Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1. Bayyani Game da Samfur
- 2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Sigogi na Fasaha
- 2.1 Halayen Haskakawa da na Gani
- .2 Electrical and Thermal Parameters
- . Mechanical and Packaging Information
- .1 Pin Connection and Internal Circuit
- . Performance Curve Analysis
- . Soldering and Assembly Guidelines
- . Application Suggestions and Design Considerations
- .1 Typical Application Scenarios
- .2 Design and Driving Circuit Considerations
- . Technical Comparison and Differentiation
- . Frequently Asked Questions (Based on Technical Parameters)
- . Practical Design and Usage Case
- . Operating Principle Introduction
- . Technology Trends and Context
1. Bayyani Game da Samfur
LTP-3862JF wani na'ura ne mai nuni ta LED mai lambobi biyu, mai sassa 17 (alphanumeric). Babban aikinsa shine samar da fitarwa mai haske da bayyane na lambobi da wasu haruffa a cikin na'urorin lantarki. Fasahar tushen ta dogara ne akan kayan semiconductor na Aluminium Indium Gallium Phosphide (AlInGaP), wanda aka ƙera musamman don fitar da haske a cikin kewayon tsayin rawaya-lemu. Ana rarraba wannan na'urar a matsayin nuni na gama-gari anode (multiplex common anode), ma'ana an haɗa anode na kowane lamba a ciki don sauƙaƙe tsarin sarrafa wutar lokacin amfani da dabarun raba lokaci (time-division multiplexing).
Nunin yana da fuska baƙi tare da fuskoki fararen sassa, wanda ke ƙara bambanci da karantawa sosai ta hanyar rage hasken muhalli da ke nunawa daga wuraren da ba a haskaka ba. Tsayin lamba na 0.3-inch (7.62 mm) yana daidaita tsakanin girma don gani mai kyau a matsakaicin nisa da kuma ƙanƙanta don haɗawa cikin allunan da ke da ƙarancin sarari da kayan aiki.
2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Sigogi na Fasaha
2.1 Halayen Haskakawa da na Gani
Ana ayyana aikin gani a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun yanayin gwaji a yanayin zafin muhalli (TA) na 25°C. Babban ma'auni, Matsakaicin Ƙarfin Haskakawa (IV), an ƙayyade mafi ƙarancinsa a 320 µcd, ƙimar al'ada ta 800 µcd, kuma ba a bayyana mafi girma ba, lokacin da ake sarrafa shi da ƙarfin gaba (IF) na 1 mA. Wannan yana nuna fitarwa mai haske wanda ya dace da cikin gida da yawancin wurare masu haske. An ƙayyade ma'aunin daidaiton ƙarfin haske tsakanin sassa a mafi girma na 2:1, yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a ko'ina cikin nuni don bayyanar daidai.
Halayen bakan suna tsakiya a yankin rawaya-lemu. Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsayin Tsp) is typically 611 nm, while the Dominant Wavelength (λd) is typically 605 nm, measured at IF=20mA. The Spectral Line Half-Width (Δλ) is typically 17 nm, describing the narrow bandwidth of the emitted light, which is characteristic of AlInGaP technology and contributes to a saturated, pure color.
.2 Electrical and Thermal Parameters
The Absolute Maximum Ratings define the operational limits beyond which permanent damage may occur. The Continuous Forward Current per segment is rated at 25 mA, with a derating factor of 0.33 mA/°C above 25°C. This derating is crucial for thermal management, as exceeding the maximum junction temperature can degrade performance and lifespan. The Peak Forward Current per segment, for pulsed operation (1/10 duty cycle, 0.1ms pulse width), is higher at 60 mA, allowing for brief overdrive to achieve higher peak brightness in multiplexed applications.
The Power Dissipation per segment is limited to 70 mW. The Forward Voltage per segment (VF) ranges from 2.0V (min) to 2.6V (max) at IF=20mA. Designers must account for this voltage drop when calculating series current-limiting resistor values. The Reverse Voltage rating is a modest 5V, highlighting the need for proper circuit design to avoid accidental reverse bias. The Reverse Current (IR) is specified at a maximum of 100 µA at VR=5V.
. Mechanical and Packaging Information
The device conforms to a standard dual-digit 17-segment LED package footprint. The provided dimensional drawing specifies the exact physical layout, including overall length, width, and height, as well as the precise spacing and diameter of the 20 pins. All dimensions are provided in millimeters with a general tolerance of ±0.25 mm unless otherwise noted. The pinout is arranged in a single row along the bottom edge of the package. The seating plane and recommended solder pad geometry are also typically indicated to guide PCB layout for reliable mechanical attachment and soldering.
.1 Pin Connection and Internal Circuit
The display has 20 pins. The internal circuit diagram reveals a multiplex common anode configuration. Pin 4 is the Common Anode for Digit 1, and Pin 10 is the Common Anode for Digit 2. All other pins (1-3, 5-9, 11-13, 15-20) are connected to the cathodes of specific segments (labeled A through U, DP, and others as per the segment naming convention). Pin 14 is noted as \"No Connection\" (N/C). This pinout is essential for designing the correct driver circuitry, which must sequentially power the common anode of each digit while sinking current through the appropriate segment cathode pins to form the desired character.
. Performance Curve Analysis
Typical performance curves graphically illustrate the relationship between key parameters under varying conditions. While specific curves are referenced, they generally include:
- Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage (I-V Curve):This non-linear curve shows how VFincreases with IF. It is critical for determining the operating point and the value of the current-limiting resistor required to achieve a desired brightness level without exceeding the maximum current rating.
- Luminous Intensity vs. Forward Current:This curve demonstrates the relative light output as a function of drive current. It is typically sub-linear, meaning efficiency (lumens per watt) may decrease at very high currents.
- Luminous Intensity vs. Ambient Temperature:This curve shows the derating of light output as the junction temperature rises. For AlInGaP LEDs, luminous intensity generally decreases with increasing temperature, which must be factored into designs for high-temperature environments.
- Spectral Distribution:A plot of relative intensity versus wavelength, showing the characteristic peak near 611 nm and the narrow half-width.
. Soldering and Assembly Guidelines
The datasheet specifies critical soldering parameters to prevent thermal damage to the LED chips and the epoxy package. The maximum allowable solder temperature is defined as 260°C measured 1/16 inch (approximately 1.6 mm) below the seating plane of the component. The exposure time at this temperature must not exceed 3 seconds. These parameters are aligned with typical infrared or convection reflow soldering profiles. It is imperative to follow these guidelines to avoid compromising the internal wire bonds, degrading the epoxy material, or inducing thermal stress that could lead to premature failure. Proper storage conditions are also implied, typically in a dry, anti-static environment to prevent moisture absorption and electrostatic discharge damage.
. Application Suggestions and Design Considerations
.1 Typical Application Scenarios
This display is well-suited for applications requiring compact, low-power numeric readouts. Common uses include:
- Test and measurement equipment (multimeters, frequency counters).
- Consumer electronics (audio amplifiers, clock radios, appliance displays).
- Industrial control panels (process indicators, timer displays).
- Automotive aftermarket devices (voltage monitors, simple gauges).
The yellow-orange color offers excellent visibility and lower eye strain in varied lighting conditions compared to some other colors.
.2 Design and Driving Circuit Considerations
Designing with the LTP-3862JF requires attention to several key areas:
- Current Limiting:External resistors are mandatory for each segment cathode or digit anode (depending on driver topology) to set the operating current. The resistor value (R) is calculated using Ohm's Law: R = (VSUPPLY- VF- VDRIVER_SAT) / IF. Use the maximum VFfrom the datasheet for a conservative design.
- Multiplexing Drivers:To control 34 segments (17 per digit x 2) with only 20 pins, a multiplexed drive scheme is used. This requires a microcontroller or dedicated display driver IC capable of sourcing/sinking sufficient current and providing the correct multiplexing timing. The driver must cycle between activating Digit 1 and Digit 2 at a frequency high enough to avoid visible flicker (typically >60 Hz).
- Thermal Management:Ensure the average power dissipation per segment, especially when driven at higher currents or in high ambient temperatures, does not exceed the 70 mW rating. Adequate PCB copper area or ventilation may be necessary.
- Viewing Angle:The wide viewing angle is beneficial, but the mounting position on the front panel should be considered to align the optimal viewing cone with the user's typical line of sight.
. Technical Comparison and Differentiation
The LTP-3862JF's primary differentiators stem from its AlInGaP material system and specific package design.
- vs. Traditional GaAsP or GaP LEDs:AlInGaP technology offers significantly higher luminous efficiency and better temperature stability, resulting in brighter, more consistent output. The yellow-orange color from AlInGaP is also more saturated and pure compared to older technologies.
- vs. Standard Red LEDs:The yellow-orange emission provides superior visual acuity and readability in many environments and may be preferred for certain aesthetic or functional requirements.
- vs. Larger or Smaller Displays:The 0.3-inch digit height positions it between smaller, more dense displays and larger, longer-range viewing displays. It is a common size for bench-top and portable instrumentation.
- vs. Common Cathode Configurations:The common anode configuration is often preferred when interfacing with microcontroller ports configured as current sinks (active-low drivers), which is a common setup.
. Frequently Asked Questions (Based on Technical Parameters)
Q: Can I drive this display with a constant DC current without multiplexing?
A: Yes, but it is inefficient in terms of pin usage. You would need to connect all segment cathodes for both digits independently, requiring many more I/O lines. Multiplexing is the standard and recommended method.
Q: What is the purpose of the \"Luminous Intensity Matching Ratio\" specification?
A: It guarantees that the brightness difference between the dimmest and brightest segment on the same display will not exceed a 2:1 ratio. This ensures visual uniformity, preventing some segments from appearing noticeably darker than others.
Q: The Peak Forward Current is 60mA, but Continuous is only 25mA. Can I use 60mA continuously?
A: Absolutely not. The 60mA rating is for very short pulses (0.1ms) at a low duty cycle (10%). Exceeding the continuous current rating will cause excessive heating, leading to rapid luminous degradation and potential catastrophic failure.
Q: How do I calculate the required current-limiting resistor for a multiplexed design?
A: In a multiplexed design with a 1/2 duty cycle (for two digits), to achieve an effective average current of IF_avg, you would typically set the peak current during the active time slot to 2 * IF_avg. Then calculate the resistor using the peak current and the supply voltage. For example, for a target average of 10mA per segment, use a peak of 20mA in the calculation: R = (VCC- VF) / 0.020A.
. Practical Design and Usage Case
Case: Designing a Simple Two-Digit Voltmeter Readout.
A microcontroller with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) measures a voltage (0-99V scaled to 0-5V). The firmware converts the digital value to two decimal digits. Using a multiplexing routine, the microcontroller:
- Activates the common anode for Digit 1 (sets the pin high or connects to VCCvia a transistor).
- Sets the appropriate pattern on the segment cathode lines (sinking current to ground) to display the \"tens\" digit.
- Holds this state for a short period (e.g., 5ms).
- Deactivates Digit 1 and activates the common anode for Digit 2.
- Sets the segment pattern for the \"ones\" digit (and optionally the decimal point, Pin 5).
- Holds for 5ms, then repeats the cycle. The 10ms total period results in a 100 Hz refresh rate, eliminating flicker.
Current-limiting resistors are placed in series with each segment cathode line. The power supply must be regulated to ensure consistent brightness.
. Operating Principle Introduction
The LTP-3862JF operates on the principle of electroluminescence in a semiconductor p-n junction. The active material is AlInGaP. When a forward voltage exceeding the junction's built-in potential (approximately 2.0-2.6V) is applied, electrons from the n-type region and holes from the p-type region are injected across the junction. These charge carriers recombine in the active region, releasing energy in the form of photons. The specific bandgap energy of the AlInGaP alloy determines the wavelength (color) of the emitted light, which in this case is in the yellow-orange range (605-611 nm). Each segment of the display contains one or more of these tiny LED chips. The black face absorbs stray light, while the white segment outlines help diffuse the emitted light evenly across the segment area.
. Technology Trends and Context
While newer display technologies like organic LEDs (OLEDs) and high-resolution dot-matrix LCDs are prevalent in consumer electronics, discrete LED segment displays like the LTP-3862JF remain highly relevant in specific industrial, automotive, and instrumentation niches. Their advantages include extreme reliability, wide operating temperature range, high brightness, low cost for simple numeric readouts, and ease of interface. The trend within this segment is towards higher efficiency materials (like improved AlInGaP and InGaN for other colors), lower operating voltages, and potentially integrated driver circuitry within the package. The fundamental design and multiplexing principles, however, remain stable and widely understood, ensuring the longevity of such components in engineering design libraries.
Kalmomin Ƙayyadaddun LED
Cikakken bayanin kalmomin fasaha na LED
Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki
| Kalma | Naúrar/Wakilci | Bayanin Sauri | Me yasa yake da muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ingancin Hasken Wuta | lm/W (lumen kowace watt) | Fitowar haske kowace watt na wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin mafi ingancin kuzari. | Kai tsaye yana ƙayyade matakin ingancin kuzari da farashin wutar lantarki. |
| Gudun Hasken Wuta | lm (lumen) | Jimillar hasken da tushe ke fitarwa, ana kiransa "haske". | Yana ƙayyade ko hasken yana da haske sosai. |
| Kusurwar Dubawa | ° (digiri), misali 120° | Kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabi, yana ƙayyade faɗin haske. | Yana shafar kewar haskakawa da daidaito. |
| Zafin Launi (CCT) | K (Kelvin), misali 2700K/6500K | Zafi/sanyin haske, ƙananan ƙimomi rawaya/zafi, mafi girma fari/sanyi. | Yana ƙayyade yanayin haskakawa da yanayin da suka dace. |
| CI / Ra | Ba naúrar, 0–100 | Ikon ba da launukan abubuwa daidai, Ra≥80 yana da kyau. | Yana shafar sahihancin launi, ana amfani dashi a wurare masu buƙatu kamar shaguna, gidajen tarihi. |
| SDCM | Matakan ellipse MacAdam, misali "5-mataki" | Ma'aunin daidaiton launi, ƙananan matakai suna nufin mafi daidaiton launi. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin LED iri ɗaya. |
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Raɗaɗin Hasken | nm (nanomita), misali 620nm (ja) | Tsawon raɗaɗin haske daidai da launin LED masu launi. | Yana ƙayyade launin ja, rawaya, kore LED masu launi ɗaya. |
| Rarraba Bakan Hasken | Layin tsawon raɗaɗi da ƙarfi | Yana nuna rarraba ƙarfi a cikin tsawon raɗaɗin haske. | Yana shafar ba da launi da ingancin launi. |
Ma'auni na Lantarki
| Kalma | Alamar | Bayanin Sauri | Abubuwan ƙira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | Vf | Mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki don kunna LED, kamar "maƙallan farawa". | Ƙarfin lantarki na injin dole ya zama ≥Vf, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙara don LED a jere. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | If | Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki don aikin LED na yau da kullun. | Yawanci tuƙi mai ƙarfi akai-akai, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙayyade haske da tsawon rai. |
| Matsakaicin Ƙarfin lantarki na bugun jini | Ifp | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai jurewa na ɗan lokaci, ana amfani dashi don duhu ko walƙiya. | Fadin bugun jini da sake zagayowar aiki dole ne a sarrafa su sosai don guje wa lalacewa. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na baya | Vr | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya da LED zai iya jurewa, wanda ya wuce zai iya haifar da rushewa. | Dangane dole ne ya hana haɗin baya ko ƙarfin lantarki. |
| Juriya na zafi | Rth (°C/W) | Juriya ga canja wurin zafi daga guntu zuwa solder, ƙasa yana da kyau. | Babban juriya na zafi yana buƙatar zubar da zafi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rigakafin ESD | V (HBM), misali 1000V | Ikon jurewa zubar da wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin ƙasa mai rauni. | Ana buƙatar matakan hana wutar lantarki a cikin samarwa, musamman ga LED masu hankali. |
Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa
| Kalma | Ma'aunin maɓalli | Bayanin Sauri | Tasiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zazzabin Haɗin gwiwa | Tj (°C) | Ainihin yanayin aiki a cikin guntun LED. | Kowane raguwa 10°C na iya ninka tsawon rai; yayi yawa yana haifar da lalacewar haske, canjin launi. |
| Ragewar Lumen | L70 / L80 (sa'o'i) | Lokacin da haske ya ragu zuwa 70% ko 80% na farko. | Kai tsaye yana ayyana "tsawon sabis" na LED. |
| Kula da Lumen | % (misali 70%) | Kashi na hasken da aka riƙe bayan lokaci. | Yana nuna riƙon haske akan amfani na dogon lokaci. |
| Canjin Launi | Δu′v′ ko ellipse MacAdam | Matsakaicin canjin launi yayin amfani. | Yana shafar daidaiton launi a cikin yanayin haskakawa. |
| Tsufa na Zafi | Lalacewar kayan aiki | Lalacewa saboda yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci. | Zai iya haifar da raguwar haske, canjin launi, ko gazawar buɗe kewaye. |
Tufafi & Kayan Aiki
| Kalma | Nau'ikan gama gari | Bayanin Sauri | Siffofi & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nau'in Kunshin | EMC, PPA, Yumbu | Kayan gida masu kare guntu, samar da hanyar sadarwa ta gani/zafi. | EMC: juriya mai kyau na zafi, farashi mai rahusa; Yumbu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, tsawon rai. |
| Tsarin Guntu | Gaba, Guntu Juyawa | Tsarin na'urorin lantarki na guntu. | Juyawar guntu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, inganci mafi girma, don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rufin Phosphor | YAG, Silicate, Nitride | Yana rufe guntu shuɗi, yana canza wasu zuwa rawaya/ja, yana haɗa su zuwa fari. | Phosphor daban-daban suna shafar inganci, CCT, da CRI. |
| Ruwan tabarau/Optics | Lefi, Microlens, TIR | Tsarin gani a saman yana sarrafa rarraba haske. | Yana ƙayyade kusurwar dubawa da layin rarraba haske. |
Kula da Inganci & Rarraba
| Kalma | Abun rarraba | Bayanin Sauri | Manufa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kwalin Gudun Hasken | Lambar misali 2G, 2H | An tattara su ta hanyar haske, kowace ƙungiya tana da ƙananan/matsakaicin ƙimar lumen. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin jeri ɗaya. |
| Kwalin Ƙarfin lantarki | Lambar misali 6W, 6X | An tattara su ta hanyar kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. | Yana sauƙaƙe daidaitawar tuƙi, yana inganta ingancin tsarin. |
| Kwalin Launi | Ellipse MacAdam 5-mataki | An tattara su ta hanyar daidaitattun launi, yana tabbatar da ƙuntataccen kewayon. | Yana ba da garantin daidaiton launi, yana guje wa launi mara daidaituwa a cikin kayan aikin. |
| Kwalin CCT | 2700K, 3000K da sauransu | An tattara su ta hanyar CCT, kowanne yana da madaidaicin kewayon daidaitawa. | Yana cika buƙatun CCT na yanayi daban-daban. |
Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida
| Kalma | Matsakaicin/Gwaji | Bayanin Sauri | Muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| LM-80 | Gwajin kula da lumen | Haskakawa na dogon lokaci a yanayin zafi akai-akai, yana rikodin lalacewar haske. | Ana amfani dashi don kimanta rayuwar LED (tare da TM-21). |
| TM-21 | Matsakaicin kimanta rayuwa | Yana kimanta rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na ainihi bisa bayanan LM-80. | Yana ba da hasashen kimiyya na rayuwa. |
| IESNA | Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Haskakawa | Yana rufe hanyoyin gwajin gani, lantarki, zafi. | Tushen gwaji da masana'antu suka amince. |
| RoHS / REACH | Tabbatarwar muhalli | Yana tabbatar da babu abubuwa masu cutarwa (darma, mercury). | Bukatar shiga kasuwa a duniya. |
| ENERGY STAR / DLC | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari da aiki don samfuran haskakawa. | Ana amfani dashi a cikin sayayyan gwamnati, shirye-shiryen tallafi, yana haɓaka gasa. |