Takardar Bayani na Fasaha na ELW137, ELW2601, da ELW2611 - Mai Keɓance Siginar Lojiki cikin Sauri 10Mbit/s a cikin Kunshin 8-Pin DIP

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Jerin ELW137, ELW2601, da ELW2611 su ne masu keɓance siginar lojiki cikin sauri (optoisolators) waɗanda aka ƙera don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar keɓance siginar dijital cikin sauri. Babban ɓangaren shine diode mai fitar da hasken infrared wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar haske zuwa mai gano hoto cikin sauri tare da fitarwar ƙofar lojiki. Ana kunna wannan na'urar a cikin daidaitaccen masana'antu na 8-pin Dual In-line Package (DIP) mai faɗin jiki, kuma akwai zaɓuɓɓukan Surface Mount Device (SMD). Babban aikin shine samar da keɓancewar lantarki tsakanin da'irorin shigarwa da fitarwa yayin aika siginar lojiki na dijital cikin sauri har zuwa 10 Megabits a kowace dakika (Mbit/s).

1.1 Fa'idodi na Cibiyar da Kasuwar da Ake Nufi

Babban fa'idodin wannan jerin sun haɗa da ikon sauri, wanda ya sa ya dace da hanyoyin sadarwar dijital na zamani. Yana ba da babban ƙarfin keɓance na 5000 V_rms, yana haɓaka amincin tsarin da juriyar amo. An ƙera na'urar don tabbatar da aiki a cikin faɗin zafin masana'antu daga -40°C zuwa +85°C. Tana ɗauke da manyan izinin aminci na duniya (UL, cUL, VDE, SEMKO, NEMKO, DEMKO, FIMKO) kuma tana bin umarnin EU REACH da RoHS. Kasuwannin da ake nufi sun haɗa da sarrafa kai na masana'antu, sadarwa, na'urorin kwamfuta, kayan aikin likita, da wadatar wutar lantarki mai sauyawa inda keɓance siginar amintacce ke da muhimmanci.

2. Zurfin Bincike na Ma'auni na Fasaha

Wannan sashe yana ba da fassarar ma'auni na lantarki da aiki da aka jera a cikin takardar bayani.

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici

Waɗannan ma'auni suna ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda za su iya haifar da lalacewa na dindindin ga na'urar. Ba don yanayin aiki na yau da kullun ba ne.

• Halin Gaba na Shigarwa (I_F): 50 mA. Wuce wannan zai iya lalata LED na shigarwa.
• Ƙarfin Juyawa (V_R): 5 V. Diode na shigarwa yana da iyakataccen juriya na ƙarfin juyawa.
• Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki (V_CC) & Ƙarfin Fitarwa (V_O): 7.0 V. Wannan yana ayyana matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da za a iya amfani da shi akan fitar wutar lantarki da fil ɗin sigina.
• Ƙarfin Keɓance (V_ISO): 5000 V_rmsna minti 1. Wannan ma'auni ne na aminci wanda ke nuna ƙarfin dielectric tsakanin bangarorin shigarwa da fitarwa.
• Zafin Aiki (T_OPR): -40°C zuwa +85°C. An ƙididdige na'urar don yanayin masana'antu.
• Zafin Solder (T_SOL): 260°C na dakika 10. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin haɗa PCB.

2.2 Halayen Lantarki

Waɗannan ma'auni ne da aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayin gwaji a cikin kewayon zafin aiki.

2.2.1 Halayen Shigarwa

• Ƙarfin Gaba (V_F): Yawanci 1.4V, matsakaici 1.8V a I_F=10mA. Ana amfani da wannan don ƙirar da'irar iyakance halin shigarwa.
• Ƙarfin Shigarwa (C_IN): Yawanci 70 pF. Wannan yana shafar amsawar mitar babba na matakin shigarwa.

2.2.2 Halayen Fitarwa & Canja wuri

• Halayen Wutar Lantarki (I_CCH, I_CCL): IC na fitarwa yana ɗaukar 6.5-10mA (babban fitarwa) da 8-13mA (ƙananan fitarwa). Wannan yana ƙayyade buƙatun wutar lantarki a gefen fitarwa.
• Ƙananan Ƙarfin Fitarwa (V_OL): Matsakaici 0.6V lokacin nutsewa 13mA. Wannan yana tabbatar da dacewa da TTL da ƙananan shigarwar lojiki na CMOS.
• Halin Kofa na Shigarwa (I_FT): 3.0 zuwa 5.0 mA. Wannan shine mafi ƙarancin halin LED na shigarwa da ake buƙata don tabbatar da ingantaccen fitarwa na lojiki-ƙasa a cikin mafi munin yanayi. Zane-zane ya kamata ya yi amfani da halin yanzu sama da matsakaicin ƙimar.

2.3 Halayen Sauyawa

Waɗannan ma'auni suna ayyana aikin lokaci mai mahimmanci don aikawa da bayanai cikin sauri.

• Jinkirin Yaduwa (t_PHL, t_PLH): Matsakaici 100 ns kowanne. Wannan yana iyakance matsakaicin adadin bayanai. Takardar bayani ta ƙayyade ikon 10 Mbit/s.
• Karkatar da Faɗin bugun jini |t_PHL- t_PLH|: Matsakaici 40 ns. Wannan rashin daidaituwa na iya shafar zagayowar aiki a cikin siginonin da aka aika.
• Lokacin Tashi/Faɗuwa (t_r, t_f): t_ryawanci 40 ns ne, t_fyawanci 10 ns ne. Lokacin faɗuwa cikin sauri ya zama ruwan dare a cikin irin waɗannan na'urori.
• Rigakafin Canjin Yanayin Gama gari (CMH, CML): Wannan ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci don juriyar amo. ELW2611 yana ba da mafi girman aiki (10,000 - 20,000 V/µs), ma'ana yana iya ƙin ƙwanƙwasa ƙarfin lantarki cikin sauri tsakanin ƙasashen shigarwa da fitarwa ba tare da haifar da kurakurai na fitarwa ba. ELW137 ba shi da ƙayyadaddun CMTI, yayin da ELW2601 yana ba da 5,000 V/µs.

3. Tsarin Pin da Bayanin Aiki

Na'urar tana amfani da tsarin 8-pin DIP. Pin 1 da 4 ba su da Haɗin kai (NC). Bangaren shigarwa ya ƙunshi Pin 2 (Anode) da Pin 3 (Cathode) don LED. Bangaren fitarwa ya haɗa da Pin 5 (Ƙasa), Pin 6 (V_OUT- Fitarwa), Pin 7 (V_E- Kunna), da Pin 8 (V_CC- Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki). Pin na kunna (V_E) yana sarrafa fitarwa. Teburin gaskiya yana nuna lojiki: lokacin da Kunna ya yi High, fitarwa shine juzu'in shigarwa (mai aiki-ƙasa). Lokacin da Kunna ya yi Low, ana tilasta fitarwa High ba tare da la'akari da shigarwa ba. Takardar bayani ta ba da umarnin capacitor na 0.1µF tsakanin pin 8 (V_CC) da 5 (GND) don aiki mai ƙarfi.

4. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

4.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

• Kawar da Madauki na Ƙasa & Keɓance Matakin Lojiki: Keɓance siginar dijital tsakanin tsarin ƙarƙashin tsarin tare da ma'auni daban-daban na ƙasa don hana amo da madaukai na ƙasa.
• Aikawa da Bayanai & Masu Karɓar Layi: Ana amfani da shi a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na jeri (RS-232, RS-485 interfaces) don keɓancewa.
• Wadatar Wutar Lantarki Mai Sauyawa: Samar da keɓance martani a cikin flyback ko wasu nau'ikan masu jujjuyawar keɓance.
• Hanyoyin Haɗin Na'urorin Kwamfuta: Keɓance siginoni zuwa/ daga firinta, katunan I/O na masana'antu.
• Maye gurbin Transformer na bugun jini: Ba da madadin ƙwaƙƙwaran don keɓance sigina tare da mafi sauƙin da'irar tuƙi.

4.2 Abubuwan da ake la'akari da Zane

• Saita Halin Shigarwa: Dole ne a saita halin LED na shigarwa ta amfani da resistor na jeri. Don tabbatar da sauyawa, I_Fya kamata a saita sama da matsakaicin I_FT(5mA). Yanayin gwaji na yau da kullun yana amfani da 7.5mA. Ƙimar resistor shine (V_DRIVE- V_F) / I_F.
• Amfani da Pin na Kunna: Za a iya amfani da pin na kunna don ƙofar fitarwa ko haɗawa da ƙayyadadden ƙarfin lantarki idan ba a buƙata ba. Kada ya wuce V_CCfiye da 0.5V.
• Kaya na Fitarwa: Fitarwa na iya nutsewa har zuwa 13mA don ingantaccen V_OL. Don tuƙi mafi girma ko kayan aiki na capacitive, ana iya buƙatar buffer na waje.
• Rigakafin Amo: Don yanayi mai yawan amo, zaɓi bambancin ELW2611 saboda mafi girman Rigakafin Canjin Yanayin Gama gari (CMTI). Da'irar tuƙi da aka ba da shawarar a cikin Hoto na 15 don ELW2611 tana amfani da transistor don ƙarfafa gefuna na halin LED na shigarwa, yana ƙara inganta aikin CMTI.
• Ketare: Capacitor na 0.1µF a gefen fitarwa yana da mahimmanci don rage amo na wutar lantarki da tabbatar da aiki mai ƙarfi cikin sauri.

5. Kwatancen Fasaha da Jagorar Zaɓi

Jerin ya haɗa da manyan bambance-bambance guda uku: ELW137, ELW2601, da ELW2611. Babban abin banbance shine Rigakafin Canjin Yanayin Gama gari (CMTI). ELW137 yana da keɓance na asali. ELW2601 yana ba da matsakaicin CMTI (5,000 V/µs). ELW2611 yana ba da babban CMTI (10,000 - 20,000 V/µs). Zaɓin ya kamata ya dogara da yanayin amo na lantarki na aikace-aikacen. Don tuƙin mota, PLCs na masana'antu, ko wadatar wutar lantarki mai amo, ana ba da shawarar ELW2611. Don ƙarancin keɓance dijital, ELW2601 ko ELW137 na iya isa.

6. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Dangane da Ma'auni na Fasaha)

6.1 Menene matsakaicin adadin bayanai da za a iya samu?

Duk da yake an ƙayyade na'urar don 10 Mbit/s, ainihin matsakaicin adadin da ake iya amfani da shi ya dogara da jinkirin yaduwa da lokutan tashi/faɗuwa. Tare da matsakaicin jinkirin yaduwa na 100 ns, matsakaicin mitar ka'idar don murabba'in igiyar ruwa ya yi ƙasa. Don amintaccen aikawa da bayanai, yi la'akari da gurɓataccen bugun jini gabaɗaya da tazarar lokaci na tsarin.

6.2 Ta yaya zan lissafa ƙimar resistor na shigarwa?

Yi amfani da dabara: R_IN= (V_DRIVE- V_F) / I_F. Yi zaton V_Fshine matsakaicin ƙimar (1.8V) don ƙirar mafi munin yanayi. Don tuƙi 5V da I_F= 10mA, R_IN= (5V - 1.8V) / 0.01A = 320 Ohms. Yi amfani da mafi kusancen ƙimar daidaitacce (misali, 330 Ohms).

6.3 Zan iya amfani da shi tare da lojiki 3.3V?

Gefen fitarwa V_CCza a iya samar da shi da 3.3V. Duk da haka, ana gwada halayen lantarki tare da V_CC=5.5V. Ma'auni kamar V_OL, I_OH, da jinkirin yaduwa na iya bambanta a 3.3V. Bangaren shigarwa yana da zaman kansa; ana iya tuƙa LED ta hanyar tushen 3.3V muddin an sami daidai I_F.

6.4 Menene manufar Pin na Kunna?

Pin na Kunna (V_E) yana ba da sarrafa jiha na uku. Lokacin da aka tuƙa ƙasa (<0.8V), yana tilasta fitarwa sama, yana kashe hanyar sigina daga shigarwa zuwa fitarwa. Ana iya amfani da wannan don haɗa fitarwa masu keɓance da yawa akan layin bas guda ɗaya ko don yanayin ceton wutar lantarki.

7. Hali na Zane na Aiki

Yanayi:Keɓance siginar UART na 1 Mbit/s tsakanin microcontroller 3.3V da mai canja wurin RS-485 na 5V a cikin kumburin firikwensin masana'antu.

Matakan Zane:

1. Zaɓin Bambance-bambance:Zaɓi ELW2611 don babban juriyar amo a cikin yanayin masana'antu.
2. Da'irar Shigarwa:Microcontroller GPIO (3.3V) yana tuƙa LED. Lissafa resistor: R_IN= (3.3V - 1.8V) / 0.01A = 150 Ohms. Yi amfani da resistor 150Ω a jere tare da anode LED (Pin 2). Cathode (Pin 3) zuwa microcontroller GND.
3. Da'irar Fitarwa:Wutar fitarwa gefe tare da 5V (V_CCPin 8). Haɗa capacitor na yumbu 0.1µF tsakanin Pin 8 da Pin 5 (GND). Haɗa fitarwa Pin 6 kai tsaye zuwa fil ɗin shigarwa na mai canja wurin RS-485. Ƙimar shigarwa na mai canja wurin yana aiki azaman kaya. Kunna Pin 7 ana iya ɗaura shi zuwa V_CC(5V) ta hanyar resistor 10kΩ don aiki koyaushe, ko kuma wani GPIO ya tuƙa shi don sarrafawa.
4. Shimfidawa:Ka kiyaye alamun shigarwa da fitarwa a zahiri. Sanya capacitor na ketare kusa da pin 8 da 5 gwargwadon yiwuwa.

8. Ka'idar Aiki

Mai keɓance hoto yana aiki bisa ka'idar haɗin haske. Siginar lantarki na shigarwa tana tuƙa diode mai fitar da hasken infrared (LED). Hasken da aka fitar ana gano shi ta hanyar photodiode ko phototransistor a gefen fitarwa mai keɓance. A cikin wannan mai keɓance ƙofar lojiki, gefen fitarwa ya ƙunshi madaidaicin da'irar haɗe-haɗe. Halin yanzu na mai gano hoto yana haɓakawa kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar ƙofar lojiki na dijital (yawanci mai faɗakarwa na Schmitt) don samar da tsaftataccen siginar fitarwa na dijital. Hanyar haske tana ba da shingen keɓancewar lantarki, kamar yadda haske zai iya ketare tazarar jiki (ta hanyar kayan keɓance masu bayyana) inda wutar lantarki ba zai iya ba, yana toshe madaukai na ƙasa da ƙwanƙwasa ƙarfin lantarki.

9. Trends na Masana'antu

Trend a cikin keɓance sigina yana zuwa ga mafi girma sauri, ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki, ƙananan fakitoci, da aikin haɗe-haɗe. Duk da yake na'urorin keɓance hoto na gargajiya irin wannan kunshin DIP suna ci gaba da amfani da su sosai, sabbin fasahohin suna samun karbuwa. Masu keɓance dijital dangane da fasahar CMOS tare da haɗawa ko haɗin maganadisu suna ba da mafi girman adadin bayanai (har zuwa ɗaruruwan Mbit/s), ƙananan jinkirin yaduwa, mafi kyawun daidaiton lokaci, da mafi ingantaccen aminci akan zafin jiki da lokaci. Hakanan suna haɗa tashoshi da yawa a cikin ƙananan fakitoci. Duk da haka, masu keɓance hoto har yanzu suna da fa'ida a wasu fagage kamar babban ikon keɓance ƙarfin lantarki, sauƙi, da inganci don yawancin aikace-aikacen sauri na daidaitacce. Haɓaka masu keɓance hoto masu sauri, masu babban CMTI (kamar yadda aka gani a cikin ELW2611) martani ne ga buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfan keɓancewa a cikin na'urorin lantarki masu amo da yanayin tuƙin mota.