Bayanin Fasaha na LTR-3208E Phototransistor - Kwandon 3.0x2.8x1.5mm - Vce 30V - Ikon Collector har zuwa 3.6mA - Kwandon Filastik Mai Duhu - Takardar Fasaha ta Hausa

1. Bayanin Samfur

LTR-3208E wani ɓangaren infrared (IR) phototransistor ne wanda aka tsara don aikace-aikacen ganowa a cikin bakan infrared. Babban aikinsa shine canza hasken infrared da ya faɗo zuwa wani ikon lantarki da ya dace a tashar collector ɗinsa. Wannan na'urar wani ɓangare ne na dangin kayan lantarki da ake nufin amfani da su a cikin tsarin da ke buƙatar ingantaccen ganowa na infrared mai tsada.

1.1 Fa'idodi na Asali da Matsayin Samfur

LTR-3208E an sanya shi a matsayin mai gano infrared na gama-gari wanda ya dace da aikace-aikacen da ke da hankali ga farashi. Babban fa'idodinsa sun samo asali ne daga takamaiman kwandon sa da halayen lantarki. An sanya na'urar a cikin kwandon filastik na musamman mai duhu. An ƙera wannan kayan don rage ko katse tsayin hasken da ake gani, don haka yana haɓaka hankalinsa da ma'aunin sigina-zuwa-amo musamman ga siginonin infrared, yawanci kusan 940nm. Wannan yana sa ya dace sosai da yanayin da ke da hasken gida inda kawai sigina na IR ya kamata a gano. Bugu da ƙari, yana ba da faɗin kewayon aiki don ikon collector ɗinsa, yana ba shi damar haɗuwa da nau'ikan ƙirar da'ira daban-daban ba tare da buƙatar daidaitaccen biasing ba. Amfani da kwandon filastik na yau da kullun yana ba da gudummawar farashinsa mai rahusa, yana mai da shi zaɓi mai ban sha'awa ga kayan lantarki masu yawa na mabukaci.

1.2 Kasuwa da Aikace-aikace da Ake Nufi

Babban kasuwar da ake nufi don LTR-3208E ya haɗa da kayan lantarki na mabukaci da tsarin sarrafa masana'antu na asali. Ƙirarsa ta dace da aikace-aikacen da ake buƙatar ingantaccen ganowa na infrared ba tare da buƙatun aiki na musamman (kamar babban gudu ko ƙananan amo) na ƙarin kayan musamman ba. Aikace-aikacen da aka fi sani shine a matsayin mai gano a cikin tsarin sarrafa infrared na nesa don talabijin, kayan aikin sauti, da sauran kayan aikin gida. Hakanan yana aiki a cikin sauƙaƙan hanyoyin watsa bayanai na IR mara waya, tsarin ƙararrawar tsaro inda ake gano katsewar hasken IR, da kuma yanayi daban-daban na kusanci ko ganowa abu. Ƙarfinsa da sauƙinsa sun sa ya zama mahimmin abu a cikin ƙirar lantarki mai matakin farko zuwa matsakaici wanda ke buƙatar ikon ganowa na IR.

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha

Wannan sashe yana ba da cikakken fassarar ma'aunin lantarki da na gani da aka ƙayyade a cikin takardar bayanin, yana bayyana mahimmancinsu don ƙirar da'ira.

2.1 Madaidaicin Ma'auni na Iyaka

Waɗannan ma'auni suna ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su lalacewar dindindin na na'urar na iya faruwa. Ba sharuɗɗan aiki na yau da kullun ba ne.

• Rushewar Wutar Lantarki (P_D):100 mW. Wannan shine matsakaicin adadin wutar lantarki da na'urar za ta iya watsawa a matsayin zafi, wanda aka ƙaddara da farko ta I_C* V_CE. Wuce wannan iyaka yana haifar da haɗarin zafi da gazawa.
• Ƙarfin lantarki Collector-Emitter (V_CEO):30 V. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da za a iya amfani da shi tsakanin tashoshin collector da emitter lokacin da tushe (shigar haske) ya buɗe. Wucewa wannan na iya haifar da rushewar avalanche.
• Ƙarfin lantarki Emitter-Collector (V_ECO):5 V. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya wanda za a iya amfani da shi tsakanin emitter da collector. Wannan yawanci ya fi ƙasa da V_CEO.
• Yanayin Aiki & Ajiya:-40°C zuwa +85°C da -55°C zuwa +100°C, bi da bi. Waɗannan suna ayyana iyakokin muhalli don aiki mai dogaro da ajiya mara aiki.
• Zazzabi na Solder na Jagora:260°C na dakika 5 a nisan 1.6mm daga jikin kwandon. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin solder na igiyar ruwa ko sake kwarara don hana lalacewar kwandon.

2.2 Halaye na Lantarki & Gani

Ana auna waɗannan ma'auni a ƙarƙashin takamaiman sharuɗɗan gwaji (T_A=25°C) kuma suna ayyana aikin na'urar.

• Ƙarfin lantarki na Rushewa (V_(BR)CEO, V_(BR)ECO):Yawanci 30V da 5V mafi ƙanƙanta, bi da bi. Waɗannan suna tabbatar da cewa na'urar za ta iya jure ƙarfin lantarki da aka jera a cikin madaidaicin ma'auni na iyaka.
• Ƙarfin lantarki Collector-Emitter Saturation (V_CE(SAT)):0.4V matsakaici a I_C=100µA da E_e=1 mW/cm². Wannan ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki yana nuna ingantacciyar inganci lokacin da transistor ya kasance cikakken \"a kunne\" (cikakke), yana rage asarar wutar lantarki.
• Lokutan Tashi da Faɗuwa (T_r, T_f):10 µs da 15 µs na yau da kullun a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan gwaji (V_CC=5V, I_C=1mA, R_L=1kΩ). Waɗannan suna ƙayyade saurin sauyawa. LTR-3208E ba na'urar sauri ba ce; ya dace da ƙananan siginoni zuwa matsakaici kamar waɗanda suka fito daga sarrafa nesa (yawanci har zuwa ƴan kHz).
• Ikon Duhu na Collector (I_CEO):100 nA matsakaici a V_CE=10V cikin duhu cikakke. Wannan shine ikon ɗigon da ke gudana lokacin da babu haske. Ƙananan ƙima ya fi kyau don hankali, saboda yana wakiltar ƙasan amo na mai gano.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Binning

LTR-3208E yana amfani da tsarin binning don ma'auninsa mai mahimmanci, Ikon Collector na Yanayin Kunna (I_C(ON)). Binning tsari ne na ƙera inda ake rarraba abubuwan da aka auna bisa ga aikin da aka auna zuwa rukuni daban-daban (\"kwantena\") don tabbatar da daidaito a cikin rukuni ɗaya.

3.1 Binning na Ikon Collector

Takardar bayanin ta ƙayyade I_C(ON)a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun sharuɗɗan gwaji (V_CE=5V, E_e=1mW/cm², λ=940nm). Ana rarraba na'urori zuwa kwantena masu lakabin A har zuwa F, kowannensu yana da ƙayyadaddun mafi ƙanƙanta da kewayon ikon yau da kullun.

• Kwandon A:0.64 zuwa 1.68 mA
• Kwandon B:1.12 zuwa 2.16 mA
• Kwandon C:1.44 zuwa 2.64 mA
• Kwandon D:1.76 zuwa 3.12 mA
• Kwandon E:2.08 zuwa 3.60 mA
• Kwandon F:2.40 mA (Na yau da kullun, Matsakaicin mai yiwuwa yayi kama da Kwandon E)

Tasirin Ƙira:Wannan binning yana da mahimmanci ga ƙira. Idan da'ira tana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta photocurrent don kunna matakin dabaru, mai ƙira dole ne ya zaɓi kwandon wanda ke tabbatar da wannan ikon a ƙarƙashin mafi munin yanayi (matsakaicin haske, matsakaicin zafin jiki). Yin amfani da na'ura daga Kwandon E ko F yana ba da ƙarfin sigina mafi girma, wanda zai iya inganta kewayon ko ba da damar amfani da resistor mai ɗaukar nauyi mafi girma don ƙara girman ƙarfin lantarki. Akasin haka, don da'irori masu hankali sosai, ko da na'urar Kwandon A na iya isa. Lambar kwandon yawanci wani ɓangare ne na cikakken lambar oda.

4. Binciken Lanƙwasa Aiki

Takardar bayanin ta haɗa da jadawali da yawa da ke nuna yadda ma'auni masu mahimmanci ke bambanta da yanayin muhalli da aiki.

4.1 Ikon Duhu na Collector vs. Yanayin Yanayi (Hoto na 1)

Wannan lanƙwasa yana nuna cewa I_CEOyana ƙaruwa da yawa tare da zafin jiki. A 85°C, ikon duhu na iya zama sau da yawa sama da na 25°C. Wannan shine halin semiconductor na asali. Don aikace-aikacen da ke aiki a matsanancin zafin jiki, wannan ƙarin ikon ɗigon yana ɗaga ƙasan amo, yana iya rage hankali ko buƙatar ramawa a cikin da'irar sarrafa sigina (misali, mafi girman bakin kofa na ganowa).

4.2 Rushewar Wutar Lantarki na Collector vs. Yanayin Yanayi (Hoto na 2)

Wannan jadawali yana kwatanta manufar \"derating.\" Yayin da yanayin yanayi (T_A) ya ƙaru, matsakaicin ikon watsar da wutar lantarki (P_C) yana raguwa a layi daya. A T_A=85°C, matsakaicin rushewar wutar lantarki ya fi ƙasa da ma'aunin 100mW a 25°C. Dole ne masu ƙira su ƙididdige ainihin wutar lantarki (I_C* V_CE) a aikace-aikacensu kuma su tabbatar cewa ya faɗi ƙasa da lanƙwasa da aka rage a matsakaicin zafin jiki na aiki da ake tsammani don guje wa yawan zafi.

4.3 Lokutan Tashi da Faɗuwa vs. Resistance na Kaya (Hoto na 3)

Wannan lanƙwasa yana nuna ciniki na gargajiya a cikin ƙirar da'irar phototransistor. Lokutan tashi da faɗuwa (T_r, T_f) suna ƙaruwa tare da babban juriya na kaya (R_L). Babban R_Lyana ba da babban girman girman ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa (ΔV = I_C* R_L) amma yana rage saurin sauyawa saboda capacitance na haɗin transistor yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don caji da cirewa ta hanyar babban resistor. Dole ne masu ƙira su zaɓi R_Ldon daidaita buƙatar girman sigina da buƙatun bandwidth na sigina na IR.

4.4 Ikon Collector na Dangi vs. Irradiance (Hoto na 4)

Wannan jadawali yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin ikon hasken infrared da ya faɗo (irradiance E_e) da sakamakon ikon collector (I_C). Amsa gabaɗaya yana kan layi a kan wani kewayon. Wannan layi yana da mahimmanci don aikace-aikacen analog inda ƙarfin sigina ke ɗauke da bayanai. Gangaren wannan layin yana wakiltar amsawar phototransistor (mA kowace mW/cm²). Jadawalin ya tabbatar da cewa a ƙarƙashin V_CEna akai, ikon fitarwa yana daidai daidai da shigar haske, wanda shine ka'idar aiki ta asali.

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Kwandon

5.1 Girman Bayani da Tolerances

Na'urar tana da kwandon transistor na yau da kullun (mai yiwuwa kama da T-1 ko makamancinsa). Mahimman girma sun haɗa da girman jiki, tazarar jagora, da tsayin gabaɗaya. Tolerances yawanci ±0.25mm sai dai idan an ƙayyade in ba haka ba. An haɗa ruwan tabarau a cikin kwandon don mayar da hankali ga hasken IR mai shigowa, yana haɓaka hankali. Wani abu mai mahimmanci shine izinin matsakaicin 1.5mm na resin da ya fito a ƙarƙashin flange, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga shimfidar PCB da sharewa.

5.2 Ganewar Polarity

Phototransistors suna da tashoshi uku: Collector (C), Emitter (E), da \"Tushe\" na gani wanda shine haske. Kwandon zai sami alamar jiki, kamar gefe mai lebur ko tab, don gano jagoran emitter. Collector yawanci shine jagoran tsakiya a cikin kwandon jagora uku na yau da kullun. Daidaitaccen polarity yana da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen biasing da aikin da'ira.

6. Jagororin Solder da Taro

Duk da yake ba a ba da cikakkun bayanan sake kwarara ba, madaidaicin ma'auni na iyaka yana ba da jagora mai mahimmanci: ana iya solder jagora a 260°C na matsakaicin dakika 5, wanda aka auna 1.6mm daga jikin kwandon. Wannan ma'auni ne na yau da kullun don kwandon filastik. Don solder sake kwarara, daidaitaccen bayanin mara gubar tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki kusan 260°C yana karɓuwa, muddin an sarrafa lokacin sama da ruwa. Don solder na hannu, yakamata a yi amfani da ƙarfe mai sarrafa zafin jiki, kuma yakamata a yi amfani da zafi ga jagora da sauri da inganci don guje wa tsawaita dumama kwandon da kansa, wanda zai iya lalata haɗin die na ciki ko filastik. Yakamata ajiya ya kasance a cikin busasshiyar muhalli, mai sarrafawa kamar yadda kewayon zafin ajiya ya tanada don hana shan danshi, wanda zai iya haifar da \"popcorning\" yayin solder.

7. Bayanan Aikace-aikace da La'akari da Ƙira

7.1 Da'irar Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

Mafi yawan tsarin da'ira shine yanayin \"common-emitter\". An haɗa collector zuwa ƙarfin lantarki mai kyau (V_CC) ta hanyar resistor mai ɗaukar nauyi (R_L). An haɗa emitter zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da hasken IR ya bugi phototransistor, yana gudana, yana haifar da raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan R_L. Ana ɗaukar sigina mai fitarwa daga kumburin collector. Ana zaɓar ƙimar R_Lbisa ga girman ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa da bandwidth da ake so, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin lanƙwasa aiki. Ana iya ƙara capacitor na bypass a wurin wadata ko fitarwa don tace amo.

7.2 La'akari da Ƙira

• Biasing:Phototransistor yana da biasing ta asali ta sigina na haske. Ba a amfani da biasing na lantarki na waje ga tushe.
• Zaɓin Resistor na Kaya:Kamar yadda aka bincika, wannan ciniki ne mai mahimmanci tsakanin girman sigina (girman ƙarfin lantarki) da sauri (lokacin tashi/faɗuwa). Don aikace-aikacen sarrafa nesa (ƙananan mitar), resistor a cikin kewayon 1kΩ zuwa 10kΩ ya zama gama gari.
• Ƙin Hasken Yanayi:Kwandon filastik mai duhu yana ba da babban ƙin hasken da ake gani. Duk da haka, manyan tushen IR na yanayi (hasken rana, ƙwan fitila) na iya haifar da tsangwama. Tace gani (ƙarin tace IR) ko daidaitawa/daidaitawa na sigina na IR (kamar yadda ake amfani da shi a cikin sarrafa nesa) dabarun gama gari ne don inganta juriyar amo.
• Haɗuwa da Dabaru:Fitarwa ƙarfin lantarki ne na analog. Don haɗuwa da shigarwar dijital (kamar microcontroller), yakamata a yi amfani da mai kwatanta ko shigarwar Schmitt-trigger don samar da tsaftataccen sigina na dijital tare da hysteresis, yana hana hira saboda amo ko sannu a hankali canza matakan haske.

8. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Babban bambancin LTR-3208E yana cikinkwandon filastik mai duhu. Idan aka kwatanta da phototransistor mai kwandon bayyananne ko bayyananne, yana ba da mafi girman ƙin hasken yanayi da ake gani, wanda ke haifar da mafi kyawun ma'aunin sigina-zuwa-amo a cikin yanayi tare da sauye-sauyen hasken da ake gani. Ma'aunin aikinsa (sauri, ikon duhu) na yau da kullun ne don na'urar gama-gari, yana mai da shi bai dace da hanyoyin haɗin bayanai masu sauri sosai ko ganowa mai ƙarancin haske ba idan aka kwatanta da PIN photodiodes na musamman ko photodiodes na avalanche (APDs). Fa'idarsa ita ce sauƙi, ƙarfi, da inganci na farashi don kasuwar da ake nufi. Tsarin binning don ikon collector yana ba masu ƙira tabbataccen matakin aiki, wanda shine babban fa'ida akan abubuwan da ba a binne su ko kuma an ƙayyade su a hankali.

9. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Bisa Ma'auni na Fasaha)

Q: Menene \"E\" a cikin LTR-3208E ke nufi?

A: Yawanci yana nuna takamaiman bambance-bambance ko bita. A cikin wannan mahallin, mai yiwuwa yana nuna sigar kwandon filastik mai duhu na musamman, kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin fasali.

Q: Zan iya amfani da wannan phototransistor tare da LED IR na 940nm daga wani masana'anta daban?

A: Ee, an gwada shi musamman a 940nm, wanda shine mafi yawan tsayin raƙuman ruwa don aikace-aikacen IR na mabukaci. Tabbatar cewa bakan fitarwar LED ya yi daidai da kololuwar hankalin phototransistor (wanda yawanci shima kusan 940nm ne don wannan kayan).

Q: Me yasa sigina na fitarwa yana jinkiri ko kuma ya ɓace a manyan mitoci?

A> Duba ƙimar resistor ɗin ku mai ɗaukar nauyi (R_L). Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3, babban R_Lyana ƙara lokutan tashi da faɗuwa, yana iyakance bandwidth. Don siginoni masu sauri, yi amfani da ƙaramin R_Lkuma mai yiwuwa a ƙara ƙaramin girman ƙarfin lantarki tare da mataki na gaba na op-amp.

Q: Na'urar tana zafi yayin aiki. Shin wannan al'ada ce?

A> Wasu dumama al'ada ce saboda rushewar wutar lantarki (P = V_CE* I_C). Duba Hoto na 2. Ƙididdige ainihin rushewar wutar lantarki kuma tabbatar cewa yana ƙasa da lanƙwasa da aka rage don yanayin yanayin ku. Idan ya yi yawa, rage ƙarfin lantarki, ikon collector, ko inganta ajiye zafi/iskan.

10. Misalin Amfani na Aiki

Yanayi: Ƙirar mai gano kusanci na IR mai sauƙi don abin wasa.

Ana buga LED IR a ƙananan mitar (misali, 1kHz). An sanya LTR-3208E (daga Kwandon D don kyakkyawan hankali) a kusa. Lokacin da wani abu ya kusanto, yana mayar da bugun IR zuwa mai gano. Collector na phototransistor, wanda aka haɗa zuwa V_CC=5V ta hanyar resistor 4.7kΩ, yana samar da ƙarfin lantarki mai bugun jini. Ana ciyar da wannan sigina zuwa cikin amplifier mai tace band-pass wanda aka kunna zuwa 1kHz don ƙin amo na hasken yanayi, sannan zuwa cikin mai gano kololuwa da mai kwatanta. Fitarwar mai kwatanta tana tashi sama lokacin da sigina mai nunawa ya wuce bakin kofa, yana nuna kasancewar wani abu. Kwandon duhu na LTR-3208E yana taimakawa wajen ƙin hasken ɗaki, kuma matsakaicin saurinsa ya dace daidai da daidaitawar 1kHz.

11. Gabatarwar Ka'idar Aiki

Phototransistor yana aiki akan ka'ida ɗaya da transistor na yau da kullun na bipolar junction (BJT) amma tare da ikon tushe da haske ke haifarwa maimakon haɗin lantarki. Na'urar a zahiri transistor ce inda haɗin tushe-collector ke aiki azaman photodiode. Lokacin da photons masu isasshen kuzari (infrared, a wannan yanayin) suka bugi yankin raguwar tushe-collector, suna haifar da nau'ikan electron-ramuwa. Wannan ikon da aka haifar da hoto yana aiki azaman ikon tushe (I_B). Saboda ribar ikon transistor (β ko h_FE), wannan ƙaramin ikon tushe yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da babban ikon collector (I_C= β * I_B). Wannan riba ta ciki shine abin da ke ba phototransistor mafi girman hankali fiye da sauƙaƙan photodiode (wanda ba shi da riba), ko da yake sau da yawa a farashin jinkirin amsa da babban ikon duhu.

12. Trends na Fasaha da Mahallin

Phototransistors na infrared daban-daban kamar LTR-3208E suna wakiltar fasaha mai girma kuma mai tsayayye. Ci gabansu ya mayar da hankali kan rage farashi, inganta kwandon (kamar kwandon tace haske), da kuma ci gaba da ƙira ta hanyar binning. Yarjejeniya a cikin ganowa na infrared yana motsawa zuwa haɗin kai. Yawancin tsarin zamani suna amfani da mafita da aka haɗa waɗanda ke haɗa photodiode, amplifier transimpedance, kuma wani lokacin hanyar haɗin dijital (kamar I2C) zuwa kwandon guda ɗaya. Waɗannan na'urori masu auna haɗin kai suna ba da mafi kyawun aiki, ƙananan amo, da ƙira mai sauƙi amma a farashi mafi girma. Saboda haka, abubuwa daban-daban kamar LTR-3208E suna ci gaba da riƙe matsayi mai ƙarfi a cikin aikace-aikacen masu yawa, masu tuƙi na farashi inda aikin asali ya isa kuma sararin allo ya ba da damar da'irar daban. Bukatar ingantaccen ganowa na IR mai rahusa a cikin na'urorin IoT, kayan aikin gida masu wayo, da na'urori masu auna masana'antu na asali suna tabbatar da ci gaba da dacewa da irin waɗannan abubuwan.