Takardun Fasaha na LED - Lokacin Rayuwa: Sake Dubawa 2 - Ranar Saki: 2014-12-06 - Hausa

1. Bayanin Samfur

Wannan takardar fasaha ta shafi wani takamaiman sake dubawa na kayan LED. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali akansa shi ne tsayayyen lokacin rayuwar samfurin, wanda ke nuna cikakkiyar girma da kwanciyar hankalinsa a cikin masana'antu da sarkar samarwa. Babban fa'idar wannan sake dubawa yana cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanansa da ingantattun ma'auni na aiki, bayan da aka yi sabuntawa da tabbatarwa da ake buƙata. Kasuwar da aka yi niyya ta haɗa da aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar dogon lokaci, amintaccen samun kayan haske don hasken gabaɗaya, alamu, da dalilai na nuna alama inda ingancin da ya dace da tarihin da aka rubuta suke da muhimmanci.

2. Bayanan Rayuwa da Sake Dubawa

Takardar ta ci gaba da gano matsayin kayan. An yiwa lokacin rayuwa alama a matsayin \"Sake Dubawa\", wanda ke nuna cewa ƙirar samfur da ƙayyadaddun bayanai an sabunta su daga sigar da ta gabata kuma yanzu suna cikin yanayin kwanciyar hankali, saki. Lambar sake dubawa don wannan takarda ita ce 2. An bayyana ranar sakin wannan sake dubawa a fili a matsayin 6 ga Disamba, 2014. Bugu da ƙari, an lura da lokacin da ya ƙare a matsayin \"Har Abada\", wanda yawanci ke nuna cewa wannan sake dubawa na takarda da ƙayyadaddun bayanan samfurin da ta bayyana ba su da tsayayyen ranar da za su ƙare kuma an yi niyya don amfani da su har abada, ban da wasu canje-canje na gaba ko dakatarwa.

3. Zurfin Fassarar Maƙasudin Ma'auni na Fasaha

3.1 Halayen Hoto da Na Lantarki

Duk da yake ba a bayar da takamaiman ƙididdiga na ƙarfin haske, tsawon raƙuman ruwa, da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba a cikin ɓangaren da aka cire ba, cikakken takardar fasaha don LED zai haɗa da waɗannan. Halayen hoto suna ayyana fitar da haske da launi. Maɓalli maɓalli sun haɗa da tsayayyen tsawon raƙuman ruwa (don LED masu launi ɗaya) ko daidaitaccen zafin launi (CCT) da ma'auni na nuna launi (CRI) don fararen LED, ana auna su cikin nanometers (nm) ko Kelvins (K) bi da bi. Ƙarfin haske, wanda aka auna cikin lumens (lm), yana nuna jimlar ƙarfin haske da aka gane. Ma'auni na lantarki suna da mahimmanci daidai. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake aiki a wani takamaiman ƙarfin lantarki. Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If) shine ƙarfin lantarki na aiki da aka ba da shawarar don mafi kyawun aiki da tsawon rai. Wucewa wannan ƙarfin lantarki na iya haifar da lalacewa cikin sauri ko gazawa.

3.2 Halayen Zafi

Aikin zafi na LED yana da mahimmanci ga amincinsa da kwanciyar hankalin fitar da haske. Juriya na zafi daga haɗin gwiwa zuwa yanayi (RθJA), wanda aka auna a cikin digiri Celsius a kowace watt (°C/W), yana ƙididdige yadda ake kawar da zafi daga haɗin gwiwar semiconductor zuwa muhallin da ke kewaye. Ƙananan ƙimar juriya na zafi yana nuna mafi kyawun ikon kawar da zafi. Gudanar da zafi da ya dace, sau da yawa yana haɗawa da mai sanyaya, yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye zafin haɗin gwiwa cikin iyakoki masu aminci, tabbatar da dogon lokacin aiki da hana canjin launi ko raguwar haske.

4. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba

Masana'antar LED ta ƙunshi bambance-bambance na halitta. Tsarin rarraba yana rarraba LED bisa ga maɓalli maɓalli don tabbatar da daidaito a cikin rukunin samarwa. Tsawon raƙuman ruwa ko rarraba CCT yana rarraba LED bisa ga fitar da launinsu a cikin wani takamaiman iyaka (misali, ellipses na MacAdam na mataki 2.5 ko 5 don farin haske). Rarraba ƙarfin haske yana rarraba LED bisa ga fitar da haske a daidaitaccen gwajin ƙarfin lantarki. Rarraba ƙarfin lantarki yana rarraba abubuwan da suka dace ta hanyar raguwar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. Wannan tsarin yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar LED daga takamaiman rukunoni don cimma daidaiton launi da haske a aikace-aikacensu na ƙarshe, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga tsararrun LED da yawa ko samfuran da ke buƙatar daidaitaccen daidaitawar launi.

5. Nazarin Lanƙwasa Aiki

5.1 Lanƙwasa Halayen Ƙarfin Lantarki-Ƙarfin Lantarki (I-V)

Lanƙwasa I-V shine ainihin halayen lantarki na LED. Ba shi da layi, yana nuna haɓakar ƙarfin lantarki da sauri da zarar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba ya wuce wani bakin kofa (ƙarfin lantarki na kunna). Lanƙwasa yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar da'irar tuƙi, kamar yadda yake nuna alaƙa tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi da sakamakon ƙarfin lantarki. Yin aiki da LED a wani tsayayyen ƙarfin lantarki, maimakon tsayayyen ƙarfin lantarki, shine daidaitaccen aiki don tabbatar da tsayayyen fitar da haske da hana guduwar zafi.

5.2 Dogaro da Zafin Jiki

Aikin LED yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga zafin jiki. Yayin da zafin haɗin gwiwa ya karu, ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yawanci yana raguwa kaɗan. Mafi mahimmanci, fitar da ƙarfin haske yana raguwa. Wannan alaƙa sau da yawa ana nuna shi a cikin jadawalin ƙarfin haske na dangi da zafin haɗin gwiwa. Halayen bakan kuma na iya canzawa tare da zafin jiki; don fararen LED, wannan na iya bayyana azaman canji a cikin CCT. Fahimtar waɗannan dogaro yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar tsarin da ke kiyaye daidaitaccen aiki a cikin kewayon zafin aiki da aka yi niyya.

5.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Bakan (SPD)

Don fararen LED, jadawalin SPD yana nuna ƙarfin haske da aka fitar a kowane tsawon raƙuman ruwa a cikin bakan da ake iya gani. Yana bayyana abun da ke cikin hasken, ko daga LED mai jan ƙarfe shuɗi da aka haɗa da phosphor ko daga haɗuwa da LED masu launi daban-daban. SPD kai tsaye yana ƙayyade CRI da ingancin farin haske. Don LED masu launi, SPD yana nuna ƙanƙanta kololuwa a tsayayyen tsawon raƙuman ruwa, yana nuna tsaftar launi.

6. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

Cikakken zanen injiniya yawanci zai haɗa da shi, yana nuna girman kayan (tsayi, faɗi, tsayi) a cikin millimeters, sau da yawa yana bin daidaitaccen sunan kunshin kamar 2835 ko 5050. Zanen ya ƙayyade iyakoki. Haka kuma yana nuna tsarin kushin (anode da cathode) a fili don haɗin fasahar haɗawa da saman (SMT). Ana yiwa gano polarity alama a kan kayan da kansu, yawanci tare da tsaga, ɗigo, ko kushin mai siffa daban don cathode. Kayan kunshin (sau da yawa filastik mai zafi kamar PPA ko PCT) da nau'in ruwan tabarau (mai tsabta ko watsawa) suma an ƙayyade su.

7. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

7.1 Bayanin Yanayin Solder na Reflow

Ya kamata takardar ta ba da shawarar yanayin zafin solder na reflow. Wannan ya haɗa da maɓalli maɓalli: ƙimar hawan zafin jiki na preheat, lokacin jiƙa da zafin jiki, kololuwar zafin jiki (wanda bai kamata ya wuce matsakaicin zafin solder na LED ba, yawanci kusan 260°C na 'yan daƙiƙa), da ƙimar sanyaya. Yin bin wannan bayanin yana hana girgizar zafi da lalata kunshin LED da mutuwar ciki.

7.2 Kariya da Yanayin Ajiya

Kariya ta haɗa da guje wa matsin lamba na injiniya akan ruwan tabarau na LED, hana gurɓata saman gani, da tabbatar da daidaitaccen daidaito yayin sanyawa. LED suna da hankali ga zubar da lantarki na electrostatic (ESD); don haka, ya kamata a bi hanyoyin sarrafa ESD masu aminci. Yanayin ajiya da aka ba da shawarar yawanci yana ƙayyade kewayon zafin jiki da zafi (misali, 5°C zuwa 30°C,<60% zafi na dangi) don hana shan danshi, wanda zai iya haifar da \"popcorning\" yayin reflow.

8. Bayanin Kunshin da Oda

Ƙayyadaddun kunshin suna cikakken bayanin yadda ake samar da LED. Gama gari tsari sun haɗa da tef da reel don haɗin SMT ta atomatik. An ƙayyade girman reel, faɗin tef, girman aljihu, da alkibla. Alamar da ke kan reel ko akwati ta haɗa da mahimman bayanai: lambar sashi, lambar sake dubawa, adadi, lambobin rukunoni (don ƙarfin haske, launi, ƙarfin lantarki), lambar kuri'a, da lambar kwanan wata. Dokar sunan samfurin tana fayyace lambar sashi, tana nuna nau'in kunshin, launi, rukunin ƙarfin haske, rukunin ƙarfin lantarki, da sauran halaye ta hanyar takamaiman jerin haruffa.

9. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

9.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

Dangane da gama gari na kunshin LED, aikace-aikacen da za a iya amfani da su sun haɗa da raka'o'in hasken baya don nunin LCD, hasken yanayi na gabaɗaya (kwan fitila, fale-fale, bututu), hasken ƙira na gine-gine, hasken ciki na mota, alamu da haruffa tashoshi, da alamomin matsayi a cikin na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci da na'urori.

9.2 Abubuwan Tunani na Ƙira

Mahimman abubuwan tunani na ƙira sun haɗa da zaɓin direba mai dacewa na tsayayyen ƙarfin lantarki wanda ya dace da buƙatun ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da ƙarfin lantarki na LED ko kirtani na LED. Gudanar da zafin jiki ba shi da yiwuwa; shimfidar PCB da yuwuwar mai sanyaya na waje dole ne su sa zafin haɗin gwiwa ya ragu. Ƙirar gani, gami da na'urorin gani na biyu kamar ruwan tabarau ko masu watsawa, suna siffanta fitar da haske. Don tsararrun, tabbatar da rarraba ƙarfin lantarki daidai gwargwado, sau da yawa ta hanyar daidaitaccen topology na da'ira, yana da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen haske.

10. Kwatancen Fasaha

Duk da yake kwatanta kai tsaye da wasu samfuran ba zai yiwu ba daga bayanan da aka bayar, fa'idodin wannan takamaiman sake dubawa (Rev. 2) gabaɗaya za su kasance bisa ga ƙayyadaddun bayanansa da aka ƙaddara da tabbatarwa. Idan aka kwatanta da sake dubawa na farko ko matakan samfuri, yana ba da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun aiki, ingantaccen daidaiton yawan samarwa, da warware matsalolin da aka gano yayin haɓakawa. Idan aka kwatanta da madadin fasaha (misali, incandescent ko CFL), LED suna ba da mafi kyawun ingancin makamashi, tsawon rai, mafi kyawun ƙarfi, da ƙananan siffofi.

11. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)

Q: Me \"Lokacin Rayuwa: Sake Dubawa\" ke nufi?
A: Yana nuna ƙirar samfur da ƙayyadaddun bayanai an sabunta su kuma an ƙaddara su. Wannan sake dubawa (Rev. 2) shine sigar kwanciyar hankali da aka saki don samarwa da amfani.

Q: Lokacin da ya ƙare shine \"Har Abada\". Shin wannan yana nufin LED zai dawwama har abada?
A: A'a. \"Har Abada\" yana nufin lokacin aiki na wannan sake dubawa na takarda, ba tsawon rai na samfurin ba. Tsawon rai na LED (wanda sau da yawa aka ayyana shi azaman L70 ko L50) wani ma'auni ne na daban, yawanci dubunnan sa'o'i.

Q: Ta yaya zan fassara ranar saki?
A: Ranar saki (2014-12-06) ita ce lokacin da aka fitar da wannan takamaiman sake dubawa na takardun fasaha. Yana aiki azaman tunani ga sigar ƙayyadaddun bayanai.

Q: Menene mafi mahimmanci ma'auni don tuƙi LED?
A> Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If). LED na'urori ne masu tuƙi na ƙarfin lantarki. Yin aiki da su a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin lantarki na dindindin yana da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen haske, launi, da tsawon rai.

12. Amfani na Aiki

Yi la'akari da ƙirar kayan hasken LED na layi don hasken ofis. Mai ƙira ya zaɓi wannan kayan LED bisa ga ƙayyadaddun bayanansa da aka rubuta (Rev. 2). Suna amfani da rukunin ƙarfin haske don ƙididdige adadin LED da ake buƙata don cimma maƙasudin haske. Ana amfani da ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da ƙarfin lantarki don ƙirar tsararrun jeri-layuka da zaɓar direba mai dacewa na tsayayyen ƙarfin lantarki. Bayanan juriya na zafi suna ba da labarin ƙirar PCB na aluminum da mai sanyaya don tabbatar da cewa zafin haɗin gwiwa ya kasance ƙasa da 85°C don matsakaicin tsawon rai. An shirya bayanin reflow daga takarda a cikin layin haɗin SMT. An rubuta lambobin rukunoni daga alamun reel don bin diddigin bayanai da tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin nau'ikan samarwa da yawa na kayan.

13. Gabatarwar Ka'ida

LED (Diode mai Fitowa da Hasken) na'urar semiconductor ce da ke fitar da haske lokacin da wani ƙarfin lantarki ya wuce ta. Wannan al'amari ana kiransa electroluminescence. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki a cikin alkiblar gaba, electrons suna sake haɗuwa tare da ramuka a cikin kayan semiconductor (gabaɗaya bisa ga gallium nitride (GaN) don shuɗi/fari/kore, ko aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) don ja/amber), suna sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons. Tsawon raƙuman ruwa (launi) na hasken da aka fitar yana ƙaddara ta hanyar bandgap na makamashi na kayan semiconductor. Fararen LED galibi ana ƙirƙira su ta hanyar lulluɓe ƙwayar LED shuɗi da phosphor rawaya; haɗuwar hasken shuɗi da rawaya yana bayyana fari ga idon ɗan adam.

14. Trends na Ci gaba

Masana'antar LED na ci gaba da haɓakawa zuwa ga mafi inganci (ƙarin lumens a kowace watt), inganta ajiyar makamashi. Akwai mai da hankali sosai kan haɓaka ingancin launi, gami da mafi girman ƙimar CRI (CRI90+) da ingantaccen daidaiton launi (ƙaramin rarraba). Ƙananan kunshin yayin kiyayewa ko ƙara fitar da haske wani abu ne mai ci gaba. Hasken wayo da haɗin kai, haɗa LED tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da sarrafawa, babban yanki ne na girma. Bugu da ƙari, bincike a cikin sabbin kayan kamar perovskites da ɗigon ƙididdiga yana nufin cimma mafi kyawun aikin launi da inganci. Masana'antar kuma tana jaddada dorewa ta hanyar ingantaccen sake yin amfani da su da rage kayan haɗari.