Bayanin Fasaha na LED Mai Fitowa da Infrared 940nm - Kunshin EIA - Tsawon Tsinkaya 940nm - Ƙarfin Gaba 1.2V - Ƙarfin Haske 0.8mW/sr - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayanin Samfur

Wannan takarda ta yi cikakken bayani game da ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin mai fitowa da infrared. An ƙera na'urar don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ingantaccen fitar da infrared, kamar a cikin tsarin sarrafa nesa, watsa bayanai ta infrared mara waya, da tsarin ƙararrawa na tsaro. Tana cikin jerin samfuran da suka haɗa da nau'ikan diodes masu fitar da infrared (IREDs) da masu gano haske. Babban kayan da ake amfani da shi shine Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), wanda aka inganta don fitarwa a tsayin tsinkaya na 940 nanometers. Wannan tsayin tsinkaya ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan lantarki na masu amfani saboda ba a iya ganinsa da idon ɗan adam kuma yana ba da ingantaccen aiki tare da masu karɓa na tushen silicon.

Ana ba da kayan a cikin daidaitaccen kunshin EIA, wanda ya sa ya dace da hanyoyin haɗawa ta atomatik. Yana da siffar duban sama, ruwa mai tsabta mai lebur wanda ke ba da faɗin kusurwar kallo. Samfurin ya bi ka'idojin RoHS kuma an rarraba shi azaman samfuri mai kore.

1.1 Siffofi Masu Muhimmanci

• Ya bi ka'idojin RoHS, ma'aunin samfurin kore.
• Zanen duban sama tare da ruwa mai tsabta mai lebur.
• An kunshi shi a cikin tef na 8mm akan reels mai diamita 7-inch don sanya atomatik.
• Ya dace da kayan aikin sanyawa ta atomatik.
• Ya dace da hanyoyin gyaɗa na infrared reflow.
• Daidaitaccen kunshin EIA.
• Tsayin tsinkaya na fitarwa (λp) na 940nm.
• Matakin Hancin Danshi (MSL): Mataki na 3.

1.2 Aikace-aikacen Manufa

• Babban amfani azaman tushen mai fitowa infrared.
• Haɗawa cikin ƙungiyoyin firikwensin infrared da aka sanya akan PCB.
• Rukunonin sarrafa nesa don kayan lantarki na masu amfani (TVs, tsarin sauti).
• Hanyoyin haɗin bayanai mara waya na ɗan gajeren zango.
• Firikwensin kusanci da gano abu.
• Tsaro da tsarin ƙararrawa sun karya katako.

2. Ma'auni na Fasaha: Cikakken Fassarar Manufa

Sasannin masu zuwa suna ba da cikakken bincike game da mahimman ma'auni na aikin na'urar kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin takardar bayanin. Fahimtar waɗannan ma'auni yana da mahimmanci don ƙera da'ira daidai da aiki mai dogaro.

2.1 Cikakken Ma'auni na Iyaka

Waɗannan ma'auni suna ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su lalacewar dindindin na na'urar na iya faruwa. Ba a ba da garantin aiki a ƙarƙashin ko a waɗannan iyakokin ba kuma ya kamata a guje su don ingantaccen aiki na dogon lokaci.

• Rushewar Wutar Lantarki (Pd):100 mW. Wannan shine matsakaicin jimlar wutar lantarki da na'urar za ta iya watsawa azaman zafi. Wucewa wannan iyaka yana haifar da haɗarin guduwar zafi da gazawa.
• Matsakaicin Ƙarfin Gaba (I_FP):500 mA. Wannan shine matsakaicin ƙarfin da aka yarda a ƙarƙashin yanayin bugun jini (bugun jini 300 a kowace dakika, faɗin bugun jini 10 μs). Yana da girma sosai fiye da ma'aunin DC, yana ba da damar bugun jini masu haske a cikin sarrafa nesa.
• DC Ƙarfin Gaba (I_F):50 mA. Matsakaicin ci gaba na gaba. Don mafi inganci da dogaro aiki, ana ba da shawarar ƙaramin ƙarfin tuƙi (misali, 20mA kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin yanayin gwaji).
• Ƙarfin Juyawa (V_R):5 V. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin hanyar juyawa. Ba a ƙera na'urar don aikin juyawa ba, kuma wucewa wannan na iya haifar da rushewa.
• Yanayin Aiki & Ma'ajiyar Ajiya:-40°C zuwa +85°C da -55°C zuwa +100°C, bi da bi. Waɗannan jeri suna ayyana yanayin muhalli don aiki da rashin aiki.
• Yanayin Gyaɗa na Infrared:Yana jure 260°C na matsakaicin dakika 10. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don ayyana bayanin gyaɗa na reflow.

2.2 Halaye na Lantarki & Na Gani

Waɗannan su ne ma'auni na aiki na yau da kullun da aka auna a yanayin yanayi (T_A) na 25°C. Suna ayyana halayen na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na al'ada.

• Ƙarfin Haske (I_E):0.8 mW/sr (Na al'ada) a I_F= 20mA. Wannan yana auna ƙarfin gani da ake fitarwa kowace raka'ar kusurwa mai ƙarfi. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine 0.42 mW/sr, kuma ƙimar gwajin ita ce ±15%. Wannan ma'auni yana tasiri kai tsaye kan kewayon ingancin tsarin IR.
• Tsayin Tsinkaya na Fitarwa (λ_Peak):940 nm (Na al'ada). Wannan shine tsayin tsinkaya inda matsakaicin ƙarfin gani da aka fitar ya kasance mafi girma. Dole ne a dace shi da matsakaicin hankali na mai karɓar photodiode ko phototransistor.
• Rabin Faɗin Layin Bakan (Δλ):50 nm (Na al'ada). Wannan yana nuna faɗin bakan inda ƙarfin fitarwa ya kasance aƙalla rabin ƙimar kololuwa. Ƙunƙuntaccen bandwidth na iya zama da amfani don tace hayaniyar hasken muhalli.
• Ƙarfin Gaba (V_F):1.2 V (Na al'ada), 1.6 V (Matsakaici) a I_F= 20mA. Wannan shine faɗuwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan diode lokacin gudanarwa. Yana da mahimmanci don ƙididdigar ƙimar resistor na jerin: R_series= (V_supply- V_F) / I_F.
• Ƙarfin Juyawa (I_R):10 μA (Matsakaici) a V_R= 5V. Wannan shine ƙaramin ƙarfin ɗigon ruwa lokacin da diode ke da juyawa.
• Kusurwar Dubawa (2θ_1/2):150° (Na al'ada). Wannan shine cikakken kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya faɗi zuwa rabin ƙimar sa akan axis. Faɗin kusurwa kamar wannan yana da amfani ga aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar faɗin ɗaukar hoto maimakon katako mai mai da hankali.

3. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Aiki

Takardar bayanin tana ba da lanƙwasa halaye da yawa waɗanda ke nuna yadda mahimman ma'auni ke bambanta da yanayin aiki. Waɗannan ba su da ƙima don inganta ƙira.

3.1 Rarraba Bakan

Lanƙwasa rarraba bakan (Fig. 1) yana nuna matsakaicin ƙarfin haske a matsayin aikin tsayin tsinkaya. Ya tabbatar da kololuwa a 940nm da kusan rabin faɗin 50nm, yana ba da hoton gani na tsarkin bakan hasken da aka fitar.

3.2 Ƙarfin Gaba vs. Yanayin Yanayi & Ƙarfin Gaba

Hoto na 2 yana nuna yadda matsakaicin ƙarfin gaba da aka yarda yana raguwa yayin da yanayin yanayi ke ƙaruwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa zafi. Hoto na 3 shine daidaitaccen lanƙwasa I-V (Ƙarfin Lantarki-Ƙarfin Lantarki), yana nuna alaƙar ƙima tsakanin ƙarfin gaba da ƙarfin lantarki. Lanƙwasa yana taimakawa wajen fahimtar juriya mai ƙarfi na diode.

3.3 Matsakaicin Ƙarfin Haske vs. Zazzabi & Ƙarfi

Hoto na 4 yana kwatanta yadda ƙarfin fitarwa na gani ke raguwa yayin da yanayin yanayi ke tashi. Hoto na 5 yana nuna yadda ƙarfin fitarwa ke ƙaruwa tare da ƙarfin gaba, amma ba a layi daya ba. Yana nuna ma'anar raguwar dawowa da yuwuwar raguwar inganci a cikin ƙarfi mai girma sosai.

3.4 Tsarin Radiation

Zanen radiation na polar (Fig. 6) yana wakiltar kusurwar dubawa ta hoto. Tsarin kusan da'ira tare da ƙimar ƙarfi da aka yiwa alama a kusurwoyi daban-daban ya tabbatar da faɗin faɗi, kamar tsarin fitarwa na Lambertian na kunshin lebur.

4. Bayanin Injiniya & Kunshi

4.1 Girman Siffa

Takardar bayanin ta haɗa da cikakken zanen injiniya na kayan. Mahimman girmansu sun haɗa da girman jiki, tazarar jagora, da tsayin gaba ɗaya. Duk girmansu suna cikin millimeters tare da daidaitaccen juriya na ±0.1mm sai dai idan an faɗi.

4.2 Shawarar Girman Kafet ɗin Gyaɗa

An ba da shawarar tsarin ƙasa (sawun ƙafa) don ƙirar PCB. Yin bin waɗannan girmansu yana tabbatar da samuwar haɗin gyaɗa daidai yayin reflow. Shawarar ta haɗa da amfani da stencil na ƙarfe don aikace-aikacen man gyaɗa tare da kauri na 0.1mm (4 mils) ko 0.12mm (5 mils).

4.3 Gano Polarity

Ana nuna cathode ta gefe mai lebur, tsaga, ko gajeriyar jagora a jikin kayan da kuma a cikin zanen siffa. Dole ne a kiyaye polarity daidai yayin haɗawa don hana lalata na'urar.

4.4 Girman Kunshin Tef da Reel

Ana ba da kayan a cikin tef ɗin mai ɗaukar kaya a kan reels mai diamita 7-inch (178mm). Takardar bayanin tana ba da cikakkun girmansu na aljihun tef, tef ɗin rufi, da cibiyar reel. Daidaitattun adadin reel sune 5000 guda a kowace reel. Kunshin ya bi ƙayyadaddun ANSI/EIA-481-1-A-1994.

5. Jagororin Gyaɗa & Haɗawa

5.1 Ma'auni na Gyaɗa Reflow

Na'urar ta dace da hanyoyin gyaɗa reflow na infrared (IR). An ba da shawarar bayanin martaba don gyaɗa mara gubar (Pb-free), tare da mahimman ma'auni da suka haɗa da:

• Pre-heat:150–200°C.
• Lokacin Pre-heat:Matsakaicin dakika 120.
• Matsakaicin Zazzabi:Matsakaicin 260°C.
• Lokaci Sama da Liquidus:Matsakaicin dakika 10 (shawarar matsakaicin zagaye biyu na reflow).

Bayanin martaba ya dogara ne akan ma'aunin JEDEC. An jaddada cewa mafi kyawun bayanin martaba ya dogara da takamaiman ƙirar allon, kayan aiki, man gyaɗa, da tanda, don haka halayen yana da mahimmanci.

5.2 Gyaɗa da Hannu

Idan gyaɗa da hannu ya zama dole, yi amfani da ƙarfe na gyaɗa tare da zazzabi bai wuce 300°C ba, kuma iyakance lokacin tuntuɓar zuwa matsakaicin dakika 3 kowace jagora.

5.3 Yanayin Ajiya

Sakamakon matakin saurin danshi (MSL) 3:

• Jaka Mai Rufi:Ajiye a ≤30°C da ≤90% RH. Yi amfani da shi cikin shekara guda bayan ranar rufewar jaka.
• Bayan Buɗe Jaka:Ajiye a ≤30°C da ≤60% RH. Ana ba da shawarar kammala reflow IR cikin mako guda (sauri 168).
• Ajiya Mai Tsayi (An Buɗe):Ajiye a cikin akwati mai rufi tare da desiccant ko a cikin desiccator na nitrogen.
• Baking:Idan an fallasa fiye da mako guda, yi baking a kusan 60°C na aƙalla sa'o'i 20 kafin gyaɗa don cire danshin da aka sha kuma don hana \"popcorning\" yayin reflow.

5.4 Tsaftacewa

Idan ana buƙatar tsaftacewa bayan gyaɗa, yi amfani da kaushi na barasa kamar isopropyl alcohol. Guji masu tsaftacewa masu ƙarfi ko wanda ba a sani ba waɗanda zasu iya lalata ruwan tabarau na epoxy ko kunshin.

6. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace & Abubuwan Ƙira

6.1 Da'irori na Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Mafi yawan da'ira shine haɗin jerin gwano mai sauƙi: tushen ƙarfin lantarki (V_CC), resistor mai iyakancewa ƙarfi (R_S), da IRED. R_S= (V_CC- V_F) / I_F. Don aikin bugun jini (misali, sarrafa nesa), yawanci ana amfani da transistor (BJT ko MOSFET) don kunna da kashe IRED a mitar da ake so da zagayowar aiki. Matsakaicin ƙarfin bai kamata ya wuce I_FP rating.

6.2 Abubuwan Ƙira na Gani

• Kewayo vs. Ƙarfi:Matsakaicin kewayon yana daidai da tushen murabba'in ƙarfin haske. Ninka ƙarfin tuƙi baya ninka kewayon.
• Zaɓin Ruwan Tabarau:Ruwan tabarau na ciki yana ba da ɗaukar hoto mai faɗi. Don kewayon mai tsayi ko katako mai mai da hankali, ana iya ƙara ruwan tabarau na filastik na waje don daidaita hasken.
• Daidaitawar Mai Karɓa:Koyaushe haɗa mai fitarwa na 940nm tare da mai gano haske (photodiode, phototransistor, ko IC) wanda matsakaicin hankalinsa shima yana cikin yankin 940nm. Yawancin masu gano silicon suna da kyakkyawan hankali a kusa da 850-950nm.
• Ƙin Hasken Yanayi:A cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi na IR na yanayi (hasken rana, kwan fitila), yi amfani da siginar da aka daidaita da mai karɓa tare da daidaitaccen demodulator. Tace gani akan mai karɓa wanda ke toshe hasken da ake iya gani kuma ya wuce 940nm na iya inganta sigina-zuwa-hayaniya sosai.

6.3 Gudanar da Zafi

Duk da yake na'urar za ta iya sarrafa 100mW, yin aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙarancin wutar lantarki yana ƙara dogaro da tsawon rai. Tabbatar da isasshen yanki na tagulla na PCB a kusa da kafet ɗin don zama mai sanyaya zafi, musamman idan kuna tuƙi kusa da matsakaicin ƙarfin DC. Dole ne a duba lanƙwasa raguwa (Fig. 2) don yanayin zafi mai girma.

7. Kwatancen Fasaha & Bambance-bambance

Wannan 940nm GaAs IRED yana ba da daidaitaccen saitin halaye don aikace-aikacen infrared na gaba ɗaya. Manyan abubuwan banbance da ƙayyadaddun sa ke nuna sun haɗa da:

• Tsawon Tsinkaya:940nm an fi son shi fiye da 850nm a yawancin aikace-aikacen masu amfani saboda ba a iya ganinsa azaman haske mai ja mai rauni, yana ba da aiki mai hankali.
• Faɗin Kusurwar Dubawa:Kusurwar 150° tana da faɗi sosai, ya dace da aikace-aikacen da daidaitawa ba shi da mahimmanci ko ana buƙatar ɗaukar hoto mai faɗi (misali, firikwensin zama).
• Kunshin Daidaitacce:Kunshin EIA yana tabbatar da sauƙin samun tushe, dacewa, da maye gurbinsa a cikin masana'antu.
• Ƙarfi:Ma'auni na bugun jini (500mA) da gyaɗa reflow (260°C) suna nuna kayan da aka ƙera don yawan girma, ingantaccen masana'antu.

8. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Dangane da Ma'auni na Fasaha)

8.1 Wane ƙimar resistor ya kamata in yi amfani da shi don tuƙi wannan IRED a 20mA daga wadataccen 5V?

Yin amfani da na al'ada V_Fna 1.2V: R = (5V - 1.2V) / 0.020A = 190 Ohms. Daidaitaccen resistor 180 ko 200 Ohm zai dace. Koyaushe yi amfani da matsakaicin V_F(1.6V) don ƙira mai ra'ayin mazan jiya don tabbatar da ƙarfin bai wuce manufa ba: R_min = (5V - 1.6V) / 0.020A = 170 Ohms.

8.2 Zan iya amfani da wannan don sarrafa nesa mai nisa?

Ƙarfinsa na haske na 0.8 mW/sr ya dace da sarrafa nesa na cikin gida na al'ada a nisan mita 5-10. Don kewayon mai tsayi, kuna buƙatar ƙara ƙarfin tuƙi (a cikin ma'auni na bugun jini), yi amfani da ruwan tabarau mai mai da hankali, ko zaɓi IRED tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin haske mafi girma.

8.3 Takardar bayanin ta ce \"Yanayin ƙarfin juyawa ana amfani da shi don gwajin IR kawai. Ba a ƙera na'urar don aikin juyawa ba.\" Me wannan ke nufi?

Wannan yana nufin ƙimar ƙarfin juyawa na 5V ma'auni ne na gwaji don tabbatar da ɗigon ruwa yayin masana'antu. Ba ma'aunin aiki ba ne. A cikin da'irar ku, dole ne ku tabbatar cewa IRED ba za a taɓa yin amfani da shi a cikin juyawa yayin aikin al'ada ba, kamar yadda ko da ƙaramin ƙarfin juyawa zai iya lalata shi idan ba a iyakance shi ba. Koyaushe haɗa kariya, kamar tabbatar da cewa an daidaita shi daidai ko ƙara diode a layi daya idan tsarin da'ira zai iya haifar da ƙarfin juyawa.

8.4 Yaya mahimmanci rayuwar bene na mako guda bayan buɗe jakar shinge na danshi?

Ga kayan MSL 3, yana da matukar mahimmanci. Wucewa rayuwar bene ba tare da ingantaccen ajiya ko baking ba yana haifar da shigar danshi cikin kunshin filastik. A lokacin babban zafin jiki na gyaɗa reflow, wannan danshin na iya yin tururi da sauri, yana haifar da rabuwa na ciki, tsaga, ko \"popcorning,\" wanda ke haifar da gazawa nan take ko a ɓoye. Ku bi jagororin ajiya da baking da gaske.

9. Ka'idojin Aiki

Diode Mai Fitar da Infrared (IRED) yana aiki akan ka'ida ɗaya da daidaitaccen LED na hasken da ake iya gani amma yana amfani da kayan semiconductor (kamar GaAs) tare da bandgap daidai da makamashin photon na infrared. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin gaba, electrons da ramuka suna sake haɗuwa a cikin yankin aiki na semiconductor, suna sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons. Ga GaAs, wannan makamashin photon yayi daidai da tsayin tsinkaya kusan 940nm. Ruwan tabarau na epoxy mai tsabta yana bayyana ga hasken da ake iya gani da infrared, yana barin radiation IR ya wuce yayin kuma yana ba da kariya ta injiniya da muhalli ga guntuwar semiconductor.

10. Trends na Masana'antu

Kasuwancin kayan infrared daban-daban ya kasance barga, wanda aka ƙaddamar da aikace-aikace kamar sarrafa nesa da haɓaka amfani a cikin firikwensin IoT, gane ishara, da hangen nesa na inji. Trends sun haɗa da haɗa masu fitarwa da masu gano cikin ƙananan, ƙarin ƙarfi, haɓaka IREDs masu sauri don sadarwar bayanai (magada IrDA), da ƙarin fifita ingancin wutar lantarki da dogaro don na'urorin da ake amfani da baturi. Matsi zuwa ga kayan marasa gubar (Pb-free) da marasa halogen da suka dace da ƙa'idodin muhalli na duniya shima ma'auni ne, wanda wannan kayan ya cika.