ITR8307/L24/TR8 Na'urar Gano Haske Mai Kallo - Ba Mai Gubar, Ya Bi RoHS, REACH - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayanin Samfur

ITR8307/L24/TR8 ƙaramin na'urar gano haske mai kallo ne da aka tsara don aikace-aikacen gano nesa gajere. Yana haɗa watsa LED infrared (IR) na GaAs da mai karɓa mai hankali na NPN silicon photo-transistor a cikin fakitin filastik guda ɗaya, gefe da gefe. Wannan tsari yana ba shi damar gano kasancewar ko rashin wani fili mai kallo ta hanyar auna ƙarfin hasken IR da ke koma wa mai karɓa.

Na'urar tana da saurin amsa, hankali ga hasken infrared, da amsa mai yankewa hasken da ake iya gani, wanda ke sa ta kauce wa tsangwama na hasken muhalli. An kera ta don zama ba ta da gubar (Pb-free), tana bin ka'idojin EU RoHS da REACH, kuma tana cika buƙatun ba tare da halogen ba (Br <900 ppm, Cl <900 ppm, Br+Cl < 1500 ppm).

1.1 Fa'idodi na Asali da Kasuwar Da Ake Nufi

Babban fa'idodin wannan na'urar gano sun haɗa da siririn siffarta, ƙaramin ƙafarta, da saurin amsa na gani, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen da ke da ƙarancin sarari da sauri. Tsarinta ya sa ya dace da kayan lantarki masu amfani da na'urori masu sarrafa kwamfuta daban-daban inda ake buƙatar gano abu mai dogaro, ba tare da taɓawa ba.

Aikace-aikacen da ake nufi sun haɗa da gano matsayi a cikin na'urori kamar kyamarori na dijital (don gano ruwan tabarau ko murfi), na'urorin rikodin bidiyo (VCRs), na'urorin tuƙi na floppy disk, na'urorin rikodin kaset, da sauran tsarin sarrafawa ta atomatik.

2. Bincike Mai Zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha

2.1 Iyakar Ma'auni na Gaskiya

Ba za a iya aiki da na'urar fiye da waɗannan iyakokin ba don hana lalacewa na dindindin. Manyan ma'auni sun haɗa da ɓarnawar wutar shigarwa (LED) na 75 mW a 25°C yanayin iska kyauta, matsakaicin gaba na gaba (IF) na 50 mA, da kololuwar gaba na gaba (IFP) na 1 A don bugun jini ≤100μs a cikin aikin aiki na 1%. Don fitarwa (photo-transistor), matsakaicin ɓarnawar mai tara shine 75 mW, halin mai tara (IC) shine 50 mA, kuma ƙarfin lantarki mai tara-emitter (BV_CEO) shine 30 V. Kewayon zafin aiki daga -40°C zuwa +85°C.

2.2 Halayen Lantarki da Haske

An ƙayyade waɗannan ma'auni a yanayin zafin muhalli (T_a) na 25°C kuma suna ayyana aikin na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na al'ada.

2.2.1 Halayen Shigarwa (IR LED)

• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (V_F):Yawanci 1.2 V a halin gaba (I_F) na 20 mA, tare da matsakaicin 1.6 V. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar da'irar tuƙi na LED.
• Kololuwar Tsawon Tsawon (λ_P):940 nm, yana sanya fitowarsa cikin bakan infrared na kusa.

2.2.2 Halayen Fitarwa (Photo-Transistor)

• Halin Duhu (I_CEO):Halin ɓarna lokacin da babu haske da ke faruwa, tare da matsakaicin 100 nA a V_CE=10V. Ƙananan ƙima yana nuna mafi kyawun aikin kashe.
• Halin Haske (I_C(ON)):Halin mai tara lokacin da LED ke aiki kuma haske yana nunawa akan mai karɓa. Yana da faɗi daga 0.5 mA zuwa 15.0 mA a ƙarƙashin yanayin gwaji na V_CE=2V da I_F=4mA. Wannan ma'auni ya dogara sosai da kallon da nisan abin da ake nufi.
• Lokacin Tashi/Faɗuwa (t_r, t_f):Yawanci 20 μsec kowanne, yana ayyana saurin sauyawa na na'urar gano.

3. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Ayyuka

Takardar bayanan tana ba da jadawali da yawa da ke kwatanta alaƙa tsakanin mahimman ma'auni a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Waɗannan suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar halayen duniya na gaske fiye da madaidaicin batu na 25°C.

3.1 Halayen IR LED

Lanƙwasa suna nuna yadda halin gaba ke bambanta da yanayin zafin muhalli da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana da ƙimar zafin jiki mara kyau, ma'ana yana raguwa yayin da zafin jiki ya ƙaru. Lanƙwasa rarraba bakan yana tabbatar da kololuwar fitarwa a 940 nm, tare da kololuwar tsawon tsawon kanta tana matsawa kaɗan tare da zafin jiki.

3.2 Halayen Photo-Transistor

Mahimman lanƙwasa sun haɗa da Halin Duhu na Mai Taro vs. Yanayin Yanayi (yana ƙaruwa da yawa tare da zafin jiki), Halin Mai Taro vs. Irradiance (yana nuna amsar phototransistor ga ƙarfin haske), da Halin Mai Taro vs. Ƙarfin Lantarki Mai Taro-Emmitter. Lanƙwasa hankali na bakan yana nuna mai karɓa yana da mafi hankali ga hasken infrared kusa da 800-900 nm, wanda ya dace da fitarwar LED na 940 nm.

3.3 Halayen Cikakken Na'urar Gano (ITR)

Waɗannan jadawali suna ƙirƙira halayen na'urar gano a cikin tsari mai kallo na aiki. LanƙwasaHalin Mai Taro Mai Dangantaka vs. Nisayana da mahimmanci don ƙirar tsarin, yana nuna yadda siginar fitarwa ke raguwa yayin da tazarar tsakanin na'urar gano da fili mai kallo (kamar gilashin da aka ƙafe) ke ƙaruwa. Wani lanƙwasa yana nuna bambancin fitarwa yayin da kati ke motsawa a cikin filin gani na na'urar gano, mai amfani don gano gefe ko rami. Jadawalin Lokacin Amsa vs. Resistance Load yana taimakawa wajen zaɓar madaidaicin resistor na ja don haɓaka sauri.

4. Bayanan Injiniya da Fakitin

4.1 Girman Fakitin

Na'urar ta zo a cikin ƙaramin fakitin da ake hawa a saman. Takardar bayanan tana ba da cikakkun zane-zane masu girma tare da ma'auni masu mahimmanci kamar tsayin gabaɗaya, faɗi, tsayi, tazarar jagora, da girmen kushin. Duk ƙimar ƙima yawanci ±0.1 mm sai dai idan an ƙayyade in ba haka ba. Dole ne injiniyoyi su koma wa waɗannan zane-zane na gaske don ƙirar sawun PCB don tabbatar da ingantaccen solder da daidaitawar injiniya.

4.2 Gano Polarity

Fakitin ya haɗa da alamomi ko takamaiman siffa don nuna fil 1. Daidaitaccen alkibla yayin haɗawa yana da mahimmanci, saboda haɗin baya zai iya lalata na'urar. Pinout yana gano anode da cathode na IR LED da mai tara da emitter na photo-transistor.

5. Jagororin Solder, Haɗawa, da Ajiya

5.1 Hancin Danshi da Ajiya

An ƙididdige na'urar da matakin hancin danshi (MSL) 4. Manyan umarnin sarrafawa sun haɗa da:

• Rayuwar shiryayye a cikin jakar shinge na danshi na asali: watanni 12 a <40°C da <90% RH.
• Bayan buɗe jakar, dole ne a haɗa na'urori cikin sa'o'i 72 idan an adana su a yanayin masana'anta (<30°C/60%RH), ko a adana su a cikin yanayi mai bushewa (<20% RH).
• Idan Katin Nuna Danshi (HIC) ya wuce 20% RH, ana buƙatar gasa kafin solder reflow (misali, sa'o'i 24 a 125°C).

5.2 Yanayin Solder na Reflow

An ba da shawarar yanayin zafin jiki na solder reflow mara gubar. Manyan matakan kariya sun haɗa da:

• Ƙayyadaddun solder reflow zuwa matsakaicin zagaye biyu.
• Kauce wa damuwa na injiniya akan fakitin yayin dumama.
• Hana karkatar da PCB bayan solder.

5.3 Gyara

Ba a ƙarfafa gyara bayan solder ba. Idan ba za a iya kaucewa ba, yakamata a yi amfani da guntun solder mai kai biyu don dumama ɓangarorin biyu na kayan aiki lokaci guda, yana rage damuwa na zafi. Dole ne a kimanta yiwuwar tasiri akan halayen na'urar a baya.

6. Bayanan Fakitin da Oda

6.1 Ƙayyadaddun Fakitin

Madaidaicin kwararar fakitin shine: guda 1000 a kowace reel, reel 15 a kowace akwati, da akwatuna 2 a kowace akwati.

6.2 Girman Tape da Reel

An ba da cikakkun zane-zane don tef ɗin mai ɗaukar kaya (girman aljihu, tazara) da reel (diamita, girman cibiya) don amfani a cikin shirye-shiryen na'urar zaɓi da sanyawa ta atomatik.

6.3 Ƙayyadaddun Label

Labels ɗin fakitin sun haɗa da filaye don Lambar Sashen Abokin Ciniki (CPN), Lambar Samfur (P/N), Yawa (QTY), da Lambar Lot (LOT No.), da sauransu, don bin sawu.

7. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace da Abubuwan Ɗaukar Shawara

7.1 Da'irorin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Da'irar aikace-aikace ta asali ta ƙunshi haɗa resistor mai iyakancewa a jere tare da anode na IR LED. Photo-transistor yawanci ana haɗa shi tare da mai tara zuwa resistor na ja (V_CC) da emitter zuwa ƙasa. Ƙarfin lantarki a cikin kumburin mai tara yana aiki azaman siginar fitarwa ta dijital ko analog. Ƙimar resistor na ja (R_L) yana shafar duka motsin ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa da lokacin amsa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin lanƙwasa na takardar bayanan.

7.2 Abubuwan Ɗaukar Shawara

• Kallon Abun:Fitarwar na'urar gano (I_C(ON)) yana daidai da kallon saman da ake nufi. Kayan da ke da kallo sosai (misali, filastik fari, ƙarfe) suna ba da siginar ƙarfi, yayin da duhu ko kayan sha na iya zama ba haka ba.
• Nisa da Daidaitawa:Nisan gano gajere ne (yawanci ƴan milimita). Daidaitaccen daidaitawar injiniya tsakanin na'urar gano da hanyar da ake nufi yana da mahimmanci don aiki mai daidaito.
• Kariya daga Hasken Muhalli:Duk da yake hankalin bakan mai karɓa yana yanke hasken da ake iya gani, manyan tushen infrared na muhalli (misali, hasken rana, ƙwan fitila) na iya haifar da tsangwama. Garkuwar gani ko dabarun daidaitawa/daidaitawa na iya zama dole a irin waɗannan yanayi.
• Ƙarar Lantarki:A cikin yanayi mai hayaniya, ana ba da shawarar capacitors na bypass kusa da na'urar da kuma tsarin PCB mai kyau.

8. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambanci

Idan aka kwatanta da phototransistors ko photodiodes masu sauƙi, ITR8307 yana haɗa duka mai fitarwa da mai karɓa, yana sauƙaƙa ƙirar gani da daidaitawa. Idan aka kwatanta da na'urori masu gano watsawa (waɗanda ke buƙatar abu don karya katako tsakanin sassa daban-daban), na'urori masu gano kallo suna ba da damar ƙirar injiniya mafi sauƙi tare da gano a gefe ɗaya na abu. Babban bambancinsa shine ƙaramin fakitin SMD, bin ka'idojin muhalli na zamani (Ba tare da gubar ba, Ba tare da halogen ba), da ingantaccen bayanin aiki a cikin zafin jiki.

9. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQs) Dangane da Ma'auni na Fasaha

Q: Menene matsakaicin nisan gano?

A: Nisan ba ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayani ba ne amma ya dogara da kallon da ake nufi da halin fitarwa da ake buƙata. Jadawalin "Halin Mai Taro Mai Dangantaka vs. Nisa" yana nuna siginar tana raguwa sosai fiye da 1-2 mm don daidaitaccen fili mai kallo. Yi ƙira don mafi gajeren nisa mai dogaro.

Q: Shin zan iya tuƙi LED da tushen ƙarfin lantarki kai tsaye?

A: A'a. LED na'urar da aka tuƙa ta halin yanzu ce. Dole ne ka yi amfani da resistor mai iyakancewa a jere don saita halin gaba (I_F) zuwa ƙimar da ake so (misali, 20 mA) dangane da ƙarfin lantarkin ku (V_CC) da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba na LED (V_F≈ 1.2V). R_limit= (V_CC- V_F) / I_F.

Q: Me yasa akwai irin wannan faɗin kewayon don Halin Haske (0.5 zuwa 15.0 mA)?

A> Wannan kewayon yana lissafin bambance-bambancen ƙira na al'ada a cikin duka ƙarfin fitarwa na LED da hankalin photo-transistor. Hakanan yana jaddada dogaron ma'auni mai ƙarfi akan takamaiman abin da ake nufi mai kallo da nisa a cikin aikace-aikace. Dole ne ƙirar da'irar ta ɗauki wannan kewayon, sau da yawa ta amfani da mai kwatanta tare da bakin kofa mai daidaitawa maimakon dogaro da ƙimar halin yanzu.

Q: Ta yaya zan fassara ƙimar MSL 4?

A> MSL 4 yana nufin fakitin zai iya sha matakan danshi masu lalacewa daga iska bayan sa'o'i 72 na fallasa zuwa yanayin bene na masana'anta na yau da kullun. Don guje wa "popcorning" ko rabuwa yayin tsarin reflow mai zafi, dole ne ku bi ƙa'idodin ajiya, sarrafawa, da gasa da aka zayyana a Sashe na 5.1.

10. Misalin Aikace-aikace na Aiki

Yanayi: Gano Takarda a cikin Na'urar Bugawa.

Ana iya hawa na'urar gano kusa da hanyar ciyar da takarda. Ana sanya tsiri mai kallo akan abin nadi ko kafaffen saman da ke gaban wurin na'urar gano. Lokacin da takarda ba ta nan, hasken IR yana nunawa daga tsiri ya koma wa mai karɓa, yana haifar da babban fitarwa (logic HIGH). Lokacin da takarda ta wuce tsakanin na'urar gano da tsiri, tana toshe ko rage hasken da aka nuna sosai, yana haifar da faɗuwar fitarwa (logic LOW). Ana iya gano wannan canjin ta hanyar microcontroller don tabbatar da kasancewar takarda, gano matsala, ko ƙidaya shafuka. Saurin amsa (20 μs) yana ba da damar ganowa ko da a cikin saurin ciyar da takarda.

11. Ka'idar Aiki

Na'urar tana aiki bisa ka'idar nunin haske da aka daidaita. IR LED na ciki yana fitar da katako na hasken infrared na 940 nm. Wannan haske yana tafiya daga fakitin. Idan wani abu mai kallo yana cikin ɗan gajeren zango kuma a cikin filin gani na duka LED da photo-transistor, wani ɓangare na hasken da aka fitar zai koma baya. NPN photo-transistor yana aiki azaman tushen halin yanzu mai sarrafa haske. Lokacin da photons infrared masu nunawa suka buga yankin tushensa, suna haifar da nau'ikan lantarki-ramuka, yana haifar da halin yanzu na tushe. Wannan halin yanzu na tushe yana haɓaka ta hanyar ribar transistor, yana haifar da babban halin mai tara (I_C). Girman wannan halin mai tara yana daidai da ƙarfin hasken da aka nuna, wanda kuma ya dogara da nisa zuwa da kallon abin da ake nufi. Ta hanyar sa ido kan I_C(ko ƙarfin lantarki a kan resistor nauyi), tsarin zai iya ƙayyade kasancewar ko kusancin abu.

12. Trends na Fasaha

Na'urori masu gano haske mai kallo kamar ITR8307 suna wakiltar fasaha mai girma kuma mai dogaro don gano abu mai nisa gajere, mai arha. Trends na yanzu a fagen sun haɗa da ƙarin ƙaramin fakitin don dacewa da ƙananan na'urorin masu amfani, haɗa da'irar daidaita siginar (masu haɓakawa, masu faɗakarwa na Schmitt, hanyoyin sadarwa na dijital) a cikin fakitin guda ɗaya don sauƙaƙa ƙirar tsarin da inganta kariya daga hayaniya, da haɓaka na'urori masu gano tare da ƙananan ƙarfin wuta don na'urorin IoT masu aiki da baturi. Hakanan akwai ci gaba na tuƙi don mafi girman hankali da mafi kyawun ƙin hasken muhalli ta hanyar ingantaccen ƙirar gani da dabarun tacewa.