Takaddun Bayanin Kayan LED - Sake Dubawa na 2 na Tsawon Rayuwa - Lokacin Karewa na Har Abada - Takaddun Fasaha na Turanci

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Wannan takaddar fasaha tana ba da cikakkun ƙayyadaddun bayanai game da kayan LED (Light-Emitting Diode). Babban abin da wannan takaddar ta mayar da hankali akai shi ne bayyana sarrafa tsawon rayuwar samfur, sarrafa sake dubawa, da matsayin samuwa na dogon lokaci. An ƙera wannan kayan ne don aikace-aikacen haskakawa da nuni na gabaɗaya, yana ba da ingantaccen aiki da kaddarorin da suka daɗe a tsawon rayuwarsa na aiki. Babban fa'idar wannan samfurin yana cikin bayaninsa na "Har Abada" na lokacin karewa, wanda ke nuna cewa za a ci gaba da samun wannan takamaiman sake dubawa ko tallafi har abada. Wannan muhimmin abu ne ga ƙirar samfuran dogon lokaci da tsara hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki a masana'antu kamar na'urorin lantarki na masu amfani, hasken motoci, da sarrafa masana'antu. Kasuwar da ake nufi ta haɗa da masana'antun kayan haskakawa, ƙungiyoyin lantarki, da duk wani aikace-aikace da ke buƙatar samun kayan haskakawa na lantarki masu daɗewa.

2. Fassarar Ma'auni na Fasaha Mai zurfi

Duk da cewa abin da aka samo daga PDF ya mayar da hankali kan bayanan gudanarwa, cikakken takaddar bayanan LED yawanci zai haɗa da cikakkun ma'auni na fasaha. Sashin da ke gaba yana bayyana ma'auni na yau da kullun waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga injiniyoyin ƙira, bisa ga ƙayyadaddun LED na masana'antu.

2.1 Halayen Haske da Launi

Halayen haske suna ayyana fitar da haske da ingancinsa. Mahimman ma'auni sun haɗa da ƙarfin haske (wanda aka auna a cikin lumens, lm), wanda ke nuna jimillar ƙarfin haske da ake fitarwa. Zazzabin launi mai alaƙa (CCT), wanda aka auna a cikin Kelvin (K), yana ayyana ko hasken ya zama mai dumi (misali, 2700K-3000K), tsaka-tsaki (misali, 4000K-4500K), ko sanyi (misali, 5000K-6500K). Ma'auni na Nuna Launi (CRI) shine ma'aunin ikon hasken don bayyana launukan abubuwa daban-daban da gaskiya idan aka kwatanta da hasken halitta, tare da mafi girman ƙimar Ra (yawanci >80 don haskakawa na gabaɗaya) yana da kyau. Tsawon raɗin haske ko kololuwar tsawon raɗi yana ƙayyadad da launin hasken da ake fitarwa (misali, 450nm don shuɗi, 525nm don kore, 630nm don ja). Ga LED ɗin fari, ana ba da ma'auni na launi (x, y) akan zanen sararin launi na CIE 1931 don tabbatar da daidaiton launi.

2.2 Ma'auni na Lantarki

Ma'auni na lantarki suna da mahimmanci ga ƙirar da'ira. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake fitar da haske a takamaiman ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If). Wannan ma'auni yana da ƙima ta yau da kullun da kuma iyaka (misali, 3.0V zuwa 3.4V a 20mA). Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If) shine ƙarfin lantarki na aiki da aka ba da shawarar, kuma wuce iyakar ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba zai iya rage tsawon rayuwa sosai ko haifar da gazawar nan take. Ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr) shine matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da LED zai iya jurewa lokacin da aka haɗa shi cikin karkatar da baya ba tare da lalacewa ba. Ana lissafta ɓarnawar wutar lantarki kamar Vf * If kuma dole ne a sarrafa ta ta hanyar zafi.

2.3 Halayen Zafi

Ayyukan LED da tsawon rayuwarsa sun dogara sosai akan zazzabin haɗuwa (Tj). Juriyar zafi daga haɗuwa zuwa yanayi (RθJA) ko haɗuwa zuwa wurin solder (RθJS) yana nuna yadda zafi zai iya fita daga haɗuwar semiconductor. Ƙananan juriyar zafi yana da kyau. Matsakaicin zazzabin haɗuwa da aka yarda (Tj max) shine mafi girman zafin da guntun LED zai iya ɗauka ba tare da lalacewa ta dindindin ba. Ana buƙatar isasshen hanyar sanyaya zafi don kiyaye Tj cikin iyakoki masu aminci, saboda hauhawar yanayin zafi yana haifar da raguwar ƙarfin haske, canjin launi, da rage tsawon rayuwar aiki.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

Samar da LED yana haifar da bambance-bambance. Binning shine tsarin rarraba LED zuwa ƙungiyoyi (kwantena) bisa mahimman ma'auni don tabbatar da daidaito a cikin rukunin samarwa.

3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Raɗin Haske/Zazzabin Launi

Ana rarraba LED bisa ma'auni na launinsu akan zanen CIE. Ga LED ɗin fari, wannan sau da yawa yayi daidai da ellipses na MacAdam (misali, mataki 2, mataki 3, mataki 5), inda ƙaramin lambar mataki ke nuna ƙarfin daidaiton launi. Ga LED ɗin launi ɗaya, ana ayyana kwantena ta hanyar kewayon tsawon raɗi (misali, 620-625nm, 626-630nm).

3.2 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske (Luminous Flux)

Ana rarraba LED bisa fitowar haskensu a daidaitaccen gwajin ƙarfin lantarki. Ana yiwa kwantena lakabi da lambobi (misali, L1, L2, M1, M2) waɗanda ke wakiltar mafi ƙarancin da matsakaicin ƙimar ƙarfin haske. Wannan yana ba masu zane damar zaɓar madaidaicin matakin haske don aikace-aikacensu.

3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (Forward Voltage)

Don sauƙaƙe ƙirar mai turawa da tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin jeri, ana kuma rarraba LED ta ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf). Kwantena na gama gari suna haɗa Vf a cikin takamaiman iyaka (misali, 2.8V-3.0V, 3.0V-3.2V). Yin amfani da LED daga kwandon Vf ɗaya yana taimakawa hana cin ƙarfin lantarki a cikin tsararrun layi daya.

4. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Ayyuka

Bayanan hoto yana ba da zurfin fahimtar halayen LED a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

4.1 Lanƙwasa Halayen Ƙarfin Lantarki da Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki (I-V)

Wannan lanƙwasa tana nuna alaƙar tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If) da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf). Ba ta da layi, tana nuna ƙarfin lantarki na gwiwa wanda ƙasa da shi ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki ke gudana. Gangaren lanƙwasa a yankin aiki yana taimakawa tantance juriya mai ƙarfi. Wannan jadawalin yana da mahimmanci ga ƙirar masu turawa na yau da kullun.

4.2 Halayen Dogaro da Zazzabi

Wasu jadawalai suna nuna tasirin zazzabi. Ƙarfin haske da zazzabin haɗuwa yawanci suna nuna raguwar fitarwa yayin da zazzabi ya ƙaru. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da zazzabin haɗuwa yawanci suna nuna ƙimar mara kyau (Vf yana raguwa yayin da Tj ya ƙaru). Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙoƙin yana da mahimmanci ga sarrafa zafi da ƙirar haske.

4.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske ta Tsawon Raɗi (SPD)

Jadawalin SPD yana nuna ƙarfin haske da aka fitar a kowane tsawon raɗi. Ga LED ɗin fari (yawanci canza phosphor), yana nuna kololuwar shuɗi daga guntun da kuma mafi faɗin kololuwar rawaya/ja daga phosphor. Ana amfani da wannan jadawalin don lissafin CCT, CRI, da sauran ma'auni na launi.

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

Girman jiki da cikakkun bayanan gini suna tabbatar da daidaitaccen tsari na PCB da haɗawa.

5.1 Zanen Girman Siffar

Cikakken zanen injiniya yana ba da duk mahimman girma: tsawon kunshin, faɗi, tsayi, siffar ruwan tabarau, da duk wani rangwame. Kunshin na yau da kullun na na'urar da aka ɗora a saman (SMD) sun haɗa da 2835, 3535, 5050, da sauransu, inda lambobi sukan nufin tsayi da faɗi a cikin kashi goma na milimita (misali, 2.8mm x 3.5mm).

5.2 Tsarin Shafin Ƙarfe da Ƙirar Ƙarfe (Pad Layout)

Ana ba da shafin ƙafar PCB da aka ba da shawarar (tsarin ƙasa), gami da girman shafin, siffa, tazara, da duk wani shawarar shafin zafi. Daidaitaccen tsarin ƙasa yana tabbatar da ingantaccen haɗin solder da ingantaccen canja wurin zafi zuwa PCB.

5.3 Gano Ƙarshen Lantarki (Polarity)

An ƙayyade hanyar gano tashoshi na anode (+) da cathode (-). Wannan yawanci alama ce akan kunshin (misali, kore ɗigo, tsaga, yanke kusurwa, ko alamar "T") ko bambanci a tsawon jagora ko girman shafin.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Daidaitaccen sarrafawa yana tabbatar da ingancin ɓangaren da amincin dogon lokaci.

6.1 Bayanin Yanayin Solder na Reflow

An ba da cikakken bayanin zazzabi da lokaci, yana ƙayyadad da matakan preheat, jiƙa, sake kwarara, da sanyaya. Mahimman ma'auni sun haɗa da kololuwar zazzabi (yawanci 260°C matsakaici don solder mara gubar), lokacin da ya wuce ruwa (TAL), da ƙimar hawan. Bin wannan bayanin yana hana girgiza zafi da lalacewa.

6.2 Abubuwan Kula da Bayanan Sarrafawa

Jagororin sun haɗa da: guje wa matsin lamba na injiniya akan ruwan tabarau, amfani da matakan kariya daga ESD kamar yadda LED ke da hankali ga lantarki, shawarwarin tsaftacewa (guje wa wasu kaushi waɗanda zasu iya lalata ruwan tabarau ko kunshe), da kada a taɓa saman gani da hannu mara kyau.

6.3 Yanayin Ajiya

Sharuɗɗan ajiya da aka ba da shawarar don hana ɗaukar danshi (wanda zai iya haifar da "popcorning" yayin sake kwarara) da lalacewar kayan. Wannan sau da yawa ya haɗa da ajiya a cikin yanayi mai bushewa (<40°C da<60% danshin yanayi) a cikin jakunkunan hana danshi tare da busassun abu.

7. Bayanin Kunshin da Oda

Bayanai don saye da dabaru.

7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Kunshin

Yana bayyana tsarin kunshin, kamar tef da reel (girman daidaitawa: 7", 13", 15" reels), kaddarorin hana lantarki, adadin kowane reel (misali, 2000 pcs/reel), da girma na reel.

7.2 Alama da Alamomi

Yana bayyana alamomin da ke kan ɓangaren kanta (sau da yawa lamba 2 ko 3 da ke nuna bayanin rarraba) da alamomin da ke kan kunshin (gami da lambar sashi, lambar kuri'a, lambar kwanan wata, adadi, da lambobin kwantena).

7.3 Tsarin Lambar Sashi (Part Number)

Yana fassara tsarin lambar sashi. Lambar sashi ta yau da kullun tana haɗa da lambobi don nau'in kunshin, launi, kwandon ƙarfin haske, kwandon zazzabin launi, kwandon ƙarfin lantarki, kuma wani lokacin fasali na musamman. Fahimtar wannan yana ba da damar yin oda daidai ga ƙayyadaddun bayanin da ake buƙata.

8. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace

Jagora don aiwatar da ɓangaren yadda ya kamata.

8.1 Da'irori na Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

Zane-zane na da'irori na turawa na asali, kamar amfani da resistor na jeri tare da tushen ƙarfin lantarki na yau da kullun ko amfani da takamaiman IC mai turawa LED na yau da kullun. An tattauna abubuwan da ake kula da haɗin jeri/layi ɗaya.

8.2 Abubuwan da Ake Kula da Zane

Mahimman abubuwa sun haɗa da: sarrafa zafi ta hanyar yankin tagulla na PCB ko heatsinks na waje, ƙirar haske don tsarin hasken da ake so, dacewar hanyar dushe haske (PWM da analog), da kariya daga ƙarfin lantarki na wucin gadi (ESD, ƙaruwa).

9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Duk da cewa an ƙyale sunayen takara na musamman, wannan sashe yana nuna fa'idodin ƙirar wannan ɓangaren bisa ga ƙayyadaddun ma'auninsa. Wannan na iya haɗawa da ingantaccen inganci (lumens a kowace watt), mafi kyawun daidaiton launi (ƙarfin rarraba), ƙananan juriyar zafi, mafi kyawun bayanan aminci (rayuwar L70/B50), ko fasali na musamman kamar matsayin tsawon rayuwa na "Har Abada" da aka ambata a cikin PDF, wanda ke tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na ƙira na dogon lokaci.

10. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQs)

Amsoshi ga tambayoyin fasaha na gama gari bisa ga ma'auni na takaddar bayanai.

• Q: Me ake nufi da "Matakin Tsawon Rayuwa: Sake Dubawa na 2"?
  
  A: Yana nuna cewa wannan shine babban sake dubawa na biyu na takaddun samfur da/ko ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Canje-canje daga Sake Dubawa na 1 za a rubuta su a cikin sashen tarihin sake dubawa.
• Q: Me ake nufi da "Lokacin Karewa: Har Abada"?
  
  A: Wannan yana nuna cewa wannan ɓangaren, a cikin wannan takamaiman sake dubawa, ba a shirya shi don lalacewa kuma zai ci gaba da kasancewa don siye har abada, ko kuma ƙayyadaddun bayanansa sun daskare kuma suna da inganci har abada don tunani.
• Q: Ta yaya zan zaɓi kwandon da ya dace don aikace-aikacena?
  
  A: Zaɓi bisa ga fifikonku: don aikace-aikace masu mahimmanci na launi (misali, hasken kantin sayar da kayayyaki), fifita ƙuntataccen kwandon CCT/CRI. Don aikace-aikace masu hankali ga farashi tare da ƙarancin buƙatun launi, ƙarin faɗin kwandon na iya zama abin karɓa. Don daidaiton haske a cikin jeri, yi amfani da kwandon ƙarfin haske ɗaya.
• Q: Shin zan iya turawa LED sama da ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki da aka ƙayyade don ƙarin haske?
  
  A: A'a. Wuce matsakaicin ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba zai ƙara zazzabin haɗuwa sosai, yana haifar da saurin raguwar ƙarfin haske, canjin launi, da gazawar bala'i. Koyaushe ku yi aiki a cikin iyakoki da aka ƙayyade.
• Q: Yaya muhimmanci shafin zafi akan PCB?
  
  A> Muhimmi. Shafin zafi shine babbar hanyar kawar da zafi. Shafin da aka ƙera daidai tare da isassun ramuka masu haɗawa zuwa filayen ƙasa na ciki yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye ƙananan zazzabin haɗuwa da cimma ƙayyadaddun tsawon rayuwa da aiki.

11. Nazarin Lamuran Aikace-aikace na Ainihi

Misali na 1: Kayan Hasken LED na Layi. Mai zane yana amfani da wannan LED a cikin kayan aikin bututu mai ƙafa 4. Ta hanyar zaɓar LED daga kwandon CCT ɗaya mai ƙarfi (mataki 3 na MacAdam), suna tabbatar da daidaitaccen hasken fari a tsawon duka. Kwantena masu inganci suna ba su damar cika buƙatun lambar makamashi. Tsawon rayuwa na "Har Abada" yana tabbatar wa masana'antar kayan aikin kwanciyar hankali na lissafin kayan don shekaru na samarwa.

Example 2: Hasken Cikin Mota. Ana amfani da LED don fitilun taswira da fitilun ƙofar. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun bayanai don kewayon yanayin zafi na aiki da babban bayanan aminci sun sa ya dace da mummunan yanayin mota. Daidaitaccen rarraba Vf yana sauƙaƙe ƙirar da'irar mai turawa don LED da yawa a layi daya.

12. Gabatarwa da Ka'idar Aiki

LED diode ne na haɗuwar semiconductor p-n. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, electrons daga yankin n-type da ramuka daga yankin p-type ana shigar da su cikin yankin haɗuwa. Lokacin da waɗannan masu ɗaukar caji suka sake haɗuwa, ana sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Tsawon raɗin haske (launi) da ake fitarwa yana ƙaddara ta hanyar tazarar ƙarfin makamashi na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su (misali, InGaN don shuɗi/kore, AlInGaP don ja/amber). LED ɗin fari yawanci ana ƙirƙira su ta hanyar lulluɓe guntun LED shuɗi da phosphor rawaya; wasu daga cikin hasken shuɗi ana canza su zuwa rawaya, kuma cakuda shuɗi da hasken rawaya ana ganinsa a matsayin fari.

13. Trends na Ci gaban Fasaha

Masana'antar LED tana ci gaba da haɓakawa tare da wasu bayyanannun trends. Ingantaccen inganci (lumens a kowace watt) yana ƙaruwa akai-akai, yana rage amfani da makamashi don fitar da haske ɗaya. Ingancin launi yana inganta, tare da LED masu babban CRI (Ra>90, R9>50) suna zama mafi girma da araha. Ƙananan ƙirar yana ci gaba, yana ba da damar mafi girman yawan pixel a cikin nuni kai tsaye. Akwai mai da hankali sosai kan aminci da tsinkayar tsawon rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na damuwa. Bugu da ƙari, haske mai hankali da haɗin kai, haɗa na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ka'idojin sadarwa kai tsaye tare da ƙungiyoyin LED, yanki ne na aikace-aikace mai girma. Trend zuwa haske mai da hankali ga ɗan adam, wanda ke la'akari da tasirin hasken da ba na gani ba akan yanayin circadian, shima yana haifar da iyawar daidaita haske a cikin samfuran LED.