Takardar Bayanin LED - Sake Dubawa Na 2 - Ranar Saki 2014-12-05 - Takardar Fasaha ta Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Wannan takardar fasaha tana ba da cikakkun ƙayyadaddun bayanai da jagororin aikace-aikace na kayan LED (Light-Emitting Diode). Babban aikin wannan kayan shine canza wutar lantarki zuwa haske mai gani tare da ingantacciyar amfani da aminci. An tsara shi don haɗawa cikin nau'ikan tsarin lantarki da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar haskakawa, nuni, ko hasken baya.

Babban fa'idar wannan LED yana cikin ingantaccen aiki da ingancin da ya dace, kamar yadda aka nuna a matakin rayuwarsa da aka rubuta. An ƙera shi don dogon rayuwa da aiki mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayi, wanda ya sa ya dace da aikace-aikacen da kulawa ke da wahala ko kuma inda dogon aminci ya fi muhimmanci. Kasuwar da aka yi niyya ta haɗa da na'urorin lantarki na masu amfani, hasken mota, alamomin masana'antu, da kayan haske na gabaɗaya.

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Sigogi na Fasaha

Duk da cewa ba a bayar da takamaiman ƙimar lambobi na sigogi kamar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, ƙarfin haske, ko tsawon raɗaɗi a cikin ɓangaren da aka zayyano, takardar bayanin LED ta al'ada za ta yi cikakken bayani game da waɗannan mahimman halaye. Sasannin masu zuwa suna bayyana sigogi na al'ada da ake samu a cikin irin waɗannan takardu.

2.1 Halayen Haske da Launi

Halayen haske suna ayyana fitowar haske na LED. Muhimman sigogi sun haɗa da ƙarfin haske (wanda aka auna a lumens, lm), wanda ke nuna jimillar ƙarfin haske da ake gani. Tsawon raɗaɗi ko kuma zazzabin launi (CCT) suna ayyana launin hasken, daga farin zafi zuwa farin sanyi don fararen LED, ko takamaiman launuka kamar ja, kore, ko shuɗi don LED masu launi ɗaya. Ma'aunin nuna launi (CRI) yana da mahimmanci ga fararen LED, yana nuna yadda hasken ke nuna ainihin launukan abubuwa idan aka kwatanta da tushen haske na halitta.

2.2 Sigogi na Lantarki

Sigogi na lantarki suna da mahimmanci ga ƙirar da'ira. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake aiki a ƙayyadadden wutar lantarki. Wutar lantarki ta gaba (If) ita ce wutar lantarki da aka ba da shawarar don aiki, yawanci ana ba da ita azaman ƙimar DC mai ci gaba. Wucewa mafi girman wutar lantarki na gaba na iya haifar da lalacewa cikin sauri ko gazawar da ta lalace. Ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr) yana ƙayyade matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da LED zai iya jurewa lokacin da aka karkata shi zuwa hanyar da ba ta wucewa ba.

2.3 Halayen Zafi

Aikin LED ya dogara sosai akan zafin haɗuwa (junction temperature). Juriya na zafi (Rth j-a) daga haɗuwar semiconductor zuwa yanayin da ke kewaye shi ne mahimmin adadi. Ƙananan juriya na zafi yana nuna mafi kyawun zubar da zafi. Matsakaicin zafin haɗuwa (Tj max) bai kamata a wuce shi ba don tabbatar da dogon aminci. Gudanar da zafi da ya dace, sau da yawa ya haɗa da mai sanyaya zafi, yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye fitowar haske da tsawon rayuwa.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

Saboda bambance-bambancen masana'antu, ana rarraba LED zuwa rukunoni bisa mahimman sigogi don tabbatar da daidaito a cikin rukunin samarwa.

3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Raɗaɗi/Zazzabin Launi

Ana rarraba LED bisa ga tsawon raɗaɗinsu (don LED masu launi) ko kuma zazzabin launi (don fararen LED). Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa duk LED a cikin taro suna da kusan kamanni iri ɗaya na launi, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga aikace-aikace kamar hasken baya na nuni ko hasken gine-gine.

3.2 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske (Luminous Flux)

Rukunin ƙarfin haske suna haɗa LED bisa ga fitowar haskensu a daidaitaccen gwajin wutar lantarki. Wannan yana ba masu zane damar zaɓar abubuwan da suka dace da takamaiman buƙatun haske kuma yana tabbatar da daidaito a cikin tsararrun LED da yawa.

3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (Forward Voltage)

Rukunin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba suna rarraba LED bisa ga Vf a ƙayyadadden gwajin wutar lantarki. Daidaita rukunin Vf na iya sauƙaƙa ƙirar direba, musamman ga LED da aka haɗa a jere, saboda yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye rarraba wutar lantarki iri ɗaya.

4. Binciken Lanƙwasa Aiki

4.1 Lanƙwasa Halayen Ƙarfin Lantarki da Wutar Lantarki (I-V)

Lanƙwasa I-V tana nuna alaƙa tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da aka yi amfani da shi da sakamakon wutar lantarki ta hanyar LED. Ba ta da layi, tare da haɓaka wutar lantarki da sauri da zarar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba ya wuce kofa. Wannan lanƙwasa tana da mahimmanci don zaɓar hanyar da ta dace don iyakance wutar lantarki (misali, resistor ko direba mai ci gaba).

4.2 Dogaro da Yanayin Zafi

Zane-zane yawanci suna nuna yadda ƙarfin haske da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba ke canzawa tare da haɓakar zafin haɗuwa. Ƙarfin haske gabaɗaya yana raguwa yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi, wani abu da aka sani da zazzabi. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba shima yana raguwa kaɗan tare da haɓakar zafin jiki. Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙa yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar tsarin da ke aiki a cikin yanayin zafi daban-daban.

4.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske a kowane Tsawon Raɗaɗi (Spectral Power Distribution)

Ga fararen LED, zanen rarraba ƙarfin haske (SPD) yana nuna ƙarfin hasken da aka fitar a kowane tsawon raɗaɗi a cikin bakan haske da ake gani. Yana bayyana kololuwar LED na shuɗi da faɗuwar fitowar phosphor. SPD yana ƙayyade ma'aunin ingancin launi kamar CRI da CCT.

5. Bayanan Injiniya da Kunshin

Kunshin na zahiri yana kare die na semiconductor kuma yana ba da haɗin lantarki da hanyar zubar da zafi.

5.1 Zanen Tsarin Girman Kunshin

Cikakken zanen injiniya yana ƙayyadadden daidaitaccen tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, da jurewar kunshin. Ya haɗa da mahimman girma don ƙirar sawun PCB, kamar tazarar filin solder da kuma sharewar kayan.

5.2 Tsarin Filin Solder da Zanen Filin Solder

An ba da shawarar tsarin ƙasa na PCB (sawu), yana nuna girman, siffa, da tazarar filayen tagulla. Bin wannan ƙirar yana tabbatar da samuwar haɗin solder da ya dace yayin reflow da haɗin injiniya mai aminci.

5.3 Gano Ƙarshen Lantarki (Polarity)

Hanyar gano tashoshi na anode (+) da cathode (-) an nuna su a fili, yawanci ta hanyar alama akan kunshin (misali, tsaga, ɗigo, layi kore, ko gajeren jagora). Daidaitaccen polarity yana da mahimmanci don aiki.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

6.1 Yanayin Zafin Solder na Reflow

An ba da shawarar yanayin zafin reflow, gami da dumama, jiƙa, kololuwar zafin reflow, da ƙimar sanyaya. Matsakaicin zafin jiki da lokacin da ya wuce ruwa (TAL) dole ne a sarrafa su sosai don hana lalata kunshin LED ko haɗin waya na ciki.

6.2 Abubuwan Kariya da Sarrafawa

LED suna da hankali ga zubar da wutar lantarki (ESD). Ya kamata a yi sarrafawa a tashoshin aiki masu kariya daga ESD ta amfani da kayan aikin da aka kafa. A guji matsin lamba na injiniya akan ruwan tabarau. Kada a tsaftace da kaushi waɗanda zasu iya lalata ruwan tabarau na epoxy.

6.3 Yanayin Ajiya

Ya kamata a adana LED a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, sanyi, yawanci a cikin ƙayyadadden kewayon zafi da ɗanɗano (misali, <30°C, <60% RH). Sau da yawa ana jigilar su a cikin jakunkuna masu hankali ga ɗanɗano tare da abubuwan bushewa, kuma suna iya buƙatar gasa kafin amfani idan an buɗe jakar na tsawon lokaci.

7. Bayanan Kunshin da Oda

7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Kunshin

Ana samar da kayan a kan tef da reel don haɗawa ta atomatik. An ƙayyade girman reel, faɗin tef, girman aljihu, da kuma yanayin kayan akan tef bisa ga ƙa'idodin masana'antu (misali, EIA-481).

7.2 Bayanan Alama (Label)

Alamar reel ta ƙunshi mahimman bayanai: lambar sashi, adadi, lambar rukuni/loti, lambar kwanan wata, da lambobin rarraba don ƙarfin haske, launi, da ƙarfin lantarki.

7.3 Tsarin Lambar Samfur (Part Number)

Lambar sashi lamba ce da ke keɓance samfurin. Yawanci tana ɓoye mahimman halaye kamar girman kunshin, launi, rukunin ƙarfin haske, rukunin zazzabin launi, da rukunin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. Fahimtar wannan nomenclature yana da mahimmanci don yin oda daidai.

8. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace

8.1 Da'irorin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Da'irorin tuƙi na gama gari sun haɗa da masu jurewa na jere masu sauƙi don aikace-aikacen ƙaramin ƙarfi da kuma direbobi masu ci gaba don aikace-aikacen mafi girma ko na daidaito. Ana ba da zane-zane da lissafi don zaɓar resistor mai iyakance wutar lantarki bisa ga ƙarfin wutar lantarki da wutar LED da ake so.

8.2 Abubuwan da Ya Kamata a Yi la'akari da su Lokacin Zane

Mahimman abubuwan ƙira sun haɗa da sarrafa zafi (yankin tagulla na PCB, masu sanyaya zafi), ƙirar haske (ruwan tabarau, masu watsawa), da ƙirar lantarki (dacewar direba, hanyar dusar ƙanƙara, kariya daga abubuwan da ke faruwa na ɗan lokaci da kuma polarity na baya).

9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Idan aka kwatanta da tsofaffin fasahohin LED ko madogaran haske, wannan kayan yana iya ba da fa'idodi a cikin inganci (lumens a kowace watt), tsawon rayuwa, girman jiki, da ƙarfi. Bambancinsa na musamman zai iya kasancewa a wani fanni na musamman kamar babban CRI sosai don aikace-aikacen da ke da mahimmanci ga launi, ƙaramin juriya na zafi don aiki mai ƙarfi, ko kuma siffa na musamman don ƙirar da ke da ƙarancin sarari.

10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)

Q: Me "LifecyclePhase: Revision 2" ke nufi?

A: Yana nuna cewa wannan shine sake dubawa na biyu na takardun fasaha na samfurin. Sake dubawa na iya haɗawa da sabuntawa ga ƙayyadaddun bayanai, hanyoyin gwaji, aikace-aikacen da aka ba da shawara, ko bayanan aminci bisa ga halayen samfurin da ke gudana da kuma amsa.

Q: Menene ma'anar "Expired Period: Forever"?

A: Wannan yawanci yana nufin cewa takardar ba ta da ƙayyadadden ranar ƙarewa kuma ana ɗaukarta aiki har sai an maye gurbinsa da sabon sake dubawa. Bayanan fasaha sun kasance babban tunani don wannan takamaiman sake dubawa na samfurin.

Q: Ta yaya ya kamata in fassara ranar saki?

A: Ranar saki (2014-12-05) tana nuna lokacin da aka fitar da wannan takamaiman sake dubawa na takardar bayanin a hukumance. Yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da sabon sake dubawa don tabbatar da daidaiton ƙira.

Q: Shin zan iya tuƙa wannan LED kai tsaye daga tushen ƙarfin lantarki?

A: A'a. LED na'urori ne masu tuƙi na wutar lantarki. Haɗa su kai tsaye zuwa tushen ƙarfin lantarki ba tare da tsarin iyakance wutar lantarki ba zai haifar da wutar lantarki mai yawa, dumama, da gazawa. Koyaushe yi amfani da resistor na jere ko direba mai ci gaba.

11. Nazarin Lamuran Aikace-aikace na Ainihi

Nazarin Lamari 1: Na'urar Hasken Baya don Nunin LCD

An yi amfani da jerin waɗannan fararen LED don samar da hasken baya iri ɗaya. Muhimman ƙalubalen ƙira sun haɗa da cimma daidaitaccen haske da zazzabin launi a ko'ina cikin panel ɗin, wanda aka magance ta hanyar amfani da LED daga ƙarfin haske mai ƙarfi da rukunin CCT. An warware sarrafa zafi ta hanyar ƙirar ƙirar ƙarfe na nunin don yin aiki azaman mai sanyaya zafi.

Nazarin Lamari 2: Hasken Cikin Mota

Ana amfani da LED don hasken karatun taswira. Ƙirar ta ba da fifiko ga takamaiman zazzabin farin zafi don jin daɗin mai amfani. Aminci a ƙarƙashin sauye-sauyen zafi da juriya ga girgiza sun kasance mahimmanci, wanda aka cimma ta hanyar ƙarfin kunshin kayan da ingantaccen aiki akan zafi.

12. Gabatarwa da Ka'idar Aiki

LED diode ne na semiconductor p-n junction. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, electrons daga yankin n-type da ramuka daga yankin p-type ana shigar da su cikin yankin haɗuwa. Lokacin da waɗannan masu ɗaukar caji suka sake haɗuwa, ana fitar da makamashi a cikin siffar photons (haske). Tsawon raɗaɗi (launi) na hasken da aka fitar yana ƙayyade ta hanyar bandgap na makamashi na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su (misali, InGaN don shuɗi/kore, AlInGaP don ja/amber). Ana yin fararen LED yawanci ta hanyar lulluɓe ɗigon LED shuɗi da phosphor rawaya; haɗuwar hasken shuɗi da rawaya yana bayyana fari ga idon ɗan adam.

13. Trends da Ci gaban Fasaha

Masana'antar LED tana ci gaba da haɓakawa. Muhimman trends sun haɗa da haɓaka ingancin haske (ƙarin lumens a kowace watt), inganta ingancin launi (mafi girman CRI da mafi daidaitaccen nuna launi), da rage farashi. Ƙananan ƙira wani trend ne, yana ba da damar sabbin aikace-aikace a cikin na'urori masu siriri. Akwai kuma ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin haske mai hankali, haɗa na'urori masu auna firikwensin da iyawar sadarwa kai tsaye tare da modules na LED. Bugu da ƙari, bincike kan sabbin kayan, irin su perovskites don LED, yana nufin cimma mafi girman inganci da kaddarorin fitarwa na sabon salo. Ƙoƙarin ci gaba da dorewa da ingancin makamashi a duniya yana ci gaba da zama babban abin motsa jiki don karɓar LED da ƙirƙira.