar lantarki ta hanyar cibiyar sadarwa RC zuwa fitarwa da ƙara ƙimar lokaci na RC har sai na'urar ta daina kunna ƙarya, sannan a lissafta dv/dt daga ƙimar τ ta ƙarshe.

Q: Menene bambanci tsakanin zaɓuɓɓukan hawa saman 'S' da 'S1'?

A: Dukansu don hawa saman ne, amma 'S1' an ƙayyade shi azaman siffar jagora "ƙananan bayyanar", wanda mai yiwuwa yana nufin an lanƙwasa jagororin don su zauna kusa da PCB, yana rage girman hawan kayan gaba ɗaya.

11. Misalin Zane na Aiki

Yanayi:Microcontroller (3.3V GPIO) yana buƙatar sarrafa fanko 120VAC, 1A ta hanyar babban triac (misali, BT136).

Matakan Zane:

1. Zaɓin Mai Keɓance Lantarki da Haske:Zaɓi EL3022-V. Ƙimar 400V tana ba da gefen gado don 120VAC (matsakaici ~170V). I_FTna 10 mA ana tuƙa shi cikin sauƙi daga 3.3V.

2. Da'irar Shigarwa:Lissafa resistor na jerin. Zaton V_F~1.2V da manufa I_F= 15 mA. R = (3.3V - 1.2V) / 0.015A = 140 Ω. Yi amfani da resistor na al'ada 150 Ω.

3. Da'irar Fitarwa:Haɗa MT1 na mai keɓance lantarki da haske (Fil 6) da MT2 (Fil 4) a cikin jerin tare da resistor na ƙofar (misali, 100-360 Ω) zuwa ƙofar triac na BT136. MT1 da MT2 na BT136 suna sauya nauyin fanko.

4. Snubber:Ƙara snubber RC (misali, 100 Ω, 0.1 μF) a kan MT1 da MT2 na BT136 don danne transients na ƙarfin wutar lantarki daga injin fanko na inductive.

Wannan zanen yana ba da cikakken keɓancewa, haɗin kai mai aminci, da amintaccen sauya nauyin AC.

12. Ka'idar Aiki

Na'urar tana aiki bisa ka'idar keɓancewa ta haske. Siginar lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita a gefen shigarwa yana sa GaAs LED ya fitar da hasken infrared. Wannan hasken yana ƙetare tazarar keɓancewa (yawanci ta hanyar dielectric mai bayyana) kuma ya bugi silicon mai hankali na haske na haɗaɗɗen random-phase triac. Makamashin haske yana haifar da masu ɗaukar caji waɗanda ke kunna triac zuwa yanayin gudanarwa, yana rufe maɓalli a gefen fitarwa yadda ya kamata. Mahimmanci shine babu haɗin lantarki tsakanin shigarwa da fitarwa, kawai hasken haske, yana samar da babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki na keɓancewa (5000 V_rms). Triac na fitarwa, da zarar an kunna shi, zai ci gaba da gudanarwa muddin yanzu ta hanyar manyan tashoshinsa ya wuce yanzu na riƙewa (I_H), kuma zai kashe lokacin da yanzu AC ya ƙetare sifili ta halitta.

13. Trends na Fasaha

Masu keɓance lantarki da haske kamar jerin EL30xx suna wakiltar fasaha mai girma kuma mai aminci don sarrafa nauyin AC da keɓancewa. Trends na yanzu a fagen sun haɗa da haɓaka na'urori tare da saurin sauyawa mafi girma, ƙananan igiyoyin ruwa na kunna don ingantaccen amfani da makamashi a cikin da'irori na sarrafawa, manyan ƙarfin wutar lantarki na keɓancewa don ƙa'idodin aminci na masana'antu, da haɗa ƙarin fasalulluka cikin fakitin (kamar gano sifili-zero na gini ko kariya daga wuce gona da iri). Haka nan akwai ci gaba da turawa zuwa ƙananan fakitin hawa saman don adana sararin allo a cikin na'urorin lantarki na zamani. Ka'idar asali na keɓancewa ta haske ta kasance mafi rinjaye a cikin aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar babban juriya da kuma bin ka'idodin aminci.

Kalmomin Ƙayyadaddun LED

Cikakken bayanin kalmomin fasaha na LED

Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki

Kalma	Naúrar/Wakilci	Bayanin Sauri	Me yasa yake da muhimmanci
Ingancin Hasken Wuta	lm/W (lumen kowace watt)	Fitowar haske kowace watt na wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin mafi ingancin kuzari.	Kai tsaye yana ƙayyade matakin ingancin kuzari da farashin wutar lantarki.
Gudun Hasken Wuta	lm (lumen)	Jimillar hasken da tushe ke fitarwa, ana kiransa "haske".	Yana ƙayyade ko hasken yana da haske sosai.
Kusurwar Dubawa	° (digiri), misali 120°	Kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabi, yana ƙayyade faɗin haske.	Yana shafar kewar haskakawa da daidaito.
Zafin Launi (CCT)	K (Kelvin), misali 2700K/6500K	Zafi/sanyin haske, ƙananan ƙimomi rawaya/zafi, mafi girma fari/sanyi.	Yana ƙayyade yanayin haskakawa da yanayin da suka dace.
CI / Ra	Ba naúrar, 0–100	Ikon ba da launukan abubuwa daidai, Ra≥80 yana da kyau.	Yana shafar sahihancin launi, ana amfani dashi a wurare masu buƙatu kamar shaguna, gidajen tarihi.
SDCM	Matakan ellipse MacAdam, misali "5-mataki"	Ma'aunin daidaiton launi, ƙananan matakai suna nufin mafi daidaiton launi.	Yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin LED iri ɗaya.
Matsakaicin Tsawon Raɗaɗin Hasken	nm (nanomita), misali 620nm (ja)	Tsawon raɗaɗin haske daidai da launin LED masu launi.	Yana ƙayyade launin ja, rawaya, kore LED masu launi ɗaya.
Rarraba Bakan Hasken	Layin tsawon raɗaɗi da ƙarfi	Yana nuna rarraba ƙarfi a cikin tsawon raɗaɗin haske.	Yana shafar ba da launi da ingancin launi.

Ma'auni na Lantarki

Kalma	Alamar	Bayanin Sauri	Abubuwan ƙira
Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba	Vf	Mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki don kunna LED, kamar "maƙallan farawa".	Ƙarfin lantarki na injin dole ya zama ≥Vf, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙara don LED a jere.
Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba	If	Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki don aikin LED na yau da kullun.	Yawanci tuƙi mai ƙarfi akai-akai, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙayyade haske da tsawon rai.
Matsakaicin Ƙarfin lantarki na bugun jini	Ifp	Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai jurewa na ɗan lokaci, ana amfani dashi don duhu ko walƙiya.	Fadin bugun jini da sake zagayowar aiki dole ne a sarrafa su sosai don guje wa lalacewa.
Ƙarfin lantarki na baya	Vr	Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya da LED zai iya jurewa, wanda ya wuce zai iya haifar da rushewa.	Dangane dole ne ya hana haɗin baya ko ƙarfin lantarki.
Juriya na zafi	Rth (°C/W)	Juriya ga canja wurin zafi daga guntu zuwa solder, ƙasa yana da kyau.	Babban juriya na zafi yana buƙatar zubar da zafi mai ƙarfi.
Rigakafin ESD	V (HBM), misali 1000V	Ikon jurewa zubar da wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin ƙasa mai rauni.	Ana buƙatar matakan hana wutar lantarki a cikin samarwa, musamman ga LED masu hankali.

Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa

Kalma	Ma'aunin maɓalli	Bayanin Sauri	Tasiri
Zazzabin Haɗin gwiwa	Tj (°C)	Ainihin yanayin aiki a cikin guntun LED.	Kowane raguwa 10°C na iya ninka tsawon rai; yayi yawa yana haifar da lalacewar haske, canjin launi.
Ragewar Lumen	L70 / L80 (sa'o'i)	Lokacin da haske ya ragu zuwa 70% ko 80% na farko.	Kai tsaye yana ayyana "tsawon sabis" na LED.
Kula da Lumen	% (misali 70%)	Kashi na hasken da aka riƙe bayan lokaci.	Yana nuna riƙon haske akan amfani na dogon lokaci.
Canjin Launi	Δu′v′ ko ellipse MacAdam	Matsakaicin canjin launi yayin amfani.	Yana shafar daidaiton launi a cikin yanayin haskakawa.
Tsufa na Zafi	Lalacewar kayan aiki	Lalacewa saboda yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci.	Zai iya haifar da raguwar haske, canjin launi, ko gazawar buɗe kewaye.

Tufafi & Kayan Aiki

Kalma	Nau'ikan gama gari	Bayanin Sauri	Siffofi & Aikace-aikace
Nau'in Kunshin	EMC, PPA, Yumbu	Kayan gida masu kare guntu, samar da hanyar sadarwa ta gani/zafi.	EMC: juriya mai kyau na zafi, farashi mai rahusa; Yumbu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, tsawon rai.
Tsarin Guntu	Gaba, Guntu Juyawa	Tsarin na'urorin lantarki na guntu.	Juyawar guntu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, inganci mafi girma, don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.
Rufin Phosphor	YAG, Silicate, Nitride	Yana rufe guntu shuɗi, yana canza wasu zuwa rawaya/ja, yana haɗa su zuwa fari.	Phosphor daban-daban suna shafar inganci, CCT, da CRI.
Ruwan tabarau/Optics	Lefi, Microlens, TIR	Tsarin gani a saman yana sarrafa rarraba haske.	Yana ƙayyade kusurwar dubawa da layin rarraba haske.

Kula da Inganci & Rarraba

Kalma	Abun rarraba	Bayanin Sauri	Manufa
Kwalin Gudun Hasken	Lambar misali 2G, 2H	An tattara su ta hanyar haske, kowace ƙungiya tana da ƙananan/matsakaicin ƙimar lumen.	Yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin jeri ɗaya.
Kwalin Ƙarfin lantarki	Lambar misali 6W, 6X	An tattara su ta hanyar kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba.	Yana sauƙaƙe daidaitawar tuƙi, yana inganta ingancin tsarin.
Kwalin Launi	Ellipse MacAdam 5-mataki	An tattara su ta hanyar daidaitattun launi, yana tabbatar da ƙuntataccen kewayon.	Yana ba da garantin daidaiton launi, yana guje wa launi mara daidaituwa a cikin kayan aikin.
Kwalin CCT	2700K, 3000K da sauransu	An tattara su ta hanyar CCT, kowanne yana da madaidaicin kewayon daidaitawa.	Yana cika buƙatun CCT na yanayi daban-daban.

Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida

Kalma	Matsakaicin/Gwaji	Bayanin Sauri	Muhimmanci
LM-80	Gwajin kula da lumen	Haskakawa na dogon lokaci a yanayin zafi akai-akai, yana rikodin lalacewar haske.	Ana amfani dashi don kimanta rayuwar LED (tare da TM-21).
TM-21	Matsakaicin kimanta rayuwa	Yana kimanta rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na ainihi bisa bayanan LM-80.	Yana ba da hasashen kimiyya na rayuwa.
IESNA	Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Haskakawa	Yana rufe hanyoyin gwajin gani, lantarki, zafi.	Tushen gwaji da masana'antu suka amince.
RoHS / REACH	Tabbatarwar muhalli	Yana tabbatar da babu abubuwa masu cutarwa (darma, mercury).	Bukatar shiga kasuwa a duniya.
ENERGY STAR / DLC	Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari	Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari da aiki don samfuran haskakawa.	Ana amfani dashi a cikin sayayyan gwamnati, shirye-shiryen tallafi, yana haɓaka gasa.