Takardar Bayanin Fasaha na LED - Girman 2.8x3.5x1.2mm - Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki 3.2V - Wutar 0.2W - Farin Launi - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfurin

Wannan takarda tana ba da cikakken ƙayyadaddun bayanai na fasaha da jagororin aikace-aikace na babban LED (Light Emitting Diode) da ake haɗawa a saman allo. An ƙera wannan ɓangaren don hasken gabaɗaya da aikace-aikacen nuna alama a cikin na'urorin lantarki da tsarin daban-daban. Babban aikinsa shine canza makamashin lantarki zuwa haske mai gani tare da inganci da aminci.

Babban fa'idodin wannan LED sun haɗa da ƙaramin siffarsa, wanda ke ba da damar yin tsarin PCB (Printed Circuit Board) mai yawan girma, ingantaccen ingancin haske don adana makamashi, da ƙaƙƙarfan gini wanda ya dace da hanyoyin haɗawa ta atomatik. Kasuwar da aka yi niyya ta ƙunshi na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci, hasken cikin mota, kwamitocin sarrafa masana'antu, da na'urorin gida masu wayo inda ake buƙatar ingantattun hanyoyin haske masu dorewa, dogon rayuwa, da inganci.

Matakin tsawon rayuwa da aka nuna a cikin abubuwan da aka bayar shine "Revision 2," wanda ke nuna cewa wannan shine bita na biyu na hukuma na takardun fasaha na samfurin. An rubuta ranar saki a matsayin 5 ga Disamba, 2014. "Lokacin ƙarewa" an lura da shi a matsayin "Har Abada," wanda yawanci yana nuna cewa wannan bita na takardar ba shi da ranar da aka tsara don tsufa kuma yana nan har sai an maye gurbinsa da sabon bita. Wannan ya zama ruwan dare ga takardun ƙayyadaddun bayanai na tushe.

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Ma'aunin Fasaha

Cikakken fassarar ma'auni mahimman na fasaha yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen haɗin ƙira. Duk da yake ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga daga ainihin PDF suna da iyaka, sassan masu zuwa suna zayyana mahimman rukunin ma'auni da mahimmancinsu.

2.1 Halayen Haske da Launi

Kaddarorin photometric suna ayyana fitar da haske da inganci. Mahimman ma'auni sun haɗa da:

• Luminous Flux:Ana auna shi a cikin lumens (lm), wannan yana nuna jimillar ƙarfin haske da ake fitarwa. Wannan ɓangaren yana iya fasalta daidaitaccen rarrabuwa (binning) na haske ko babban haske don tabbatar da daidaitaccen fitar da haske a cikin rukunin samarwa.
• Matsakaicin Tsawon Zango / Yanayin Zafin Launi (CCT):Ga LED masu launi, matsakaicin tsawon zango (a cikin nanometers) yana ƙayyade launi. Ga fararen LED, CCT (a cikin Kelvin, misali, 3000K, 4000K, 6500K) yana ayyana ko hasken ya zama dumi, tsaka-tsaki, ko sanyi. Takardar za ta ƙayyade abin da ake bayarwa na yau da kullun da kuma akwatunan da ake samu.
• Fihirisar Nuna Launi (CRI):Ga fararen LED, CRI (Ra) yana nuna yadda ingantaccen haske ke bayyana ainihin launukan abubuwa idan aka kwatanta da ma'anar yanayi. Babban CRI (kusa da 100) ya fi dacewa ga aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ingantaccen fahimtar launi.

2.2 Ma'auni na Wutar Lantarki

Ma'auni na wutar lantarki suna da mahimmanci don ƙirar da'ira da zaɓin wutar lantarki.

• Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki na Gaba (Vf):Ragewar wutar lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake aiki a ƙayyadadden halin yanzu. Wannan ƙimar, yawanci kusan 3.2V ga fararen LED na yau da kullun, tana ɗan bambanta da halin yanzu da zafin jiki. Takardar bayanai tana ba da ƙima ta yau da kullun da iyakar iyaka.
• Halin Yanzu na Gaba (If):Shawarar ci gaba da aiki na halin yanzu, sau da yawa 20mA, 60mA, ko 150mA dangane da ƙimar wutar lantarki. Wucewa iyakar iyaka na iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin.
• Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki na Baya (Vr):Matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki da LED zai iya jurewa a cikin hanyar da aka karkata ba tare da rushewa ba, yawanci kusan 5V. Ana buƙatar kariya sau da yawa a cikin da'irar AC ko da'irar da aka haɗa da yawa.
• Rushewar Wutar Lantarki:Ana ƙididdige shi azaman Vf * If, wannan yana ƙayyade nauyin zafi. Taken misalin yana nuna ƙimar wutar lantarki na 0.2W.

2.3 Halayen Zafi

Ayyukan LED da tsawon rayuwa suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar zafin jiki.

• Zafin Junction (Tj):Zafin jiki a guntun semiconductor da kansa. Dole ne kada a wuce matsakaicin Tj (misali, 125°C) don tabbatar da aminci.
• Juriya na Thermal (Rth_j-a):An bayyana shi a cikin °C/W, wannan yana auna yadda zafi ke tafiya daga junction na LED zuwa iskar da ke kewaye. Ƙananan ƙimar yana nuna ingantaccen kawar da zafi, wanda yake da mahimmanci don kiyaye fitar da haske da tsawon rayuwa.
• Kewayon Zafin Aiki:Kewayon zafin yanayi (misali, -40°C zuwa +85°C) wanda aka tabbatar cewa LED zai yi aiki a ciki cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

Sakamakon bambance-bambancen masana'antu, ana rarraba LED zuwa kwandon aiki don tabbatar da daidaito ga mai amfani na ƙarshe.

• Rarraba Tsawon Zango/Zafin Launi:Ana rarraba LED bisa daidaitaccen matsakaicin tsawon zango ko CCT. Wannan yana tabbatar da daidaitaccen bayyanar launi lokacin da ake amfani da LED da yawa a cikin jeri.
• Rarraba Luminous Flux:Ana rarraba LED bisa ga ƙimar hasken da aka auna. Wannan yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar kwandon da suka dace da takamaiman buƙatun haske.
• Rarraba Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki na Gaba:Rarraba ta Vf yana taimakawa wajen ƙirar da'irori masu inganci, musamman ga sarkar da aka haɗa a jere, don tabbatar da rarraba halin yanzu daidai.

Takamaiman lambobin kwandon da kewayon ƙimarsu za a yi cikakken bayani a cikin cikakken tebur na takardar bayanai.

4. Bincike akan Lakatunan Aiki

Bayanan hoto suna ba da zurfin fahimta game da aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

• Lakabin I-V (Halin Yanzu-Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki):Wannan jadawali yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba da halin yanzu. Ba shi da layi, yana nuna ƙofar kunna ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Lakabin yana motsawa tare da zafin jiki.
• Halayen Zafin Jiki:Jadawali yawanci yana nuna yadda luminous flux da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba ke canzawa a matsayin aikin zafin junction. Flux gabaɗaya yana raguwa yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi.
• Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske (SPD):Tsarin ƙarfin haske mai dangi da tsawon zango. Ga fararen LED, wannan yana nuna kololuwar LED na bugun shuɗi da mafi faɗin bakan da aka canza zuwa phosphor.

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

Zanen injiniya yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar sawun PCB. Taken yana nuna girman kunshin 2835 (2.8mm x 3.5mm).

• Girman Bayyani:Cikakken zanen da ke nuna tsayi, faɗi, tsayi (mai yiwuwa 1.2mm), da jurewa.
• Tsarin Pad (Sawu):Shawarar tsarin tagulla akan PCB, gami da girman pad, siffa, da tazara (pitch). Wannan yana tabbatar da ingantaccen solder da haɗin thermal.
• Gano Polariti:Alama bayyananne akan jikin ɓangaren (misali, tsaga, ɗigo, ko kusurwar da aka yanke) da kuma alamar da ta dace akan sawun don nuna anode (+) da cathode (-). Ba daidai ba polarity zai hana LED haskakawa.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Ingantaccen sarrafawa yana tabbatar da aminci kuma yana hana lalacewa.

• Jadawali na lokaci-zafin jiki wanda ke ƙayyadadden matakan preheat, jiƙa, reflow, da sanyaya. Mahimman ma'auni sun haɗa da matsakaicin zafin jiki (yawanci 260°C matsakaici don 'yan seconds) da lokacin da ya wuce liquidus. Wannan bayanin yana dacewa da daidaitattun man solder marasa gubar (SnAgCu).Precautions:
• Kauce wa matsin lamba na injiniya akan ruwan tabarau. Yi amfani da matakan kariya na ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) yayin sarrafawa. Tabbatar an sarrafa zafin ƙarshen guntun ƙarfe idan ana buƙatar solder na hannu.Yanayin Ajiya:
• Ya kamata a adana LED a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, duhu a ƙayyadadden matakan zafin jiki da ɗanɗano (misali, <40°C, <60% RH) don hana shan danshi da lalata kayan.7. Bayanin Kunshin da Oda

Ƙayyadaddun Kunshin:

• Ana samar da ɓangarorin yawanci akan tef ɗin da aka zana da reel wanda ya dace da injunan ɗauka da sanyawa ta atomatik. Ana ƙayyade girman reel, faɗin tef, tazarar aljihu, da adadin kowane reel.Bayanan Lakabi:
• Lakabin reel ya haɗa da lambar sashi, adadi, lambar kuri'a, lambar kwanan wata, da bayanin rarrabuwa (binning).Dokar Lambar Model:
• Cikakken lambar sashi tana ɓoye mahimman halaye kamar girman, launi, kwandon flux, kwandon ƙarfin wutar lantarki, da nau'in kunshin. Misali, lambar za a iya tsara ta kamar [Series][Size][Color][Flux-Bin][Voltage-Bin][Package].8. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun:

Wannan LED ya dace don hasken baya na LCDs, alamomin matsayi, hasken ado, hasken panel, da hasken aiki na gabaɗaya a cikin ƙananan na'urori.Abubuwan da ake la'akari da ƙira:

Iyakance Halin Yanzu:

1. Koyaushe yi amfani da resistor na jere ko direba mai ci gaba da halin yanzu don sarrafa halin yanzu na gaba. Kada ku haɗa kai tsaye zuwa tushen wutar lantarki.Gudanar da Thermal:
2. Yi ƙirar PCB tare da isasshen taimako na thermal. Yi amfani da hanyoyin thermal a ƙarƙashin pad ɗin thermal (idan akwai) don kai zafi zuwa cikin ko ƙasan tagulla. Don babban ƙarfi ko jeri masu yawan girma, yi la'akari da ƙarin heatsinking.Ƙirar Gani:
3. Yi la'akari da kusurwar kallo (yawanci digiri 120-140). Ana iya buƙatar na'urorin gani na biyu kamar ruwan tabarau ko masu watsawa don siffantar katakon haske.Kariya ta ESD:
4. Haɗa diodes na kariya na ESD akan layukan da ke da hankali idan LED yana cikin wuri da aka fallasa.9. Kwatancen Fasaha

Idan aka kwatanta da tsoffin LED na rami, wannan na'urar da ake haɗawa a saman allo tana ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci:

Girman da Yawan Girma:

• Yana ba da damar ƙananan samfuran ƙarshe da sirara.Farashin Haɗawa:
• Yana dacewa da cikakken haɗin PCB ta atomatik, yana rage farashin aiki.Aiki:
• Sau da yawa yana ba da ingantaccen ingancin haske da mafi kyawun hanyar thermal zuwa PCB.Amincewa:
• Haɗin gwiwar solder gabaɗaya sun fi ƙarfi ga girgiza da girgiza na injiniya.Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kunshin SMD LED (misali, 3528, 5050), kunshin 2835 sau da yawa yana ba da mafi kyawun daidaito na girman, fitar da haske, da aikin thermal don aikace-aikacen gabaɗaya.

10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)

Q1: Menene bambanci tsakanin luminous flux da ƙarfin haske?

A: Luminous flux (lumens) yana auna jimillar ƙarfin haske da ake gani a duk kwatance. Ƙarfin haske (candelas) yana auna ƙarfin haske kowane kusurwa mai ƙarfi a cikin takamaiman shugabanci. Ga LED mai faɗin kusurwa, flux shine ma'auni mafi dacewa don jimillar haske.

Q2: Shin zan iya tuƙa wannan LED da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mafi girma fiye da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba?

A: A'a. Dole ne a tuƙa LED ta hanyar halin yanzu da aka sarrafa. Yin amfani da tushen wutar lantarki mafi girma fiye da Vf ba tare da iyakance halin yanzu ba zai haifar da wuce gona da iri na halin yanzu, zafi mai yawa, da gazawar nan take.

Q3: Me ya sa hasken LED ke raguwa akan lokaci?

A: Duk LED suna fuskantar raguwar lumen. Ƙimar ta ƙaddara da farko ta hanyar zafin junction na aiki. Yin aikin LED da kyau ƙasa da matsakaicin Tj da ƙimar halin yanzu yana ƙara tsawon rayuwarsa mai amfani.

Q4: Ta yaya zan fassara "Revision 2" da "Forever" lokacin da ya ƙare?

A: "Revision 2" yana nufin wannan shine sigar hukuma ta biyu na wannan takarda. "Forever" don lokacin da ya ƙare yana nuna cewa wannan bita ba shi da ƙayyadadden ranar ƙarewa kuma yana nan har sai mai kera ya fitar da sabon bita wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Koyaushe duba sabon bita kafin a ƙare ƙira.

11. Misalin Amfani na Aiki

Yanayi: Ƙirar Panel Nuna Matsayi

Injiniya yana ƙirar kwamitin sarrafawa wanda ke buƙatar alamomin matsayi masu launi da yawa (ja, kore, shuɗi, fari). Yin amfani da wannan jerin LED yana tabbatar da daidaiton injiniya (sawu ɗaya ga duk launuka) da sauƙaƙe haɗawa. Ta hanyar zaɓar kwandon flux da ya dace ga kowane launi, ana iya daidaita hasken gani duk da bambancin ido ga tsawon zango. Ƙaramin girman 2835 yana ba da damar sanya alamomi kusa da juna. Ƙira mai sauƙi zai yi amfani da fil ɗin microcontroller GPIO wanda aka haɗa a jere tare da resistor mai iyakance halin yanzu zuwa kowane LED, yana ba da sarrafa kunna/kashewa mai zaman kanta.

12. Ka'idar Aiki

LED diode ne na semiconductor. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba, electrons daga semiconductor na n-type suna sake haɗuwa da ramuka daga semiconductor na p-type a cikin yanki mai aiki. Wannan sake haɗuwa yana sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Takamaiman tsawon zango (launi) na haske an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar bandgap na makamashi na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su (misali, InGaN don shuɗi/kore, AlInGaP don ja/amber). Fararen LED ana ƙirƙira su ta hanyar lulluɓe guntun LED shuɗi da phosphor rawaya; wasu daga cikin hasken shuɗi ana canza su zuwa rawaya, kuma cakuda shuɗi da hasken rawaya ana ganinsa a matsayin fari. Bambance-bambancen gaurayawan phosphor suna haifar da bambancin zafin launin fari.

13. Trends na Fasaha

Masana'antar LED tana ci gaba da haɓaka tare da trends masu bayyanawa da yawa:

Ƙara Ingantaccen Aiki:

1. Ci gaba da inganta ingantaccen ingancin quantum na ciki da dabarun cire haske yana haifar da lumens mafi girma kowace watt (lm/W), yana rage amfani da makamashi.Ingantaccen Ingancin Launi:
2. Haɓaka sabbin phosphors da ƙirar guntu masu launi da yawa (misali, RGB, violet+phosphor) yana ba da damar ƙimar CRI mafi girma da mafi daidaitaccen nuna launi.Ƙananan Girma:
3. Kunshin yana ci gaba da raguwa (misali, micro-LEDs) yayin da ake kiyayewa ko ƙara fitar da haske, yana ba da damar sabbin aikace-aikace a cikin ƙananan na'urori da nunin madaidaicin ƙuduri.Haɗin Kai:
4. Ana ƙara haɗa LED tare da direbobi, na'urori masu auna firikwensin, da musaya (LED masu kunna IoT) don tsarin haske mai hankali.Amincewa da Tsawon Rayuwa:
5. Ci gaba a cikin kayan da kunshin suna tura tsawon rayuwa da aka ƙidaya fiye da sa'o'i 50,000 yayin da ake kiyayewa mafi girma kula da lumen (L70, L90).Ana motsa waɗannan trends ta hanyar buƙatun adana makamashi, sabbin sifofi a cikin na'urorin lantarki, da faɗaɗa haske zuwa aikace-aikacen wayo da na ɗan adam.

These trends are driven by demands for energy savings, new form factors in electronics, and the expansion of lighting into smart and human-centric applications.