Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1. Bayanin Samfur
- 2. Cikakken Bincike na Ma'auni na Fasaha
- 2.1 Madaidaicin Iyaka na Gaba Daya
- 2.2 Halaye na Lantarki da na Gani
- 3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)
- 4. Bincike na Lanƙwan Aiki
- 5. Bayanin Injiniya da Fakiti
- 6. Jagororin Gyaɗa da Haɗawa
- 7. Bayanin Fakiti da Oda
- 8. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace
- 8.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada
- 8.2 Abubuwan da ake la'akari da su na Zane
- 9. Kwatancen Fasaha
- 10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Dangane da Ma'auni na Fasaha)
- 11. Yanayin Amfani na Aiki
- 12. Ka'idar Aiki
- 13. Trends na Fasaha
1. Bayanin Samfur
LTE-3677 wani kayan aiki ne mai fitowa da infrared (IR) wanda aka tsara don aikace-aikacen da ke bukatar saurin amsawa da fitar da haske mai karfi. Babban fa'idodinsa suna cikin haɗin saurin sa da karfin sa, wanda ya sa ya dace da tsarin aiki na bugun jini. Na'urar tana cikin fakiti mai tsabta da bayyananne, wanda ya saba ga masu fitar da infrared don ba da damar watsa hasken infrared yadda ya kamata. Kasuwar da aka yi niyya ta hada da sarrafa masana'antu, na'urori masu sarrafa nesa, masu sauya haske, hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai, da tsarin na'urori masu gano abubuwa inda ingantaccen da saurin siginar infrared ke da muhimmanci.
2. Cikakken Bincike na Ma'auni na Fasaha
2.1 Madaidaicin Iyaka na Gaba Daya
Wadannan ma'auni suna ayyana iyakokin da wucewarsu na iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin ga na'urar. Madaidaicin halin yanzu na ci gaba shine 100 mA, yayin da mafi girman kololuwar halin yanzu na 1 A ya halatta a karkashin yanayin bugun jini (bugun jini 300 a kowace dakika, faɗin bugun jini 10 μs). Wannan yana nuna ikon na'urar don fitar da haske mai karfi na ɗan lokaci. Ragewar wutar lantarki an ƙididdige shi a 260 mW. Kewayon zafin aiki an ƙayyade daga 0°C zuwa +70°C, kuma ajiya na iya kasancewa daga -20°C zuwa +85°C. Zafin gyaɗa na gubar bai kamata ya wuce 260°C na tsawon dakika 5 ba idan aka auna nisan 1.6mm daga jikin.
2.2 Halaye na Lantarki da na Gani
Ana auna mahimman ma'auni a zafin yanayi (TA) na 25°C. Ƙarfin haske (IE) shine babban ma'auni na ƙarfin fitarwa na gani a kowane kusurwa mai ƙarfi. Don halin yanzu na gaba (IF) na 20mA, ƙimar al'ada an rarraba su: BIN D yana ba da 9.62 zuwa 19.85 mW/sr, kuma BIN E yana ba da 13.23 mW/sr. Tsawon tsayin fitarwa mai kololuwa (λP) yana tsakanin 860 nm da 895 nm, yana tsakiya a kusa da 875 nm, yana sanya shi cikin kewayon infrared na kusa. Rabin faɗin layin bakan (Δλ) shine 50 nm, yana nuna faɗin band na hasken da aka fitar. Halayen lantarki sun haɗa da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (VF) na 1.5V na al'ada a 50mA (1.67V a 100mA) da halin yanzu na baya (IR) na 100 μA matsakaici a 5V na baya. Lokacin tashi da faɗuwa (Tr/Tf) shine 40 ns, yana tabbatar da ikonsa na sauri. Kusurwar kallo (2θ1/2) shine digiri 30.
3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)
Takardun bayanin yana nuna tsarin rarraba da farko don ƙarfin haske da kuma abin da ya faru na haske na buɗe ido. An ambaci rukunoni biyu: BIN D da BIN E. BIN E ya bayyana yana wakiltar ƙaramin rukuni ko mafi inganci a cikin kewayon da aka ayyana don BIN D. Don ƙarfin haske a IF=20mA, BIN D ya ƙunshi 9.62-19.85 mW/sr, yayin da BIN E aka ƙayyade a matsayin 13.23 mW/sr. Wannan yana ba masana'antun damar zaɓar abubuwan da suka dace da mafi daidaito ko tabbataccen mafi ƙarancin matakan aiki don bukatun aikace-aikacen su na musamman, yana tabbatar da daidaiton aikin tsarin.
4. Bincike na Lanƙwan Aiki
Takardun bayanin yana nuni da lanƙwan halaye da yawa na al'ada. Hoto na 1 yana nuna Rarraba na Bakan, yana kwatanta siffa da faɗin hasken infrared da aka fitar wanda ke tsakiya a kusa da 875 nm. Hoto na 2, Halin Yanzu na Gaba vs. Zafin Yanayi, mai yiwuwa yana nuna raguwar matsakaicin halin yanzu da aka halatta yayin da zafin yake ƙaruwa. Hoto na 3, Halin Yanzu na Gaba vs. Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba, yana kwatanta halayen IV na diode. Hoto na 4, Matsakaicin Ƙarfin Hasken Dangane da Zafin Yanayi, yana nuna yadda ƙarfin fitarwa na gani ke raguwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki, wani muhimmin abin la'akari ne don sarrafa zafi. Hoto na 5, Matsakaicin Ƙarfin Hasken Dangane da Halin Yanzu na Gaba, yana nuna alaƙar tsakanin halin yanzu na tuƙi da fitar da haske, wanda yawanci yana layi daya a cikin kewayon. Hoto na 6 shine Zanen Radiation, wani tsari mai siffar iyakacin duniya wanda ke nuna rarraba kusurwar ƙarfin hasken da aka fitar, wanda ya dace da kusurwar kallo na digiri 30.
5. Bayanin Injiniya da Fakiti
Fakitin salon rami ne na al'ada tare da ruwan tabarau mai tsabta. Muhimman bayanan girma sun haɗa da: duk girmomin suna cikin milimita, tare da juzu'in gabaɗaya na ±0.25mm sai dai idan an ƙayyade akasin haka. Matsakaicin tsayin resin a ƙarƙashin flange shine 1.5mm. Ana auna tazarar gubar a wurin da gubar ta fito daga jikin fakiti. An ba da ainihin girmomin a cikin zane (ba a cikakken bayani a cikin rubutun da aka cire ba), wanda zai haɗa da diamita na jiki, tsayin gubar, da siffar ruwan tabarau.
6. Jagororin Gyaɗa da Haɗawa
Babban jagorar da aka bayar shine don gyaɗa gubar: zafin jiki bai kamata ya wuce 260°C na tsawon dakika 5 ba idan aka auna a nisan 1.6mm (0.063 inci) daga jikin fakiti. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don hana lalacewa ta zafi ga die na semiconductor na ciki da kuma fakitin epoxy. Don gyaɗa ko sake gyaɗa (ko da yake ba a bayyana a fili don fakiti mai hawa a saman kamar yadda wannan wani bangare ne na rami), ya kamata a bi daidaitattun bayanan masana'antu don abubuwa makamantansu, tare da kulawa sosai ga matsakaicin zafin jiki da lokacin da ya wuce ruwa. Ana kuma ba da shawarar sarrafa daidai don guje wa fitar da lantarki na electrostatic (ESD), ko da yake ba a bayyana ba, saboda na'urorin semiconductor gabaɗaya suna da hankali ga ESD.
7. Bayanin Fakiti da Oda
Lambar sashi ita ce LTE-3677. An gano takardun bayanin ta hanyar Lambar Spec: DS-50-99-0015, Sake dubawa A. An yi shafin takardar (Shafi na 1 na 3, da sauransu). Cikakkun bayanan fakiti kamar girman reel, adadin bututu, ko fakiti na tray ba a bayar da su a cikin wannan ɓangaren ba. Yawanci odar za ta ƙunshi lambar sashi na tushe LTE-3677, da yuwuwar ƙari don nuna rarraba (misali, LTE-3677-D ko LTE-3677-E) idan akwai azaman abubuwan da za a iya oda daban.
8. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace
8.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada
LTE-3677 ya dace sosai don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar saurin hasken infrared na bugun jini. Wannan ya haɗa da: Na'urori masu gano haske na masana'antu (misali, gano abu, ƙidaya, gano gefe). Hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai na infrared don sadarwa na ɗan gajeren zango. Rukunin sarrafa nesa don kayan lantarki na masu amfani. Masu ɓoye lambobi na gani da kuma gano matsayi. Na'urori masu gano hayaki da sauran kayan aikin bincike. Tsarin tsaro ta amfani da katakon infrared.
8.2 Abubuwan da ake la'akari da su na Zane
Daidaitawar Lantarki:Yi amfani da resistor mai iyakancewa ko daidaitaccen da'irar tuƙi na LED don sarrafa halin yanzu na gaba. Don aikin bugun jini, tabbatar da direban zai iya isar da madaidaicin halin yanzu da ake buƙata (har zuwa 1A) tare da gefuna masu sauri don amfani da lokacin tashi/faɗuwa na 40 ns.Sarrafa Zafi:Ko da yake ragewar wutar lantarki shine 260 mW, yin aiki a manyan halayen yanzu na ci gaba ko a cikin manyan yanayin yanayi yana buƙatar kulawa ga zubar da zafi ta hanyar gubar ko shimfidar allon don kiyaye aiki da tsawon rai.Zane na Gani:Kusurwar kallo na digiri 30 tana ayyana yaduwar katako. Ana iya amfani da ruwan tabarau ko masu haskakawa don daidaita ko mayar da hankali kan katakon kamar yadda ake buƙata. Fakitin bayyananne ya dace da aikace-aikacen da mai fitarwa yake bayyane, amma ana iya amfani da tace IR don toshe hasken da ake iya gani idan an buƙata.Haɗawa tare da Na'urar Gano:Zaɓi na'urar gano haske (photodiode, phototransistor) tare da hankali na bakan wanda ya dace da tsayin tsayin tsakiya na mai fitarwa na 875 nm don mafi ingantaccen ingancin tsarin.
9. Kwatancen Fasaha
Idan aka kwatanta da LED na infrared na al'ada, masu sauri, babban bambancin LTE-3677 shinesaurinsa (lokacin tashi/faɗuwa na 40 ns), yana ba da damar watsa bayanai a manyan ƙimar. Fitowar sa taƙarfi mai ƙarfi(ƙarfin haske mai ƙarfi) yana ba da sigina mai ƙarfi, yana ƙara ma'aunin sigina zuwa amo da kewayon aiki. Samuwar donaikin bugun jinitare da babban ƙimar halin yanzu mai kololuwa yana ba shi damar tuƙi sosai a cikin ɓarke, wanda yake da inganci kuma zai iya faɗaɗa kewayon da ake gani. Fakitin bayyananne na al'ada ne ga irin waɗannan masu fitarwa. Lokacin zaɓen mai fitar da infrared, injiniyoyi za su kwatanta waɗannan ma'auni - sauri, ƙarfin fitarwa, tsayin tsayi, kusurwar kallo, da fakiti - da madadin don nemo mafi dacewa don bandwidth, kewayon, da bukatun shimfidar jiki.
10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Dangane da Ma'auni na Fasaha)
Q: Shin zan iya tuƙa wannan LED da halin yanzu na ci gaba na 150 mA?
A: A'a. Madaidaicin Iyaka na halin yanzu na gaba na ci gaba shine 100 mA. Wuce wannan ƙimar yana haifar da haɗarin lalacewa ta dindindin ga na'urar.
Q: Menene bambanci tsakanin BIN D da BIN E?
A: BIN E ya ƙayyade matsakaicin ƙarfin haske na 13.23 mW/sr a 20mA, wanda ya faɗo cikin faɗin kewayon BIN D (9.62-19.85 mW/sr). BIN E mai yiwuwa yana wakiltar zaɓin na'urori tare da mafi daidaiton aiki a kusa da wannan ƙimar ta al'ada, yayin da BIN D ya ƙunshi cikakken yaduwar masana'anta.
Q: Ta yaya zafin jiki ke shafar aiki?
A: Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin lanƙwan al'ada, ƙarfin haske yana raguwa yayin da zafin yanayi ke ƙaruwa. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba kuma yawanci yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki. Dole ne a rage halin yanzu na aiki sama da 25°C kamar yadda lanƙwan ragewa (Hoto na 2) ya nuna don kasancewa cikin iyakar ragewar wutar lantarki.
Q: Shin resistor na jerin yana da mahimmanci?
A: Ee, don yawancin da'irori masu sauƙin tuƙi. Dole ne a tuƙi LED da halin yanzu da aka sarrafa. Yin amfani da tushen ƙarfin lantarki kai tsaye zai haifar da wuce gona da iri na halin yanzu, yana lalata na'urar. Lissafa ƙimar resistor dangane da ƙarfin wutar lantarki, halin yanzu na gaba da ake so (IF), da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (VF) daga takardun bayanin.
11. Yanayin Amfani na Aiki
Yanayi: Na'urar Gano Abu Mai Sauri.Layin taro yana amfani da na'urar gano haske don gano ƙananan abubuwa masu wucewa cikin sauri. Ana amfani da LTE-3677 azaman tushen hasken infrared, ana buga shi a 10 kHz tare da kololuwar 1A. An sanya phototransistor da ya dace a gaba. Lokacin da wani abu ya katse katako, mai karɓa ya gano rashin siginar bugun jini. Lokacin amsawa na 40 ns na LTE-3677 yana tabbatar da cewa bugun jini na haske yana da kaifi kuma an ƙayyade shi sosai, yana ba da damar kayan lantarki na na'urar gano abu don bambanta tsakanin bugun jini ko da a cikin sauri, yana rage ƙarancin faɗakarwa kuma yana ba da damar ƙidaya daidai na abubuwa masu motsi cikin sauri.
12. Ka'idar Aiki
Mai fitar da infrared diode ne na semiconductor. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, electrons suna sake haɗuwa tare da ramuka a cikin yankin aiki na na'urar, suna sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons. Takamaiman kayan da ake amfani da su a cikin tsarin semiconductor suna ƙayyade tsayin tsayin hasken da aka fitar. Ga LTE-3677, wannan yana haifar da photons a cikin bakan infrared na kusa a kusa da 875 nm, wanda ba a iya gani da idon ɗan adam amma ana iya gano shi ta hanyar photodiodes na silicon da sauran na'urori masu hankali na IR. Fakitin epoxy mai tsabta yana aiki azaman ruwan tabarau, yana siffata katakon fitarwa zuwa ƙayyadaddun kusurwar kallo.
13. Trends na Fasaha
Fagen optoelectronics yana ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa mafi inganci, mafi sauri, da mafi haɗin kai. Trends masu dacewa da na'urori kamar LTE-3677 sun haɗa da:Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki da Ingantacciyar Aiki:Sabbin kayan semiconductor da tsarin suna nufin isar da ƙarin ƙarfin gani a kowane naúrar shigarwar lantarki, yana rage haɓakar zafi.Ƙananan Siffofi:Tuƙi zuwa ƙananan ƙira yana tura fakiti na na'urar hawa a saman (SMD) tare da irin wannan ko mafi kyawun aiki fiye da nau'ikan rami.Ingantaccen Sauri:Bincike yana ci gaba da tura saurin daidaitawa ga masu fitar da IR don ba da damar sadarwar bayanai mafi sauri, kamar a cikin Li-Fi ko haɗin gani mai sauri.Takamaiman Tsawon Tsayi:Haɓaka masu fitarwa tare da ƙunƙuntaccen faɗin layin bakan don aikace-aikace a cikin gano iskar gas da binciken bakan.
Kalmomin Ƙayyadaddun LED
Cikakken bayanin kalmomin fasaha na LED
Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki
| Kalma | Naúrar/Wakilci | Bayanin Sauri | Me yasa yake da muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ingancin Hasken Wuta | lm/W (lumen kowace watt) | Fitowar haske kowace watt na wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin mafi ingancin kuzari. | Kai tsaye yana ƙayyade matakin ingancin kuzari da farashin wutar lantarki. |
| Gudun Hasken Wuta | lm (lumen) | Jimillar hasken da tushe ke fitarwa, ana kiransa "haske". | Yana ƙayyade ko hasken yana da haske sosai. |
| Kusurwar Dubawa | ° (digiri), misali 120° | Kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabi, yana ƙayyade faɗin haske. | Yana shafar kewar haskakawa da daidaito. |
| Zafin Launi (CCT) | K (Kelvin), misali 2700K/6500K | Zafi/sanyin haske, ƙananan ƙimomi rawaya/zafi, mafi girma fari/sanyi. | Yana ƙayyade yanayin haskakawa da yanayin da suka dace. |
| CI / Ra | Ba naúrar, 0–100 | Ikon ba da launukan abubuwa daidai, Ra≥80 yana da kyau. | Yana shafar sahihancin launi, ana amfani dashi a wurare masu buƙatu kamar shaguna, gidajen tarihi. |
| SDCM | Matakan ellipse MacAdam, misali "5-mataki" | Ma'aunin daidaiton launi, ƙananan matakai suna nufin mafi daidaiton launi. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin LED iri ɗaya. |
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Raɗaɗin Hasken | nm (nanomita), misali 620nm (ja) | Tsawon raɗaɗin haske daidai da launin LED masu launi. | Yana ƙayyade launin ja, rawaya, kore LED masu launi ɗaya. |
| Rarraba Bakan Hasken | Layin tsawon raɗaɗi da ƙarfi | Yana nuna rarraba ƙarfi a cikin tsawon raɗaɗin haske. | Yana shafar ba da launi da ingancin launi. |
Ma'auni na Lantarki
| Kalma | Alamar | Bayanin Sauri | Abubuwan ƙira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | Vf | Mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki don kunna LED, kamar "maƙallan farawa". | Ƙarfin lantarki na injin dole ya zama ≥Vf, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙara don LED a jere. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | If | Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki don aikin LED na yau da kullun. | Yawanci tuƙi mai ƙarfi akai-akai, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙayyade haske da tsawon rai. |
| Matsakaicin Ƙarfin lantarki na bugun jini | Ifp | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai jurewa na ɗan lokaci, ana amfani dashi don duhu ko walƙiya. | Fadin bugun jini da sake zagayowar aiki dole ne a sarrafa su sosai don guje wa lalacewa. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na baya | Vr | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya da LED zai iya jurewa, wanda ya wuce zai iya haifar da rushewa. | Dangane dole ne ya hana haɗin baya ko ƙarfin lantarki. |
| Juriya na zafi | Rth (°C/W) | Juriya ga canja wurin zafi daga guntu zuwa solder, ƙasa yana da kyau. | Babban juriya na zafi yana buƙatar zubar da zafi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rigakafin ESD | V (HBM), misali 1000V | Ikon jurewa zubar da wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin ƙasa mai rauni. | Ana buƙatar matakan hana wutar lantarki a cikin samarwa, musamman ga LED masu hankali. |
Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa
| Kalma | Ma'aunin maɓalli | Bayanin Sauri | Tasiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zazzabin Haɗin gwiwa | Tj (°C) | Ainihin yanayin aiki a cikin guntun LED. | Kowane raguwa 10°C na iya ninka tsawon rai; yayi yawa yana haifar da lalacewar haske, canjin launi. |
| Ragewar Lumen | L70 / L80 (sa'o'i) | Lokacin da haske ya ragu zuwa 70% ko 80% na farko. | Kai tsaye yana ayyana "tsawon sabis" na LED. |
| Kula da Lumen | % (misali 70%) | Kashi na hasken da aka riƙe bayan lokaci. | Yana nuna riƙon haske akan amfani na dogon lokaci. |
| Canjin Launi | Δu′v′ ko ellipse MacAdam | Matsakaicin canjin launi yayin amfani. | Yana shafar daidaiton launi a cikin yanayin haskakawa. |
| Tsufa na Zafi | Lalacewar kayan aiki | Lalacewa saboda yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci. | Zai iya haifar da raguwar haske, canjin launi, ko gazawar buɗe kewaye. |
Tufafi & Kayan Aiki
| Kalma | Nau'ikan gama gari | Bayanin Sauri | Siffofi & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nau'in Kunshin | EMC, PPA, Yumbu | Kayan gida masu kare guntu, samar da hanyar sadarwa ta gani/zafi. | EMC: juriya mai kyau na zafi, farashi mai rahusa; Yumbu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, tsawon rai. |
| Tsarin Guntu | Gaba, Guntu Juyawa | Tsarin na'urorin lantarki na guntu. | Juyawar guntu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, inganci mafi girma, don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rufin Phosphor | YAG, Silicate, Nitride | Yana rufe guntu shuɗi, yana canza wasu zuwa rawaya/ja, yana haɗa su zuwa fari. | Phosphor daban-daban suna shafar inganci, CCT, da CRI. |
| Ruwan tabarau/Optics | Lefi, Microlens, TIR | Tsarin gani a saman yana sarrafa rarraba haske. | Yana ƙayyade kusurwar dubawa da layin rarraba haske. |
Kula da Inganci & Rarraba
| Kalma | Abun rarraba | Bayanin Sauri | Manufa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kwalin Gudun Hasken | Lambar misali 2G, 2H | An tattara su ta hanyar haske, kowace ƙungiya tana da ƙananan/matsakaicin ƙimar lumen. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin jeri ɗaya. |
| Kwalin Ƙarfin lantarki | Lambar misali 6W, 6X | An tattara su ta hanyar kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. | Yana sauƙaƙe daidaitawar tuƙi, yana inganta ingancin tsarin. |
| Kwalin Launi | Ellipse MacAdam 5-mataki | An tattara su ta hanyar daidaitattun launi, yana tabbatar da ƙuntataccen kewayon. | Yana ba da garantin daidaiton launi, yana guje wa launi mara daidaituwa a cikin kayan aikin. |
| Kwalin CCT | 2700K, 3000K da sauransu | An tattara su ta hanyar CCT, kowanne yana da madaidaicin kewayon daidaitawa. | Yana cika buƙatun CCT na yanayi daban-daban. |
Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida
| Kalma | Matsakaicin/Gwaji | Bayanin Sauri | Muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| LM-80 | Gwajin kula da lumen | Haskakawa na dogon lokaci a yanayin zafi akai-akai, yana rikodin lalacewar haske. | Ana amfani dashi don kimanta rayuwar LED (tare da TM-21). |
| TM-21 | Matsakaicin kimanta rayuwa | Yana kimanta rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na ainihi bisa bayanan LM-80. | Yana ba da hasashen kimiyya na rayuwa. |
| IESNA | Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Haskakawa | Yana rufe hanyoyin gwajin gani, lantarki, zafi. | Tushen gwaji da masana'antu suka amince. |
| RoHS / REACH | Tabbatarwar muhalli | Yana tabbatar da babu abubuwa masu cutarwa (darma, mercury). | Bukatar shiga kasuwa a duniya. |
| ENERGY STAR / DLC | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari da aiki don samfuran haskakawa. | Ana amfani dashi a cikin sayayyan gwamnati, shirye-shiryen tallafi, yana haɓaka gasa. |