Takardar Bayanin LED - Sake Dubawa Na 2 - Takardun Fasaha

1. Bayanin Samfur

Wannan takardar fasaha tana ba da cikakken ƙayyadaddun bayanai da jagororin aikace-aikace na bangaren LED (Light-Emitting Diode). Babban aikin wannan na'urar shine canza makamashin lantarki zuwa haske mai gani tare da inganci da aminci mai girma. An ƙera shi don aikace-aikace iri-iri, tun daga hasken gabaɗaya da hasken baya zuwa fitilun nuni da hasken ado. Babban fa'idodin wannan bangaren sun haɗa da tsawon rayuwar aiki, daidaiton aiki a cikin yanayi daban-daban, da aiki mai inganci na makamashi. Kasuwar da aka yi niyya ta ƙunshi na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci, hasken mota, kayan aikin masana'antu, da tsarin hasken gida/kasuwancin da ke da mahimmanci na amintattun hanyoyin haske masu inganci.

2. Zurfin Binciken Ma'auni na Fasaha

Cikakken bincike na ma'auni na fasaha yana da mahimmanci don haɗa daidai cikin ƙirar da'ira. Sashe masu zuwa suna rarraba mahimman halaye.

2.1 Halayen Haske da Na'urorin Lantarki

Aikin haske an ayyana shi ta ma'auni kamar ƙarfin haske (wanda aka auna a cikin lumens), tsawon raɗaɗi ko zazzabin launi mai alaƙa (CCT), da ma'aunin nuna launi (CRI). Waɗannan suna ƙayyade haske, launi, da ingancin hasken da aka fitar. Ma'auni na lantarki suma suna da mahimmanci. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba (Vf) yana ƙayyade raguwar wutar lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake aiki a ƙarfin halin yanzu na yau da kullun. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba (If) shine ƙarfin aiki da aka ba da shawarar, yawanci a cikin kewayon 20mA zuwa 350mA dangane da ƙimar wutar lantarki. Wucewa mafi girman ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba ko ƙarfin wutar lantarki na baya na iya haifar da gazawar nan take ko a hankali na na'urar. Ana ƙididdige ɓarnawar wutar lantarki kamar Vf * If kuma dole ne a sarrafa ta ta hanyar ƙirar zafi mai kyau.

2.2 Halayen Zafi

Ayyukan LED da tsawon rayuwa suna da tasiri sosai ta zazzabin haɗuwa (junction temperature). Mahimman ma'auni na zafi sun haɗa da juriyar zafi daga haɗuwa zuwa wurin solder (Rth_j-sp) da matsakaicin zazzabin haɗuwa da aka yarda (T_j(max)). Ana buƙatar ingantaccen hanyar sanyaya zafi don kiyaye zazzabin haɗuwa a cikin iyakoki masu aminci, saboda hawan zazzabi yana haɓaka raguwar lumen kuma yana iya canza launin hasken da aka fitar. Lanƙwasa rage ƙarfi, wanda ke nuna matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba da aka yarda a matsayin aikin zazzabin muhalli, kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci na ƙira.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

Don tabbatar da daidaiton launi da haske a cikin samarwa, ana rarraba LED cikin kwandon aiki bisa ingantaccen ma'auni.

3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Raɗaɗi / Zazzabin Launi

Ana rarraba LED cikin ƙananan kewayon tsawon raɗaɗi (don LED masu launi ɗaya) ko kewayon zazzabin launi mai alaƙa (don fararen LED). Tsarin rarraba farar LED na yau da kullun yana iya samun ellipses na MacAdam da yawa ko murabba'ai na ANSI C78.377 don ayyana bambancin launi da aka yarda. Masu ƙira dole ne su ƙayyade kwandon aiki da ake buƙata don cimma kamannin launi iri ɗaya a cikin jeri ko kayan aiki.

3.2 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske (Luminous Flux)

Ana kuma rarraba fitarwar ƙarfin haske. Ana gwada LED daga rukunin samarwa ɗaya kuma a haɗa su cikin kwandon aiki na ƙarfin haske (misali, mafi ƙanƙanta/matsakaicin lumens a takamaiman gwajin ƙarfin wutar lantarki). Wannan yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar abubuwan da suka dace da takamaiman buƙatun haske kuma suyi hasashen jimillar fitarwar haske na tsarin daidai.

3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki Na Gaba (Forward Voltage)

Ana rarraba ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba don sauƙaƙe mafi kyawun daidaitawar ƙarfin wutar lantarki lokacin da aka haɗa LED a layi ɗaya ko kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyar hanyoyin wutar lantarki masu tsayi. Yin amfani da LED daga kwandon aiki na Vf ɗaya yana taimakawa hana cin ƙarfin wutar lantarki, inda LED ɗaya ya ja ƙarin ƙarfin wutar lantarki fiye da sauran saboda ƙarancin Vf, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaiton haske da yuwuwar matsin lamba.

4. Binciken Lanƙwasa Ayyuka

Bayanan hoto suna ba da zurfin fahimta game da halayen na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

4.1 Lanƙwasa Halayen Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki da Na'ura (I-V)

Lanƙwasa I-V ba ta da layi, tana nuna haɓaka ƙarfin wutar lantarki da sauri da zarar ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba ya wuce ƙofar diode. Wannan lanƙwasa tana da mahimmanci don zaɓar hanyar tuƙi da ta dace (ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai tsayi da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai tsayi) da kuma don fahimtar juriya mai ƙarfi na LED.

4.2 Dogaro da Zazzabi

Hotuna yawanci suna nuna yadda ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba ke raguwa tare da haɓaka zazzabin haɗuwa (ma'auni mara kyau na zazzabi) da kuma yadda ƙarfin haske ke raguwa yayin da zazzabi ke tashi. Waɗannan lanƙwasa suna da mahimmanci don ƙirar da'irorin ramuwa ko hasashen aiki a cikin yanayi mai zafi.

4.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske ta Tsawon Raɗaɗi (SPD)

Zanen SPD yana nuna ƙarfin haske mai alaƙa da aka fitar a kowane tsawon raɗaɗi. Ga fararen LED, wannan yana nuna kololuwar LED na famfo shuɗi da faɗaɗan bakan haske da aka canza zuwa phosphor. SPD yana ƙayyade ma'aunin ingancin launi kamar CRI da gamut na launi don nuni.

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

Kunshin na zahiri yana tabbatar da haɗin lantarki mai aminci da sarrafa zafi.

5.1 Zanen Tsarin Girma

An ba da cikakken zane tare da mahimman girma (tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, tazarar jagora) da ƙima. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar ƙafar PCB da kuma tabbatar da dacewa daidai a cikin haɗawa.

5.2 Ƙirar Shafin Ƙafa (Pad Layout)

An ƙayyade shafin ƙafar PCB da aka ba da shawarar (girman shafin, siffa, da tazara) don tabbatar da ingantaccen samuwar haɗin solder yayin reflow da kuma samar da isassun taimako na zafi don ɓarkewar zafi cikin PCB.

5.3 Gano Ƙarshen Lantarki (Polarity)

An yiwa anode da cathode alama a sarari akan kunshin, sau da yawa tare da tsaga, yanki mai yanki, ko tsayin jagora daban-daban. Daidaitaccen ƙarshen lantarki wajibi ne don hana lalacewar baya.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Daidaitaccen sarrafawa da haɗawa suna da mahimmanci ga aminci.

6.1 Bayanin Yanayin Solder na Reflow

An ƙayyade bayanin lokaci-zazzabi, gami da dumama, jika, kololuwar reflow, da ƙimar sanyaya. Matsakaicin zazzabin jikin kunshin yayin solder (yawanci 260°C na 'yan daƙiƙa) bai kamata a wuce ba don hana lalata ciki, haɗin waya, ko ruwan tabarau na filastik.

6.2 Abubuwan Kariya da Sarrafawa

Ya kamata a kiyaye abubuwan kariya na ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) saboda LED na'urori ne masu hankali na semiconductor. A guji matsin injiniya akan ruwan tabarau. Kada a tsaftace da abubuwan narkewa waɗanda zasu iya lalata silicone ko epoxy encapsulant.

6.3 Yanayin Ajiya

Ya kamata a ajiye LED a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, duhu a ƙarƙashin kulawar zazzabi da ɗanɗano (yawanci<40°C/90%RH) don hana shan danshi (wanda zai iya haifar da "popcorning" yayin reflow) da lalacewar kayan.

7. Bayanin Kunshin da Oda

Bayanai kan yadda ake samar da samfurin da kuma gano shi.

7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Kunshin

Ana samar da bangaren akan tef da reel don haɗawa ta atomatik. An ayyana girman reel, faɗin tef, girman aljihu, da kuma yanayin bangaren akan tef bisa ga ƙa'idodin EIA.

7.2 Lakabi da Lambar Bangare

Lakabin reel ya haɗa da lambar bangare, adadi, lambar kuri'a, da lambar kwanan wata. Lambar bangare da kanta lamba ce da ke ɗauke da mahimman halaye kamar launi, kwandon aiki na ƙarfin haske, kwandon aiki na ƙarfin wutar lantarki, da nau'in kunshin, yana ba da damar yin oda daidai.

8. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace

Jagora don aiwatar da bangaren a cikin ƙira na ainihi.

8.1 Da'irorin Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

Hanyoyin tuƙi na gama gari sun haɗa da sauƙaƙen iyakancewar ƙarfin wutar lantarki na resistor na jerin don aikace-aikace masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki, masu sarrafa ƙarfin wutar lantarki na layi, da masu tuƙi na LED na buck/boost na canji don mafi girman wutar lantarki ko tsarin aiki na baturi. Ana iya ba da shawarar abubuwan kariya kamar masu murƙushe ƙarfin wutar lantarki na wucin gadi (TVS) don muhallin mota ko masana'antu.

8.2 Abubuwan Ƙira da Ya Kamata a Yi La'akari Da Su

Mahimman abubuwan da ya kamata a yi la'akari da su sun haɗa da sarrafa zafi (yankin tagulla na PCB, hanyoyin zuwa matakan ciki, heatsinks na waje), ƙirar haske (zaɓin ruwan tabarau don siffar katako), da kuma shimfidar lantarki (rage inductance na gado don PWM dimming).

9. Kwatancen Fasaha

Wannan bangaren LED ya bambanta kansa ta hanyar haɗin takamaiman inganci (lumens a kowace watt), ingancin nuna launi, da aikin zafi. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙarni na farko ko madadin fasaha, yana iya ba da mafi girman ƙarfin tuƙi na ƙarfin wutar lantarki a cikin ƙafar kunshin ɗaya, ko ingantaccen daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin samarwa. Bayanan amincinsa, wanda galibi ana gabatar da shi azaman rayuwar L70 ko L90 (sa'o'i har sai fitarwar lumen ta faɗi zuwa 70% ko 90% na farko), ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci na gasa.

10. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQ)

An magance tambayoyi na gama gari bisa ma'auni na fasaha a nan.

Q: Shin zan iya tuƙa wannan LED tare da tushen ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai tsayi?

A: An ƙarfafa hana shi sosai. LED na'urori ne masu tuƙi na ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Samar da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai tsayi tare da resistor na jerin yana ba da ƙarancin ƙa'idar ƙarfin wutar lantarki akan bambance-bambance a cikin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba (saboda rarraba ko zazzabi). Ana ba da shawarar mai tuƙi na ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai tsayi na musamman don ingantaccen aiki da tsawon rayuwa.

Q: Ta yaya zan iya ƙididdige heatsink da ake buƙata?

A: Fara da ɓarnawar wutar lantarki (P_d= Vf * If). Yi amfani da juriyar zafi daga haɗuwa zuwa wurin solder (Rth_j-sp) daga takardar bayanai. Ƙayyade matsakaicin zazzabin haɗuwa da aka yi niyya (T_j) da matsakaicin zazzabin muhalli (T_a). Jimlar juriyar zafi da ake buƙata daga haɗuwa zuwa muhalli shine Rth_j-a= (T_j- T_a) / P_d. Juriyar zafi na heatsink dole ne ya zama ƙasa da Rth_j-acire Rth na ciki na kunshin_j-spda juriyar kayan mu'amala na zafi.

Q: Menene ke haifar da canjin launi akan lokaci?

A: Dalilai na farko sune lalacewar phosphor (don fararen LED) da canje-canje a cikin kaddarorin kayan semiconductor a manyan zazzabin haɗuwa. Yin aiki da LED a cikin ƙayyadaddun iyakokin zazzabi da ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana rage wannan canjin.

11. Misalan Amfani na Aiki

Nazarin Shari'a 1: Kayan Aikin LED na Layi:Don kayan aikin haske na layi mai ƙafa 4, ana shirya LED da yawa akan dogon PCB na ƙarfe-core (MCPCB) mai kunkuntar. Ƙalubalen ƙira ya haɗa da kiyaye daidaiton haske da zazzabin launi tare da dukan tsayi. Ana magance wannan ta hanyar amfani da LED daga kwandon aiki ɗaya, mai ƙarfi na ƙarfin haske da CCT, da kuma aiwatar da mai tuƙi mai ƙarfi na ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai tsayi tare da ingantaccen ƙa'idar layi/kaya. An haɗa MCPCB zuwa extrusion na aluminum wanda ke aiki a matsayin memba na tsari da heatsink.

Nazarin Shari'a 2: Hasken Rana na Motoci (DRL):A nan, buƙatun sun haɗa da babban haske don ganuwa, faɗin kewayon aiki na zazzabi (-40°C zuwa +85°C muhalli), da babban aminci. Ƙirar tana amfani da jerin-tsari na LED da mai canza buck na matakin mota ke tuƙa. Ƙirar haske tana amfani da na'urorin gani na biyu (ruwan tabarau TIR) don siffata katako zuwa tsarin da ake buƙata. An gudanar da gwaji mai yawa don zagayowar zafi, ɗanɗano, da girgiza.

12. Ka'idar Aiki

LED diode ne na semiconductor p-n junction. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba, electrons daga yankin n-type da ramuka daga yankin p-type ana shigar da su cikin yankin aiki. Lokacin da waɗannan masu ɗaukar caji suka sake haɗuwa, ana sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Tsawon raɗaɗi (launi) na hasken da aka fitar an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar makamashin bandgap na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su a cikin yankin aiki (misali, InGaN don shuɗi/kore, AlInGaP don ja/amber). Ana ƙirƙira fararen LED yawanci ta hanyar lulluɓe ɗigon LED shuɗi da phosphor rawaya; wasu daga cikin hasken shuɗi ana canza su zuwa rawaya, kuma cakuda shuɗi da hasken rawaya ana ganinsa a matsayin fari.

13. Trends na Fasaha

Masana'antar LED na ci gaba da haɓaka. Manyan trends sun haɗa da haɓaka ingancin haske, tura sama da lumens 200 a kowace watt don samfuran kasuwanci. Akwai mai da hankali sosai kan inganta ingancin launi, tare da babban-CRI (CRI>90) da cikakken bakan LED suna zama mafi yawanci. Ƙananan ƙira yana ci gaba tare da kunshin LED na chip-scale (CSP) yana kawar da tushen kunshin na al'ada. Hasken wayo, haɗa na'urori masu auna firikwensin da sadarwa (Li-Fi, Bluetooth) kai tsaye cikin kunshin LED, wani yanki ne mai tasowa. Bugu da ƙari, bincike a cikin sabbin kayan aiki kamar perovskites don canza launi da micro-LED don nuni mai ƙima mai ƙima yana wakiltar gaba gaba a cikin fasahar haske mai ƙarfi.