Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1. Bayyani Game da Samfur
- 2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha
- 2.1 Halayen Hoto da Launi
- 2.2 Ma'auni na Lantarki
- 2.3 Halayen Zafi
- 3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba
- 3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Raƙuman Ruwa/Zazzabin Launi
- 3.2 Rarraba Ƙarfin Hasken Hasken
- 3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba
- 4. Bincike Mai zurfi na Lankwasa Aiki
- 4.1 Halayen Lankwasa na Yanzu da Ƙarfin Lantarki (I-V)
- 4.2 Dogaro da Zafin Jiki
- 4.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Hasken Ra'ayi (SPD)
- 5. Bayanin Injiniya da Marufi
- 5.1 Zanen Tsarin Girma
- 5.2 Tsarin Kafet ɗin da Ƙirar Kafet ɗin Solder
- 5.3 Gano Polarity
- 6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa
- 6.1 Bayanin Siffar Solder na Reflow
- 6.2 Kariya da Gudanarwa
- 6.3 Yanayin Ajiya
- 7. Bayanin Kunshin da Oda
- 7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Bayanin Kunshin
- 7.2 Bayanin Alamar
- 7.3 Tsarin Lambar Sashi
- 8. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace
- 8.1 Da'irar Aikace-aikacen Yau da Kullun
- 8.2 La'akari da Ƙira
- 9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance
- 10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)
- 11. Nazarin Shari'o'in Aikace-aikace na Aiki
- 12. Gabatarwa da Ka'idar Aiki
- 13. Trends na Fasaha
1. Bayyani Game da Samfur
Wannan takardar fasaha tana ba da cikakken bayani game da sarrafa rayuwar kayan da tarihin sake dubawa na wani kayan lantarki na musamman, mai yiwuwa LED ko makamantansu na wuta. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tsarin ingantaccen tsari na sabunta samfur, sarrafa siga, da kafa cikakken rikodin bayanai don dalilai na injiniya da tabbatar da inganci. Takardar tana nuna matakin samfur da ya balaga inda aka daidaita ƙayyadaddun bayanai ta hanyar sake dubawa da yawa.
Babban fa'idar wannan tsarin na rayuwar kayan shine samar da cikakken hanyar bin diddigin duk canje-canjen samfur. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga masana'antun, masu ƙira, da abokan hulɗa a cikin sarkar wadata don tabbatar da daidaito, bin diddigin kayan, da kuma bin ka'idoji a aikace-aikacensu. Yana rage haɗarin da ke tattare da canje-canjen da ba a rubuta ba kuma yana sauƙaƙe tallafi na dogon lokaci ga samfuran da aka haɗa cikin manyan tsarin.
Kasuwar da aka yi niyya don irin waɗannan kayan da aka rubuta ta haɗa da masana'antu masu buƙatar ingantaccen aminci da samuwa na dogon lokaci, kamar hasken mota, sarrafa masana'antu, na'urorin likitanci, da kayan lantarki na ƙwararru na masu amfani. Lokacin da ya ƙare na \"Har Abada\" yana nuna niyyar bayanan su kasance masu inganci kuma ana iya komawa gare su har abada, suna tallafawa samfuran da ke da tsawon rayuwa.
2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha
Yayin da abin da aka ba da ya fi mayar da hankali kan bayanan gudanarwa, cikakken takardar bayanan fasaha na kayan LED yawanci za ta haɗa da waɗannan rukunoni na ma'auni, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don ƙira da aikace-aikace.
2.1 Halayen Hoto da Launi
Waɗannan ma'auni suna ayyana fitowar haske da inganci. Muhimman ƙayyadaddun bayanai sun haɗa da ƙarfin haske (wanda aka auna a cikin lumens), wanda ke nuna jimillar fitowar haske. Ana ƙayyade Zazzabin Launi Mai Alaƙa (CCT) don fararen LED, yawanci a cikin Kelvin (misali, 2700K dumi fari, 6500K sanyi fari). Don LED masu launi, babban tsawon raƙuman ruwa da tsaftar launi suna da mahimmanci. Haɗin kai na launi (x, y akan zane na CIE 1931) yana ba da madaidaicin ma'anar launi. Kallon kusurwa, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya rabi mafi girman ƙimar, yana ƙayyade rarraba haske a sarari.
2.2 Ma'auni na Lantarki
Halayen lantarki sune tushe don ƙirar da'ira. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED a wani takamaiman gwajin na yanzu. Yana da mahimmanci don ƙayyade ƙarfin lantarki da ake buƙata da ƙirar wutar lantarki. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If) shine shawarar aikin na yanzu, yana rinjayar fitowar haske da tsawon rayuwar na'urar kai tsaye. Ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr) yana ƙayyade matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da aka yarda a cikin alkiblar da aka juya baya don hana lalacewa. Juriyar motsi kuma na iya zama mahimmanci don daidaitaccen ƙa'idar na yanzu a cikin wasu nau'ikan direba.
2.3 Halayen Zafi
Aikin LED da tsawon rayuwa sun dogara sosai akan sarrafa zafi. Juriyar zafi daga haɗin gwiwa zuwa yanayi (RθJA) tana ƙididdige yadda ake canja wurin zafi daga haɗin gwiwar semiconductor zuwa muhallin da ke kewaye. Ƙananan ƙimar yana nuna mafi kyawun watsi da zafi. Matsakaicin zafin haɗin gwiwa (Tj max) shine matsakaicin zafin jiki mafi girma da guntun LED zai iya jurewa ba tare da lalacewa ko gazawa na dindindin ba. Yin aiki da LED a ƙasa da wannan zafin jiki, yawanci tare da babban gefen aminci, yana da mahimmanci don aminci.
3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba
Bambance-bambancen masana'antu suna buƙatar tsarin rarraba don rarraba LED masu kamanceceniya da halaye.
3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Raƙuman Ruwa/Zazzabin Launi
Ana rarraba LED zuwa kwandon aiki bisa daidaitattun haɗin kai na launi ko CCT. Wannan yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin samarwa guda ɗaya da kuma a cikin rukunoni daban-daban. Ana buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfan rarraba don aikace-aikacen da daidaitawar launi ke da mahimmanci, kamar hasken baya na nuni ko hasken gine-gine.
3.2 Rarraba Ƙarfin Hasken Hasken
Hakanan ana rarraba LED bisa ga fitowar haske a daidaitaccen gwajin na yanzu. Wannan yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar abubuwan da suka dace da takamaiman buƙatun haske kuma yana ba da damar yin hasashen aiki a cikin samfurinsu na ƙarshe.
3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba
Rarraba LED ta hanyar kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana taimakawa wajen ƙirar da'irar direba mafi inganci, musamman lokacin da aka haɗa LED da yawa a jere, saboda yana rage rashin daidaiton na yanzu.
4. Bincike Mai zurfi na Lankwasa Aiki
Bayanan hoto yana ba da zurfin fahimtar halayen na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.
4.1 Halayen Lankwasa na Yanzu da Ƙarfin Lantarki (I-V)
Wannan lankwasa yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. Ba mai layi ba ne, yana nuna ƙofar kunna ƙarfin lantarki. Gangaren lankwasa a yankin aiki yana da alaƙa da juriyar motsi. Wannan jadawali yana da mahimmanci don zaɓar abubuwan iyakance na yanzu ko ƙirar direbobi masu ƙarfin lantarki na dindindin.
4.2 Dogaro da Zafin Jiki
Lankwasan da ke nuna bambancin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, ƙarfin hasken haske, da babban tsawon raƙuman ruwa tare da zafin haɗin gwiwa suna da mahimmanci. Yawanci, ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana raguwa tare da ƙara zafin jiki, yayin da fitowar haske kuma yana raguwa. Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙar shine mabuɗin ƙirar ramuwa na zafi a cikin da'irar direba don kiyaye daidaiton haske da launi.
4.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Hasken Ra'ayi (SPD)
Jadawalin SPD yana zana ƙarfin haske a matsayin aikin tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Don fararen LED (sau da yawa shuɗi chip + phosphor), yana nuna kololuwar shuɗi da mafi faɗin bakan da aka canza phosphor. Ana amfani da wannan bayanin don ƙididdige ma'anar nuna launi (CRI) da sauran ma'auni na ingancin launi.
5. Bayanin Injiniya da Marufi
Ƙayyadaddun bayanan zahiri suna tabbatar da haɗin kai mai kyau cikin samfurin ƙarshe.
5.1 Zanen Tsarin Girma
Cikakken zanen injiniya yana ba da daidaitattun ma'auni ciki har da tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, da duk wani mahimmanci mai mahimmanci. Yana ƙayyade wuri da girman abubuwan gani kamar ruwan tabarau ko kumfa.
5.2 Tsarin Kafet ɗin da Ƙirar Kafet ɗin Solder
5.3 Gano Polarity
Alamar bayyananne na anode da cathode yana da mahimmanci. Yawanci ana nuna wannan ta hanyar alamar gani a jikin ɓangaren (misali, tsaga, ɗigo, ko gefen da aka yi wa bevel) da/ko siffofin kafet ɗin da ba su da daidaituwa a cikin sawun ƙafa.
6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa
6.1 Bayanin Siffar Solder na Reflow
An ƙayyade shawarar siffar zafin jiki na reflow, gami da dumama, jiƙa, kololuwar zafin jiki na reflow, da ƙimar sanyaya. Matsakaicin zafin jiki da lokacin da ya wuce ruwa suna da mahimmanci don hana lalacewa ga kunshin LED, ruwan tabarau, ko haɗin gwiwar ciki.
6.2 Kariya da Gudanarwa
Jagororin sun haɗa da kariya daga fitar da lantarki mai tsauri (ESD), guje wa matsin lamba na injiniya akan ruwan tabarau, da hanyoyin tsaftacewa masu dacewa da kayan kunshin.
6.3 Yanayin Ajiya
An ba da shawarar kewayon zafin jiki da zafi don ajiya na dogon lokaci don hana ɗaukar danshi (wanda zai iya haifar da \"popcorning\" yayin reflow) da sauran lalacewa.
7. Bayanin Kunshin da Oda
7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Bayanin Kunshin
Cikakkun bayanai kan kunshin tef da reel (misali, diamita na reel, tazarar aljihu, alkibla) ko wasu hanyoyin kunshin da yawa da ake amfani da su don haɗawa ta atomatik.
7.2 Bayanin Alamar
Bayanin lambobin da aka buga akan alamun reel ko akwatuna, waɗanda galibi sun haɗa da lambar sashi, lambar kuri'a, lambobin kwandon, adadi, da lambar kwanan wata.
7.3 Tsarin Lambar Sashi
Rarrabuwar lambar samfurin ɓangaren, yana nuna yadda filayen daban-daban suke ɓoye halaye kamar launi, kwandon ƙarfin haske, kwandon ƙarfin lantarki, nau'in kunshin, da fasali na musamman.
8. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace
8.1 Da'irar Aikace-aikacen Yau da Kullun
Zane-zane don da'irar tuƙi na asali, kamar amfani da resistor na jere tare da tushen ƙarfin lantarki na dindindin ko amfani da na'urar LED ta musamman mai ƙarfin lantarki na dindindin. An tattauna la'akari don haɗin jere/ layi daya.
8.2 La'akari da Ƙira
Mahimman abubuwan sun haɗa da sarrafa zafi (tsarin PCB don zubar da zafi, amfani da ramukan zafi), ƙirar gani (zaɓin ruwan tabarau, tazara), da ƙirar lantarki (kariya daga ƙarfin lantarki na shiga, dacewar hanyar dusar ƙanƙara).
9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance
Yayin da ba a ba da takamaiman bayanan abokin hamayya a nan ba, takardar bayanai mai ƙarfi na iya nuna mahimman fa'idodi. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da mafi girman ingancin haske (lumens a kowace watt), mafi girman ingancin launi (manyan ƙimar CRI da R9), mafi ƙarfin daidaiton launi (ƙananan matakan rarraba), ƙananan juriyar zafi don mafi kyawun aiki a manyan ƙarfin lantarki, ko ingantattun ma'auni na aminci (tsawon rayuwa na L70/B50).
10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)
Wannan sashe yana magance tambayoyin gama gari bisa ga ma'auni na fasaha. Misalai: \"Yaya aikin na yanzu ke shafar tsawon rayuwa?\" (Amsa: Babban na yanzu yana ƙara zafin haɗin gwiwa, yana haɓaka raguwar lumen). \"Zan iya tuƙi wannan LED da tushen ƙarfin lantarki?\" (Amsa: Ba kai tsaye ba; tsarin iyakance na yanzu kamar resistor ko direba ya zama dole saboda halayen I-V na LED). \"Me ke haifar da canjin launi akan lokaci?\" (Amsa: Da farko lalacewar phosphor da canje-canje a cikin kaddarorin semiconductor a manyan yanayin zafin haɗin gwiwa).
11. Nazarin Shari'o'in Aikace-aikace na Aiki
Misali 1: Hasken Cikin Mota. Ƙirar tana buƙatar takamaiman kwandon zafin launi don dacewa da wasu hanyoyin haske, ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki, da babban aminci a kan faɗin kewayon zafin jiki (-40°C zuwa +85°C). Ana amfani da bayanan rarraba kayan da halayen zafin jiki don zaɓar madaidaicin mataki.
Misali 2: Fitilar Masana'antu mai Girma. Fifiko shine babban ingancin haske da tsawon rayuwa don rage kuɗin makamashi da kulawa. Ƙirar tana amfani da matsakaicin bayanan na yanzu da juriyar zafi don ƙididdige girman girman zafin da ake buƙata don kiyaye zafin haɗin gwiwa a ƙasa da shawarar matsakaicin don tsawon rayuwar da aka yi niyya.
12. Gabatarwa da Ka'idar Aiki
LED diode ne na semiconductor. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, electrons daga kayan nau'in n suna haɗuwa tare da ramuka daga kayan nau'in p a cikin yankin aiki, suna sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Tsawon raƙuman ruwa (launi) na hasken da aka fitar yana ƙayyade ta hanyar bandgap na makamashi na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su (misali, InGaN don shuɗi/kore, AlInGaP don ja/amber). Fararen LED galibi ana ƙirƙira su ta hanyar lulluɓe guntun LED shuɗi da phosphor rawaya; cakuda shuɗi da hasken da aka canza rawaya yana bayyana fari ga idon ɗan adam.
13. Trends na Fasaha
Masana'antar LED tana ci gaba da haɓakawa. Muhimman abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da ci gaba da inganta ingancin haske, suna tafiya zuwa iyakokin ka'idar. Akwai babban mayar da hankali kan haɓaka ingancin launi, tare da manyan LED na CRI suna zama ma'auni a yawancin aikace-aikace. Ƙananan ƙira yana ci gaba, yana ba da damar sabbin siffofi a cikin nuni da ƙananan haske. Haɗin kai wani trend ne, tare da kunshin modules haɗa LED, direbobi, na'urori masu auna firikwensin, da na'urorin gani. Bugu da ƙari, bincike a cikin sabbin kayan kamar perovskites don LED na gaba da haɓaka micro-LED don nuni mai ƙima mai girma suna wakiltar manyan alkiblan gaba. Takardun rayuwar kayan, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin PDF da aka bayar, suna ƙarfafa wannan ƙirƙira ta hanyar tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali da bin diddigin kowane tsarin samfur.
Kalmomin Ƙayyadaddun LED
Cikakken bayanin kalmomin fasaha na LED
Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki
| Kalma | Naúrar/Wakilci | Bayanin Sauri | Me yasa yake da muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ingancin Hasken Wuta | lm/W (lumen kowace watt) | Fitowar haske kowace watt na wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin mafi ingancin kuzari. | Kai tsaye yana ƙayyade matakin ingancin kuzari da farashin wutar lantarki. |
| Gudun Hasken Wuta | lm (lumen) | Jimillar hasken da tushe ke fitarwa, ana kiransa "haske". | Yana ƙayyade ko hasken yana da haske sosai. |
| Kusurwar Dubawa | ° (digiri), misali 120° | Kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabi, yana ƙayyade faɗin haske. | Yana shafar kewar haskakawa da daidaito. |
| Zafin Launi (CCT) | K (Kelvin), misali 2700K/6500K | Zafi/sanyin haske, ƙananan ƙimomi rawaya/zafi, mafi girma fari/sanyi. | Yana ƙayyade yanayin haskakawa da yanayin da suka dace. |
| CI / Ra | Ba naúrar, 0–100 | Ikon ba da launukan abubuwa daidai, Ra≥80 yana da kyau. | Yana shafar sahihancin launi, ana amfani dashi a wurare masu buƙatu kamar shaguna, gidajen tarihi. |
| SDCM | Matakan ellipse MacAdam, misali "5-mataki" | Ma'aunin daidaiton launi, ƙananan matakai suna nufin mafi daidaiton launi. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin LED iri ɗaya. |
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Raɗaɗin Hasken | nm (nanomita), misali 620nm (ja) | Tsawon raɗaɗin haske daidai da launin LED masu launi. | Yana ƙayyade launin ja, rawaya, kore LED masu launi ɗaya. |
| Rarraba Bakan Hasken | Layin tsawon raɗaɗi da ƙarfi | Yana nuna rarraba ƙarfi a cikin tsawon raɗaɗin haske. | Yana shafar ba da launi da ingancin launi. |
Ma'auni na Lantarki
| Kalma | Alamar | Bayanin Sauri | Abubuwan ƙira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | Vf | Mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki don kunna LED, kamar "maƙallan farawa". | Ƙarfin lantarki na injin dole ya zama ≥Vf, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙara don LED a jere. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | If | Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki don aikin LED na yau da kullun. | Yawanci tuƙi mai ƙarfi akai-akai, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙayyade haske da tsawon rai. |
| Matsakaicin Ƙarfin lantarki na bugun jini | Ifp | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai jurewa na ɗan lokaci, ana amfani dashi don duhu ko walƙiya. | Fadin bugun jini da sake zagayowar aiki dole ne a sarrafa su sosai don guje wa lalacewa. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na baya | Vr | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya da LED zai iya jurewa, wanda ya wuce zai iya haifar da rushewa. | Dangane dole ne ya hana haɗin baya ko ƙarfin lantarki. |
| Juriya na zafi | Rth (°C/W) | Juriya ga canja wurin zafi daga guntu zuwa solder, ƙasa yana da kyau. | Babban juriya na zafi yana buƙatar zubar da zafi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rigakafin ESD | V (HBM), misali 1000V | Ikon jurewa zubar da wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin ƙasa mai rauni. | Ana buƙatar matakan hana wutar lantarki a cikin samarwa, musamman ga LED masu hankali. |
Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa
| Kalma | Ma'aunin maɓalli | Bayanin Sauri | Tasiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zazzabin Haɗin gwiwa | Tj (°C) | Ainihin yanayin aiki a cikin guntun LED. | Kowane raguwa 10°C na iya ninka tsawon rai; yayi yawa yana haifar da lalacewar haske, canjin launi. |
| Ragewar Lumen | L70 / L80 (sa'o'i) | Lokacin da haske ya ragu zuwa 70% ko 80% na farko. | Kai tsaye yana ayyana "tsawon sabis" na LED. |
| Kula da Lumen | % (misali 70%) | Kashi na hasken da aka riƙe bayan lokaci. | Yana nuna riƙon haske akan amfani na dogon lokaci. |
| Canjin Launi | Δu′v′ ko ellipse MacAdam | Matsakaicin canjin launi yayin amfani. | Yana shafar daidaiton launi a cikin yanayin haskakawa. |
| Tsufa na Zafi | Lalacewar kayan aiki | Lalacewa saboda yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci. | Zai iya haifar da raguwar haske, canjin launi, ko gazawar buɗe kewaye. |
Tufafi & Kayan Aiki
| Kalma | Nau'ikan gama gari | Bayanin Sauri | Siffofi & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nau'in Kunshin | EMC, PPA, Yumbu | Kayan gida masu kare guntu, samar da hanyar sadarwa ta gani/zafi. | EMC: juriya mai kyau na zafi, farashi mai rahusa; Yumbu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, tsawon rai. |
| Tsarin Guntu | Gaba, Guntu Juyawa | Tsarin na'urorin lantarki na guntu. | Juyawar guntu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, inganci mafi girma, don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rufin Phosphor | YAG, Silicate, Nitride | Yana rufe guntu shuɗi, yana canza wasu zuwa rawaya/ja, yana haɗa su zuwa fari. | Phosphor daban-daban suna shafar inganci, CCT, da CRI. |
| Ruwan tabarau/Optics | Lefi, Microlens, TIR | Tsarin gani a saman yana sarrafa rarraba haske. | Yana ƙayyade kusurwar dubawa da layin rarraba haske. |
Kula da Inganci & Rarraba
| Kalma | Abun rarraba | Bayanin Sauri | Manufa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kwalin Gudun Hasken | Lambar misali 2G, 2H | An tattara su ta hanyar haske, kowace ƙungiya tana da ƙananan/matsakaicin ƙimar lumen. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin jeri ɗaya. |
| Kwalin Ƙarfin lantarki | Lambar misali 6W, 6X | An tattara su ta hanyar kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. | Yana sauƙaƙe daidaitawar tuƙi, yana inganta ingancin tsarin. |
| Kwalin Launi | Ellipse MacAdam 5-mataki | An tattara su ta hanyar daidaitattun launi, yana tabbatar da ƙuntataccen kewayon. | Yana ba da garantin daidaiton launi, yana guje wa launi mara daidaituwa a cikin kayan aikin. |
| Kwalin CCT | 2700K, 3000K da sauransu | An tattara su ta hanyar CCT, kowanne yana da madaidaicin kewayon daidaitawa. | Yana cika buƙatun CCT na yanayi daban-daban. |
Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida
| Kalma | Matsakaicin/Gwaji | Bayanin Sauri | Muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| LM-80 | Gwajin kula da lumen | Haskakawa na dogon lokaci a yanayin zafi akai-akai, yana rikodin lalacewar haske. | Ana amfani dashi don kimanta rayuwar LED (tare da TM-21). |
| TM-21 | Matsakaicin kimanta rayuwa | Yana kimanta rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na ainihi bisa bayanan LM-80. | Yana ba da hasashen kimiyya na rayuwa. |
| IESNA | Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Haskakawa | Yana rufe hanyoyin gwajin gani, lantarki, zafi. | Tushen gwaji da masana'antu suka amince. |
| RoHS / REACH | Tabbatarwar muhalli | Yana tabbatar da babu abubuwa masu cutarwa (darma, mercury). | Bukatar shiga kasuwa a duniya. |
| ENERGY STAR / DLC | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari da aiki don samfuran haskakawa. | Ana amfani dashi a cikin sayayyan gwamnati, shirye-shiryen tallafi, yana haɓaka gasa. |