Takardar Bayani na Fasaha na Jerin ELM6XX na Mai Haɗa Hoton Logic Gate Mai Sauri 10Mbit/s a cikin Kunshin SOP Mai Ƙofofi 5

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Jerin ELM6XX suna wakiltar iyali na manyan masu haɗa hoton logic gate masu sauri da inganci, waɗanda aka ƙera don aikace-aikacen keɓe dijital masu buƙatu. Waɗannan na'urori sun haɗa diode mai fitar da infrared wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar haske zuwa babban mai gano hoto mai sauri tare da matakin fitarwa na ƙofar logic, suna da ikon fitarwa mai ƙarfi. An kunna su a cikin ƙunƙuntaccen Kunshin Ƙananan Outline (SOP) mai ƙofofi 5, sun yi daidai da daidaitaccen ƙafar masana'antu, suna sauƙaƙe haɗawa cikin ƙirar da ke akwai da shimfidar PCB.

Aikin asali na wannan ɓangaren shine samar da keɓancewar galvanic tsakanin da'irori na lantarki guda biyu yayin aika siginar logic na dijital. Wannan keɓancewa yana da mahimmanci don karya madaukai na ƙasa, kare da'irori masu hankali na logic daga ƙaruwar ƙarfin lantarki da amo da ke cikin wasu sassan tsarin, da kuma tabbatar da aminci a aikace-aikacen da ke da manyan ƙarfin lantarki na gama-gari.

1.1 Fa'idodi na Asali da Kasuwar Da Ake Nufi

An ƙera jerin ELM6XX tare da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka sa ya dace da tsarin lantarki na zamani. Ƙarfinsa na sauri na 10 Mbit/s yana ba da damar amfani da shi a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar bayanai masu sauri. Na'urorin suna ba da garanti na aiki a cikin kewayon zafin jiki mai faɗi daga -40°C zuwa +85°C, suna tabbatar da dogaro a cikin yanayin masana'antu da na mota. Babban ƙarfin lantarki na keɓancewa na 3750 V_rmsyana ba da kariya mai ƙarfi. Bugu da ƙari, jerin sun yi daidai da manyan ƙa'idodin muhalli da aminci, gami da kasancewa maras halogen, maras gubar, mai bin RoHS, kuma an amince da su ta UL, cUL, VDE, SEMKO, NEMKO, DEMKO, da FIMKO.

Manyan kasuwanni da aikace-aikacen da ake nufi sun haɗa da:

• Kayan Aikin Sarrafa Kansa:Don keɓance PLC I/O, tuƙin mota, da hanyoyin sadarwa na firikwensin daga logic sarrafawa.
• Sadarwa & Watsa Bayanai:A cikin masu karɓar layi da tsarin haɗa bayanai don kawar da amo.
• Lantarki na Wutar Lantarki:A matsayin maye gurbin abin dogaro na na'urori masu canza wutar lantarki a cikin madaukai na amsawar wutar lantarki mai sauyawa.
• Na'urori na Kwamfuta:Don haɗawa tsakanin tsarin da ke da matakan ƙasa daban-daban.
• Hanyar Haɗin Dijital Gabaɗaya:Don fassarar matakin da keɓancewa tsakanin iyalai na logic kamar LSTTL, TTL, da CMOS 5V.

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Sigogi na Fasaha

Wannan sashe yana ba da cikakken fassarar ma'ana na mahimman sigogi na lantarki da aiki da aka ƙayyade a cikin takardar bayani. Fahimtar waɗannan sigogi yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar da'ira daidai da kuma tabbatar da aiki mai dogaro.

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici

Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici yana ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su lalacewa na dindindin na na'urar na iya faruwa. Waɗannan ba yanayin aiki ba ne.

• Ƙarfin Gaba na Shigarwa (I_F):50 mA. Wucewa wannan halin yanzu zai yiwu ya lalata Diode mai fitar da Infrared na ciki (IRED).
• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Baya na Shigarwa (V_R):5 V. IRED yana da hankali ga juzu'in baya; dole ne a kiyaye wannan iyaka sosai.
• Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki (V_CC) & Ƙarfin Lantarki na Fitowa (V_O):7.0 V. Wannan yana ayyana matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da za a iya amfani da shi ga ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gefen fitarwa da fil ɗin fitarwa.
• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Keɓancewa (V_ISO):3750 V_rmsna minti 1. Wannan siga ce ta aminci mai mahimmanci, an gwada ta tare da fil ɗin shigarwa (1,3) an gajarta tare da fil ɗin fitarwa (4,5,6) an gajarta tare. Yana tabbatar da ƙarfin dielectric na shinge na keɓancewa na ciki.
• Zafin Aiki & Ajiya:An ƙididdige na'urar don aiki daga -40°C zuwa +85°C da ajiya daga -55°C zuwa +125°C.
• Zafin Solder:260°C na dakika 10. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin haɗa PCB ta amfani da solder mai sake kunnawa.

2.2 Halayen Lantarki

Waɗannan sigogi suna ayyana aikin na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na al'ada (T_A= -40°C zuwa 85°C sai dai idan an lura).

2.2.1 Halayen Shigarwa (Bangaren IRED)

• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (V_F):Yawanci 1.45V, tare da matsakaicin 1.8V a I_F=10mA. Ana amfani da wannan don ƙididdige resistor mai iyakance halin yanzu da ake buƙata a gefen shigarwa.
• Coefficient na Zafin Jiki na V_F:Kimanin -1.9 mV/°C. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana raguwa kaɗan yayin da zafin jiki ya ƙaru.
• Ƙarfin Shigarwa (C_IN):Yawanci 70 pF. Wannan yana shafar amsawar mita mai girma da buƙatun tuƙi na da'irar shigarwa.

2.2.2 Halayen Fitowa & Canja wuri

• Halayen Wutar Lantarki: I_CCH(fitowa mai girma) yawanci 6.0 mA ne, kuma I_CCL(fitowa ƙasa) yawanci 7.5 mA ne tare da V_CC=5.5V. Waɗannan ƙimomi suna ƙayyade amfani da wutar lantarki a gefen fitarwa.
• Ƙarfin Fitowa Mai Girma (I_OH):Fitarwa na iya samo ƙaramin halin yanzu (misali 2.1 µA) lokacin da yake cikin babban yanayi. An ƙera wannan na'urar don tuƙa shigarwar CMOS mai girma, ba don samo mahimmanci halin yanzu ba.
• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Fitowa Ƙasa (V_OL):Yawanci 0.4V, matsakaicin 0.6V lokacin nutsewa 13mA. Wannan yana ayyana ƙaƙƙarfan matakin logic '0'.
• Ƙarfin Shigarwa na Kofa (I_FT):Yawanci 2.4 mA, matsakaicin 5 mA. Wannan shine mafi ƙarancin halin yanzu na shigarwa da ake buƙata don tabbatar da sauyawar fitarwa zuwa ingantaccen yanayi na ƙasa (V_OL≤ 0.6V) a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayin kaya. Sigogi ne mai mahimmanci don tabbatar da jurewar amo.

2.3 Halayen Sauyawa

Waɗannan sigogi suna ayyana aikin motsa jiki na mai haɗa hoto, wanda aka auna a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun yanayi (V_CC=5V, I_F=7.5mA, C_L=15pF, R_L=350Ω).

• Jinkirin Yada (t_PHL, t_PLH):Lokacin daga maki 50% na canjin halin yanzu na shigarwa zuwa madaidaicin batu akan canjin ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa. t_PLH(zuwa sama) yawanci 50 ns ne, kuma t_PHL(zuwa ƙasa) yawanci 41 ns ne, duka biyun suna da matsakaicin 100 ns. Waɗannan jinkirin suna iyakance matsakaicin ƙimar bayanai.
• Karkatar da Faɗin bugun jini (|t_PHL– t_PLH|):Yawanci 9 ns, matsakaicin 35 ns. Wannan rashin daidaituwa a cikin jinkirin tashi/faɗuwa na iya rage bugun jini na fitarwa a manyan mitoci.
• Lokutan Tashi/Faɗuwa (t_r, t_f):Lokacin tashin fitarwa yawanci 40 ns ne, kuma lokacin faɗuwa yawanci 10 ns ne. Gabaɗaya gefuna masu sauri sun fi kyau ga ingancin siginar.
• Jurewar Canjin Yanayi na Gama-gari (CMH, CML):Wannan siga ce mai mahimmanci ga na'urorin keɓancewa. Yana auna jurewar yanayin fitarwa ga saurin canjin ƙarfin lantarki a kan shingen keɓancewa. ELM601, alal misali, na iya jure dV/dt na 5,000 V/µs tare da siginar gama-gari mai kololuwa zuwa kololuwa na 50V ba tare da canza yanayi ba. ELM611 yana ba da jurewa mafi girma (20,000 V/µs a 1000V_p-p).

3. Bayanan Injiniya da Kunshin

An sanya na'urar a cikin Kunshin Ƙananan Outline (SOP) mai ƙofofi 5. Tsarin fil ɗin shine kamar haka:

• Fil 1:Anode na IRED na shigarwa.
• Fil 2:Babu haɗi (NC).
• Fil 3:Cathode na IRED na shigarwa.
• Fil 4:Ƙasa (GND) don gefen fitarwa.
• Fil 5:Ƙarfin Lantarki na Fitowa (V_OUT).
• Fil 6:Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki (V_CC) don gefen fitarwa.

Takardar bayani ta haɗa da cikakken zanen girma na kunshin (a cikin milimita) wanda dole ne a tuntuɓe shi don ƙirar ƙafar PCB. An kuma ba da shimfidar kushin da aka ba da shawarar don haɗa haɗin saman don tabbatar da ingantaccen solder da kwanciyar hankali na injiniya.

4. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Kula da haɗawa daidai yana da mahimmanci ga dogaro. An ƙididdige na'urar don matsakaicin zafin solder na 260°C na dakika 10, wanda ya yi daidai da daidaitattun bayanan sake kunnawar solder maras gubar (misali, IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020).

Mahimman Abubuwan Ɗauka a Zaman Ɗaki:

• Yi amfani da shimfidar kushin da aka ba da shawarar don hana kabari ko rashin daidaituwa yayin sake kunnawa.
• Ku bi daidaitaccen bayanan yanayin zafin jiki don guje wa lalacewar zafi ga mutuwar ciki da kunshin filastik.
• Bi daidaitattun matakan kariya na ESD (Fitarwa na Lantarki) yayin sarrafawa, saboda na'urar ta ƙunshi abubuwan semiconductor masu hankali.
• Ajiye na'urori a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, mai sarrafawa kamar yadda ƙimar zafin ajiya ta kasance (-55°C zuwa +125°C).

5. Bayanan Kunshin da Oda

Jerin ELM6XX suna samuwa a cikin zaɓuɓɓukan kunshin daban-daban don dacewa da buƙatun samarwa:

• Zaɓi na Al'ada (Babu):Ana samar da na'urori a cikin bututu masu hana lantarki, tare da raka'a 100 a kowace bututu.
• Zaɓin Kaset da Reel (TA/TB):Ana samar da na'urori akan kaset da reel don haɗawa ta atomatik na ɗauka da sanyawa, tare da raka'a 3000 a kowace reel. 'TA' da 'TB' suna iya nufin girman reel daban-daban ko ƙayyadaddun kaset.

Tsarin Lambar Sashi:ELM6XX(Z)-V

• XX:Takamaiman lambar sashi (00, 01, ko 11). Waɗannan suna bambanta bambance-bambance, mai yiwuwa dangane da ƙimar Jurewar Canjin Yanayi na Gama-gari (misali, ELM600, ELM601, ELM611).
• Z:Zaɓin kaset da reel (TA, TB, ko babu don bututu).
• V:Alamar amincewar VDE na zaɓi.

6. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace da Abubuwan Ɗauka a Zaman Ɗaki

6.1 Da'irori na Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Babban aikace-aikacen shine keɓance siginar dijital. Da'irar al'ada ta ƙunshi resistor mai iyakance halin yanzu a jere tare da IRED na shigarwa, wanda aka haɗa zuwa siginar logic. Fil ɗin fitarwa (V_OUT) an haɗa shi zuwa V_CCta hanyar resistor ɗagawa (R_L) kuma yana tuƙa shigarwar ƙofar logic mai karɓa. Ƙimar R_L(misali, 350Ω) da ƙarfin kaya suna shafar saurin sauyawa.

6.2 Muhimman Bayanan Kira

• Halin Yanzu na Shigarwa:Tabbatar cewa halin yanzu na shigarwa (I_F) ya cika ko ya wuce matsakaicin Ƙarfin Shigarwa na Kofa (I_FT) don garanti ƙananan fitarwa, amma bai wuce Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici ba. Aikin aiki na al'ada I_Fna 7.5mA zuwa 10mA ya zama ruwan dare.
• Jurewar Amo:Don wurare masu amo, zaɓi bambance-bambance (ELM601 ko ELM611) tare da mafi girman Jurewar Canjin Yanayi na Gama-gari wanda ya dace da matakan amo da ake tsammani a cikin aikace-aikacen.
• Rage Wutar Lantarki:Yi amfani da capacitors na bypass (misali, 0.1 µF) kusa da V_CCda filayen GND a gefen fitarwa don tabbatar da aiki mai ƙarfi da rage amo sauyawa.
• Teburin Gaskiya:Na'urar tana aiki azaman buffer maras juyawa. Babban logic (H) akan shigarwa (IRED yana kunne) yana samar da logic ƙasa (L) akan fitarwa. Ƙananan logic (L) akan shigarwa (IRED kashe) yana samar da babban logic (H) akan fitarwa (saboda resistor ɗagawa).

7. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun jerin masu haɗa hoto na 4N25/4N35, jerin ELM6XX suna ba da sauri sosai (10 Mbit/s vs. ~100 kbit/s) da mafi girman ƙin Yanayi na Gama-gari. Fitarwar ƙofar logic ɗin sa tana ba da siffofi masu tsabta na dijital ba tare da buƙatar ƙarin da'irori na Schmitt trigger da ake buƙata tare da fitarwa na phototransistor ba. Kunshin SOP mai ƙofofi 5 ya fi ƙunƙuntaccen kunshin DIP na tsoho. Babban bambance-bambance a cikin jerin ELM6XX da kansa shine ƙimar Jurewar Canjin Yanayi na Gama-gari, wanda ke ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar matakin farashi/inganci da ya dace don takamaiman yanayin amo.

8. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (Dangane da Sigogi na Fasaha)

Q1: Menene matsakaicin ƙimar bayanai da zan iya cim ma tare da wannan mai haɗa hoto?

A: Jinkirin yadawa na al'ada yana ba da damar ƙimar bayanai har zuwa 10 Mbit/s kamar yadda aka ƙayyade. Duk da haka, ainihin matsakaicin ƙimar dogaro a cikin tsarin zai zama ƙasa saboda karkatar da faɗin bugun jini da lokacin saita/riƙe na logic mai karɓa. Ƙira mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na iya niyya 5-8 Mbit/s.

Q2: Ta yaya zan zaɓi tsakanin ELM600, ELM601, da ELM611?

A: Zaɓin yana da mahimmanci bisa ga Jurewar Canjin Yanayi na Gama-gari (CMTI) da ake buƙata. Yi amfani da ELM600 don keɓancewa na asali tare da ƙananan amo. ELM601 (5,000 V/µs) ya dace don aikace-aikacen tuƙin mota na masana'antu da wutar lantarki. ELM611 (20,000 V/µs) don wurare masu amo sosai kamar manyan masu jujjuyawar wutar lantarki.

Q3: Zan iya amfani da wannan na'urar don tuƙa LED ko relay kai tsaye?

A: A'a. An ƙera fitarwa don tuƙa shigarwar logic na CMOS ko TTL masu girma. Ƙarfinsa na samo halin yanzu/nutsewa yana da iyaka (I_OHyana da ƙasa sosai, I_OLan ƙayyade shi a 13mA). Don tuƙa kayayyaki masu girma, ana buƙatar ƙarin buffer ko matakin transistor.

Q4: Wane ƙimar resistor ɗagawa (R_L) ya kamata in yi amfani da shi?

A: Takardar bayani ta ƙayyade yanayin gwaji tare da R_L=350Ω. Wannan shine mafari mai kyau. Ƙananan resistor zai samar da saurin tashi amma yana ƙara amfani da wutar lantarki da halin yanzu na fitarwa. Babban resistor zai ajiye wutar lantarki amma yana rage saurin tashi. Dole ne a zaɓi ƙimar la'akari da ƙarfin kaya da saurin da ake buƙata.

9. Nazarin Hali na Aikace-aikace na Aiki

Hali: Keɓance Microcontroller UART daga Mai Watsa RS-485.

A cikin kumburin firikwensin masana'antu, layin UART TX na microcontroller na 3.3V yana buƙatar keɓancewa daga mai watsa RS-485 na 5V wanda ke haɗawa zuwa bas mai nisa mai amo. Ana iya amfani da ELM601 don wannan dalili. Fil ɗin microcontroller yana tuƙa IRED ta hanyar resistor mai iyakance halin yanzu (misali, (3.3V - 1.45V)/7.5mA ≈ 247Ω). An kunna gefen fitarwa ta hanyar layin 5V na mai watsa RS-485. V_OUTfil, wanda aka ɗaga zuwa 5V tare da resistor 350Ω, yana haɗa kai tsaye zuwa fil ɗin Shigarwa Direba (DI) na IC na RS-485. Wannan saitin yana karya haɗin ƙasa tsakanin microcontroller mai hankali da bas mai amo, yana kare microcontroller daga sauye-sauyen da bas ke haifarwa, kuma yana sarrafa fassarar matakin logic daga 3.3V zuwa 5V. Babban CMTI na ELM601 yana tabbatar da siginar dijital ya kasance cikakke duk da amo akan bas.

10. Ka'idar Aiki

Na'urar tana aiki bisa ka'idar canza haske da lantarki. Halin yanzu da aka yi amfani da shi a gefen shigarwa (fil 1 & 3) yana sa Diode mai fitar da Infrared (IRED) ya fitar da haske. Wannan hasken yana ketare shinge na keɓancewa na ciki mai gani (yawanci tazarar filastik da aka ƙera). A gefen fitarwa, da'irar guda ɗaya ta silicon photodetector ta karɓi wannan hasken. Wannan IC yana ƙunshe da photodiode, babban amplifier mai riba, da matakin fitarwa na ƙofar logic (mai yiwuwa totem-pole ko irin wannan tsari). Amplifier yana canza photocurrent zuwa ƙarfin lantarki, wanda matakin logic ke buffer kuma yana fitar da shi azaman siginar dijital mai tsabta. Fasalin 'fitarwa mai ƙarfi' da aka ambata yana iya nufin latch na ciki ko aikin kunna wanda zai iya riƙe yanayin fitarwa, amma cikakkun bayanai suna buƙatar cikakken tsarin ciki.

11. Trends na Fasaha

Trend a cikin keɓancewar dijital yana zuwa ga mafi girma sauri, ƙananan amfani da wutar lantarki, ƙananan fakitoci, da mafi girman haɗin kai. Yayin da masu haɗa hoto kamar ELM6XX suka kasance masu kyau ga aikace-aikace da yawa, madadin fasahohin da suka dogara da capacitive (ta amfani da SiO₂shinge) ko giant magnetoresistive (GMR) haɗin gwiwa suna fitowa. Waɗannan na iya ba da mafi girman ƙimar bayanai (>>100 Mbit/s), mafi kyawun daidaiton lokaci (ƙananan karkatar da faɗin bugun jini), da tsawon rayuwa yayin da ba su da LED don lalacewa. Duk da haka, manyan masu haɗa hoto na ci gaba da amfani da su sosai saboda tabbataccen dogaronsu, babban CMTI, sauƙi, da inganci mai tsada don sauri har zuwa dubunnan megabits a kowace dakika. Haɓakar na'urori kamar jerin ELM6XX, tare da CMTI mai daraja da kayan aiki marasa halogen, yana nuna ci gaba da juyin halitta don saduwa da ƙarin ƙa'idodin muhalli da aiki a cikin na'urorin lantarki na zamani.