Bayanin LED - Tsarin Rayuwa Sashi na 3 - Ranar Saki 2014-12-05 - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayanin Samfur

Wannan takardar fasaha tana ba da cikakkun ƙayyadaddun bayanai da jagorori don kayan LED (Light-Emitting Diode). Babban aikin wannan kayan shine fitar da haske lokacin da wutar lantarki ta wuce ta cikinsa. LEDs na'urorin semiconductor ne waɗanda ke canza makamashin lantarki zuwa haske mai gani, suna ba da fa'idodi a cikin inganci, tsawon rayuwa, da aminci idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin haske na gargajiya. Babban fa'idodin wannan takamaiman kayan sun haɗa da kwanciyar hankali a cikin aiki a tsawon rayuwarsa da kuma daidaitattun halayen fitarwa kamar yadda tsarin rayuwarsa da matsayin bita suka ayyana. Kasuwar da aka yi niyya don wannan kayan tana kewayo da aikace-aikace daban-daban, tun daga hasken gabaɗaya da hasken baya na nunin allo zuwa fitilun nuni a cikin na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci da kayan aikin masana'antu. Tarihin bita mai daidaitawa yana nuna ƙirar samfur mai girma da kwanciyar hankali wanda ya dace da aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar dogon lokaci mai dogaro.

2. Cikakken Bincike na Ma'auni na Fasaha

Yayin da abin da aka samo daga PDF ya mayar da hankali kan bayanan metadata na takarda, takardar bayanin LED ta al'ada tana ƙunshe da sassa masu mahimmanci na ma'auni na fasaha. Binciken da ke gaba ya dogara ne akan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun masana'antu na yau da kullun don irin waɗannan sassa.

2.1 Halayen Haske da Launi

Halayen photometric suna ayyana fitarwar haske na LED. Ma'auni masu mahimmanci sun haɗa da luminous flux, wanda aka auna a lumens (lm), wanda ke nuna jimillar ƙarfin haske da ake fitarwa. Ma'anar zazzabin launi (CCT), wanda aka auna a Kelvin (K), yana bayyana yanayin launin farin haske da ake fitarwa, tun daga dumi-dumi (2700K-3000K) zuwa sanyi mai sanyi (5000K-6500K). Ga LEDs masu launi, tsayon raƙuman ruwa (dominant wavelength), wanda aka auna a nanometers (nm), yana ƙayyadad da launin da ake gani. Haɗin gwiwar launi (misali, CIE x, y) yana ba da cikakken bayanin lambobi na wurin launi akan zanen sararin launi na yau da kullun. Ma'anar ma'anar launi (CRI) shine ma'aunin yadda tushen haske ke bayyana launukan abubuwa daidai gwargwado idan aka kwatanta da tushen haske na halitta, tare da manyan ƙimomi (kusa da 100) sun fi dacewa don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar fahimtar launi na gaskiya.

2.2 Ma'auni na Lantarki

Ma'auni na lantarki suna da mahimmanci don ƙirar da'ira. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake aiki a ƙayyadadden wutar lantarki. Yawanci ana ƙayyade shi a takamaiman gwajin wutar lantarki (misali, 20mA, 150mA) kuma yana iya bambanta da zazzabi da kuma tsakanin raka'a ɗaya. Wutar lantarki ta gaba (If) ita ce wutar lantarki da aka ba da shawarar don LED, wanda ke shafar fitarwar haske kai tsaye da tsawon rayuwar na'urar. Wucewa mafi girman wutar lantarki na gaba na iya haifar da gazawa da wuri. Ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr) shine matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da LED zai iya jurewa lokacin da aka karkata shi a cikin hanyar da ba ta wucewa ba. Ragewar wutar lantarki ana ƙididdige shi azaman samfurin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da wutar lantarki na gaba, kuma yana ƙayyade nauyin zafi akan kayan.

2.3 Halayen Zafi

Ayyukan LED da tsawon rayuwa sun dogara sosai akan yanayin aiki. Zazzabin haɗin gwiwa (Tj) shine zazzabi a guntun semiconductor kanta. Kiyaye ƙananan zazzabin haɗin gwiwa yana da mahimmanci don dogon rayuwa da kwanciyar hankali na fitarwar haske. Juriya na zafi daga haɗin gwiwa zuwa yanayi (RθJA) ko haɗin gwiwa zuwa wurin solder (RθJS) yana ƙididdige yadda ake fitar da zafi daga guntun LED yadda ya kamata. Ƙananan ƙimar juriya na zafi yana nuna mafi kyawun ikon kawar da zafi. Dole ne masu ƙira su tabbatar da ingantaccen sarrafa zafi, kamar amfani da isasshen heatsink ko kushin zafi, don kiyaye zazzabin haɗin gwiwa a cikin ƙayyadadden iyaka mafi girma, sau da yawa kusan 85°C zuwa 125°C don aiki mai dogaro.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

Saboda bambance-bambancen masana'antu, ana rarraba LEDs zuwa kwandon aiki don tabbatar da daidaito ga mai amfani na ƙarshe.

3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Raƙuman Haske/Zazzabin Launi

Ana rarraba LEDs bisa ga haɗin gwiwar launi ko tsayon raƙuman ruwa. Tsarin rarraba, wanda sau da yawa MacAdam ellipse step ke ayyana (misali, mataki 3, mataki 5), yana haɗa LEDs tare da halayen launi iri ɗaya tare. Ƙaramin mataki na ellipse yana nuna mafi ƙarfi daidaiton launi a cikin kwandon. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen inda daidaiton bayyanar launi ke da mahimmanci, kamar a cikin hasken baya na nunin allo ko tsararrun hasken gine-gine.

3.2 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske (Luminous Flux)

Kwandon ƙarfin haske yana rarraba LEDs bisa ga fitarwar haske a daidaitaccen gwajin wutar lantarki. Yawanci ana ayyana kwandon ta hanyar mafi ƙarancin ƙimar ƙarfin haske da matsakaici (misali, 100-105 lm, 105-110 lm). Zaɓin LEDs daga kwandon flux ɗaya yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin taro.

3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (Forward Voltage)

Kwandon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana haɗa LEDs tare da halayen Vf iri ɗaya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don ƙira inda aka haɗa LEDs da yawa a jere, saboda ƙimar Vf marasa daidaituwa na iya haifar da rarraba wutar lantarki mara daidaituwa da haske idan ba a sarrafa su da kyau ta hanyar da'irar tuƙi ba.

4. Bincike na Lankwasa Ayyuka

Bayanan hoto yana ba da zurfin fahimta game da halayen LED a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

4.1 Lankwasa Halayen Ƙarfin Lantarki da Wutar Lantarki (I-V)

Lankwasa I-V tana nuna alaƙa tsakanin wutar lantarki ta gaba ta hanyar LED da ƙarfin lantarki a kan tashoshinta. Ba layi ne ba, yana nuna ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki wanda ƙasa da shi kaɗan ne wutar lantarki ke gudana. Gangaren lankwasa a yankin aiki yana da alaƙa da juriya mai ƙarfi na LED. Wannan lankwasa tana da mahimmanci don ƙirar direbobi masu tsayayyen wutar lantarki.

4.2 Dogaro da Zazzabi

Hotuna yawanci suna nuna yadda ma'auni masu mahimmanci ke canzawa tare da zazzabi. Ƙarfin haske gabaɗaya yana raguwa yayin da zazzabin haɗin gwiwa ya ƙaru. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yawanci yana raguwa tare da haɓakar zazzabi don yawancin nau'ikan LED. Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙa yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar tsarin da ke kiyaye aiki a cikin kewayon yanayin aiki da aka yi niyya.

4.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske ta Tsawon Raƙuman (Spectral Power Distribution - SPD)

Zanen SPD yana zana ƙarfin haske mai alaƙa da ake fitarwa a kowane tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Ga fararen LEDs (sau da yawa guntu shuɗi tare da jujjuyawar phosphor), yana nuna kololuwar shuɗi daga guntu da kuma mafi faɗin bakan fitarwa daga phosphor. Ana amfani da wannan zanen don ƙididdige bayanan launi kamar CCT da CRI.

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

Kunshin na zahiri yana tabbatar da ingantaccen haɗin lantarki da aikin zafi.

5.1 Zanen Siffar Girma

Cikakken zanen injiniya yana ba da duk mahimman girma na kunshin LED, gami da tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, da kowane lens ko geometry na dome. Ana ƙayyade jurewar kowane girma. Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar ƙafar PCB da kuma tabbatar da dacewa a cikin taron samfur na ƙarshe.

5.2 Tsarin Ƙafar Solder da Ƙirar Ƙafar Solder

An ba da shawarar tsarin ƙasa na PCB (geometry da girman ƙafar solder) don tabbatar da ingantaccen samuwar haɗin solder yayin solder reflow. Wannan ya haɗa da girman, siffa, da tazara na ƙafafun anode da cathode. Ingantaccen tsarin ƙasa yana da mahimmanci don ƙarfin injiniya, watsa wutar lantarki, da canja wurin zafi zuwa PCB.

5.3 Gano Ƙarshen Lantarki (Polarity)

Hanyar gano tashoshin anode (tabbatacce) da cathode (maras kyau) an nuna su a fili. Hanyoyin gama gari sun haɗa da alama akan kunshin (kamar notch, ɗigo, ko kusurwa mai bevel), tsayin jagora daban-daban, ko takamaiman siffar ƙafa akan zanen ƙafar. Daidai polarity yana da mahimmanci don aikin na'urar.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Ingantaccen sarrafawa da haɗawa suna da mahimmanci ga dogaro.

6.1 Bayanin Yanayin Solder na Reflow

An ba da shawarar yanayin zazzabin solder na reflow. Wannan zanen yana nuna zazzabi da lokaci, yana ayyana manyan yankuna: preheat, jiƙa, reflow (tare da kololuwar zazzabi), da sanyaya. An ƙayyade iyakokin zazzabi mafi girma da lokaci-sama da ruwa don hana lalacewar zafi ga kunshin LED, ruwan tabarau, ko kayan ciki (kamar silicone ko phosphor).

6.2 Kula da Sarrafawa da Ajiya

LEDs suna da hankali ga fitarwa na electrostatic (ESD). Jagororin sun haɗa da amfani da tashoshin aiki masu aminci na ESD, igiyoyin wuyan hannu, da kunshin. Ana iya ƙayyade matakin hankali na danshi (MSL), yana nuna tsawon lokacin da za a iya fallasa kayan ga danshin yanayi kafin a gasa shi kafin solder. Hakanan an ayyana yanayin ajiya (kewayon zazzabi da danshi) don adana solderability da aiki.

7. Bayanin Kunshin da Oda

Bayanai don saye da dabaru.

7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Kunshin

An bayyana kunshin naúrar (misali, tepe da reel, tube, tray). Cikakkun bayanai sun haɗa da girma na reel, adadin abubuwan da ke cikin kowane reel, faɗin tepe, da tazarar aljihu. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don saitin na'urar ɗauka da sanyawa ta atomatik.

7.2 Tsarin Alama da Lambar Sashi

An ƙaddara tsarin lambar sashi. Yawanci yana ƙunshe da lambobin don dangin samfur, launi, kwandon flux, kwandon ƙarfin lantarki, nau'in kunshin, kuma wani lokacin fasali na musamman. Fahimtar wannan yana ba da damar yin oda daidai gwargwado na haɗin aikin da ake buƙata. Alamun da ke kan reels ko akwatuna sun ƙunshi wannan lambar sashi, adadi, lambar kuri'a, da lambar kwanan wata don bin diddigin.

8. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace

Jagora don aiwatar da kayan yadda ya kamata.

8.1 Da'irori na Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Misalan zane-zane suna nuna daidaitattun tsarin tuƙi, kamar mai juriya na jere mai sauƙi don alamomin ƙananan wutar lantarki ko da'irori masu tuƙi masu tsayayyen wutar lantarki don aikace-aikacen mafi girman wutar lantarki. Sau da yawa ana haɗa daidaitattun ƙididdiga don zaɓar resistor mai iyakance wutar lantarki bisa ga ƙarfin lantarki da wutar LED da ake so.

8.2 Abubuwan da Ya Kamata a Yi la'akari da su a Ƙirar

Mahimman abubuwan da ya kamata a yi la'akari da su sun haɗa da sarrafa zafi (yankin jan ƙarfe na PCB, vias, heatsinks na waje), ƙirar gani (zaɓin ruwan tabarau, masu nunawa, masu watsawa don tsarin katako da ake so), da ƙirar lantarki (tabbatar da direba zai iya samar da wutar lantarki mai kwanciyar hankali, kariya daga ƙarfin lantarki na wucin gadi ko polarity na baya).

9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Yayin da aka bar sunayen abokan hamayya na musamman, ana iya haskaka fa'idodin asali na wannan fasahar LED. Idan aka kwatanta da tsofaffin tsararrakin LED ko madadin haske kamar ƙwan fitila, wannan kayan yana iya ba da mafi girman inganci na haske (ƙarin lumens a kowace watt), tsawon rayuwar aiki (sau da yawa ana ƙididdige shi a L70 ko L50, ma'ana lokacin har sai fitarwar haske ta ragu zuwa 70% ko 50% na farko), mafi kyawun daidaiton launi saboda ingantaccen rarraba, da kuma mafi ƙaramin siffar siffar da ke ba da damar ƙira samfur mai kyau.

10. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQ)

Amsoshi ga tambayoyin fasaha na gama gari bisa ga ma'auni na takardar bayanin.

Q: Me 'Tsarin Rayuwa Sashi: Bita na 3' ke nufi?

A: Yana nuna cewa wannan shine babban bita na uku na takardun fasaha na samfur. Bita yawanci ya haɗa da ingantattun ƙira, sabunta bayanan gwaji, ko bayyanawa. 'Bita na 3' yana nuna samfur mai girma, mai kwanciyar hankali tare da ingantaccen ƙayyadaddun bayanai.

Q: Ta yaya zan zaɓi daidai resistor mai iyakance wutar lantarki?

A: Yi amfani da Dokar Ohm: R = (Vsupply - Vf) / If. Inda Vsupply shine ƙarfin lantarki na da'irar ku, Vf shine ƙarfin lantarki na gaba na LED daga takardar bayanin (yi amfani da ƙimar al'ada ko matsakaici don ƙira mai ra'ayin mazan jiya), kuma If shine wutar lantarki da kuke so. Tabbatar da ƙimar wutar lantarki na resistor ya isa: P = (Vsupply - Vf) * If.

Q: Me ya sa sarrafa zafi yake da mahimmanci ga LEDs?

A: Matsakaicin zazzabin haɗin gwiwa yana haɓaka lalacewar guntun LED da phosphor (a cikin fararen LEDs), yana haifar da saurin raguwar fitarwar haske (ragewar lumen) da yuwuwar canjin launi akan lokaci. Hakanan zai iya rage inganci nan take kuma, a cikin matsananciyar yanayi, ya haifar da gazawa mai ban tsoro.

Q: Zan iya tuƙa wannan LED da tushen ƙarfin lantarki kai tsaye?

A: A'a. LEDs na'urori ne masu tuƙi na wutar lantarki. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana da juriya kuma yana bambanta da zazzabi. Haɗawa kai tsaye zuwa tushen ƙarfin lantarki zai sa wutar lantarki ta zama mara sarrafawa, mai yiwuwa ta wuce matsakaicin ƙima kuma ta lalata LED. Koyaushe yi amfani da tsarin iyakance wutar lantarki (resistor ko direba mai tsayayyen wutar lantarki).

11. Nazarin Lamuran Aikace-aikace na Ainihi

Nazarin Lamari 1: Fitilar LED ta Layi.A cikin fitilar troffer na kasuwanci, ana ɗora ɗaruruwan waɗannan LEDs akan doguwar PCB mai tsakiyar ƙarfe (MCPCB) mai siriri. MCPCB tana aiki duka azaman tushen lantarki da heatsink. Ana tuƙa LEDs ta hanyar direba mai tsayayyen wutar lantarki. Zaɓi a hankali daga kwandon zazzabin launi mai ƙarfi yana tabbatar da daidaitaccen farin haske a ko'ina cikin kayan aikin. Babban ingancin LEDs yana ba da damar kayan aikin ya cika ka'idojin ingancin makamashi yayin samar da isasshen haske.

Nazarin Lamari 2: Alamar Matsayi na Na'urar ɗaukar hoto.Ana amfani da LED guda ɗaya azaman alamar caji/yanayi na baturi akan na'urar lantarki na mabukaci. Ana tuƙa shi ta hanyar filin GPIO daga microcontroller ta hanyar ƙaramin resistor na jere. Ƙananan amfani da wutar lantarki na LED yana rage zubar da baturi. Ƙananan girman kunshin ya dace da ƙirar ƙirar na'urar.

12. Gabatarwa kan Ƙa'idar Aiki

LED diode ne na semiconductor p-n junction. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, electrons daga yankin n-type da ramuka daga yankin p-type ana shigar da su cikin yankin haɗin gwiwa. Lokacin da wani electron ya sake haɗuwa da rami, yana faɗuwa daga yanayin makamashi mafi girma a cikin band ɗin gudanarwa zuwa ƙananan yanayin makamashi a cikin band ɗin valence. An saki bambancin makamashi a cikin nau'in photon (ɓangaren haske). Tsawon raƙuman ruwa (launi) na hasken da aka fitar yana ƙaddara ta hanyar bandgap na makamashi na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su (misali, Gallium Nitride don shuɗi/kore, Aluminum Gallium Indium Phosphide don ja/amber). Fararen LEDs galibi ana ƙirƙira su ta hanyar lulluɓe guntun LED shuɗi da phosphor rawaya; wasu daga cikin hasken shuɗi ana canza su zuwa rawaya, kuma cakuda shuɗi da hasken rawaya ana ganinsa a matsayin fari.

13. Trends na Fasaha da Ci Gaba

Masana'antar LED na ci gaba da haɓakawa tare da trends masu haske da yawa. Ingantaccen (lumens a kowace watt) yana ƙaruwa a hankali, yana rage amfani da makamashi don fitarwar haske iri ɗaya. Ingancin launi yana inganta, tare da manyan LEDs na CRI suna zama mafi yawanci kuma mai araha, suna ba da damar mafi kyawun bayyana launi a cikin shagunan sayar da kayayyaki da wuraren zama. Ƙananan ƙira yana ci gaba, yana ba da damar mafi girman yawan pixel a cikin nunin kai tsaye da ƙarin haɗin kai na haske. Hakanan akwai wani yanayi zuwa haske mai hankali, mai haɗin kai, tare da LEDs da aka haɗa tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin da guntu na sadarwa. Bugu da ƙari, bincike a cikin sabbin kayan kamar perovskites don jujjuyawar launi da fasahar micro-LED don nunin tsara na gaba yana wakiltar babban gaba na ci gaban haske mai ƙarfi.