Takardar Bayanin Kayan LED - Sake Dubawa Na 2 - Ranar Saki 2014-12-05 - Takardar Fasaha ta Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Wannan takardar fasaha tana ba da cikakkun ƙayyadaddun bayanai da jagorori don takamaiman kayan LED. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne matakin rayuwar samfurin da aka kafa, wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin Sake Dubawa Na 2. Wannan sake dubawa yana nuna ƙirar samfur mai girma kuma mai tsayayye, wanda ya sha ƙaruwa da ingantattun bayanai tun lokacin da aka fara sakin sa. An ƙera samfurin don samuwa na dogon lokaci, kamar yadda aka nuna ta lokacin "Har Abada", wanda ya sa ya dace da ayyukan da ke buƙatar daidaiton wadata da kwanciyar hankali na ƙira na tsawon lokaci. Babban fa'idar sa yana cikin dogararsa da tabbacin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga daidaiton masana'antu da hasashen aikin samfur.

Kasuwarmar da aka yi niyya don wannan sashi ta haɗa da aikace-aikacen hasken gabaɗaya, na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci, fitilun nuni, da kuma nau'ikan tsarin da aka haɗa inda ake buƙatar tushen haske mai dogaro, daidaitacce. Ƙirar sa ta ba da fifiko ga daidaitattun ma'auni na aiki don tabbatar da daidaiton fitar da haske da halayen lantarki a cikin manyan rukunonin samarwa.

2. Bincike Mai Zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha

Yayin da abin da aka samo daga PDF ya mai da hankali kan bayanan rayuwa, cikakkiyar takardar bayanai don kayan LED yawanci za ta haɗa da waɗannan cikakkun ma'auni na fasaha. Wannan binciken ya dogara ne akan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun masana'antu na irin waɗannan sassa.

2.1 Halayen Haske da Launi

Kaddarorin haske suna ayyana fitar da haske da inganci. Muhimman ma'auni sun haɗa da ƙarfin haske (luminous flux), wanda aka auna a cikin lumens (lm), wanda ke nuna jimillar ƙarfin haske da aka fitar. Zazzabin launi mai alaƙa (CCT), wanda aka auna a cikin Kelvin (K), yana ƙayyade ko hasken ya zama dumi, tsaka-tsaki, ko farin sanyi. Don LED masu launi, ana ba da tsayon raɗaɗi mai rinjaye, wanda aka auna a cikin nanometers (nm). Ma'auni na nuna launi (CRI) wani muhimmin ma'auni ne, musamman ga fararen LED, yana nuna yadda tushen haske ke bayyana ainihin launukan abubuwa idan aka kwatanta da tushen haske na halitta. Ƙimar al'ada don fararen LED na gabaɗaya suna tsakanin 70 zuwa 90+ CRI. Kusurwar kallo, wanda aka ƙayyade a cikin digiri, yana bayyana rarraba ƙarfin haske na kusurwa.

2.2 Ma'auni na Lantarki

Ƙayyadaddun lantarki sune tushe don ƙirar da'ira. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake aiki a ƙayyadadden wutar lantarki. Yawanci ana ba da shi a daidaitaccen gwajin wutar lantarki (misali, 20mA, 150mA) kuma yana iya samun kewayon (misali, 2.8V zuwa 3.4V). Wutar lantarki ta gaba (If) ita ce wutar lantarki da aka ba da shawarar don cimma ƙayyadadden ƙarfin haske da tsawon rayuwa. Wucewa da matsakaicin wutar lantarki na gaba na iya rage tsawon rayuwar LED sosai. Ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr) shine matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da LED zai iya jurewa lokacin da aka haɗa shi cikin karkatar da baya ba tare da lalacewa ba. Ana ƙididdige watsi da wutar lantarki kamar Vf * If kuma dole ne a sarrafa shi don hana zafi mai yawa.

2.3 Halayen Zafi

Aikin LED da tsawon rayuwarsa sun dogara sosai da sarrafa zafin jiki. Zazzabin haɗin gwiwa (Tj) shine zazzabi a guntun semiconductor da kansa. Kiyaye Tj ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙimar da aka ƙayyade (sau da yawa 125°C) yana da mahimmanci. Juriya na zafi daga haɗin gwiwa zuwa wurin solder (Rth j-sp) ko zuwa yanayi (Rth j-a) yana ƙididdige yadda ake fitar da zafi daga guntun yadda ya kamata. Ƙananan ƙimar juriya na zafi yana nuna ingantaccen ikon kawar da zafi. Daidaitaccen heatsinking da ƙirar PCB suna da mahimmanci don sarrafa aikin zafi, musamman ga manyan LED masu ƙarfi.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

Don tabbatar da daidaito, ana rarraba LED zuwa kwandon da aka auna mahimman ma'auni yayin samarwa.

3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Raɗaɗi/Zazzabin Launi

Ana rarraba LED bisa tsayon raɗaɗi mai rinjaye (don LED masu launi ɗaya) ko kuma zazzabin launi mai alaƙa (don fararen LED). Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa LED daga kwandon ɗaya za su kasance kusan iri ɗaya na kamannin launi. Ana ayyana kwandon ta takamaiman tsawon raɗaɗi ko kewayon CCT (misali, 450-455nm, 6000-6500K). Yin amfani da LED daga kwandon ɗaya a cikin samfur ɗaya yana da mahimmanci don guje wa bambance-bambancen launi da ake iya gani.

3.2 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske (Luminous Flux)

Ana kuma rarraba fitar da ƙarfin haske. Ana rarraba LED zuwa ƙungiyoyi bisa ga aunin fitar da haske a daidaitaccen gwajin wutar lantarki. Wannan yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar sassan da suka dace da takamaiman buƙatun haske kuma yana tabbatar da daidaito a cikin tarukan LED da yawa.

3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (Forward Voltage)

Ana rarraba ƙarfin lantarki na gaba don haɗa LED masu kamanceceniya da halayen Vf. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar da ke amfani da LED da yawa a jere, saboda yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye daidaiton rarraba wutar lantarki kuma yana sauƙaƙa ƙirar direba ta hanyar rage kewayon ƙarfin lantarki da direba dole ne ya ɗauka.

4. Binciken Lanƙwasa Ayyuka

Bayanan hoto suna ba da zurfin fahimtar halayen LED a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

4.1 Lanƙwasa Halayen Ƙarfin Lantarki da Wutar Lantarki (I-V)

Lanƙwasa I-V yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da wutar lantarki da ke gudana ta cikin LED. Ba layi ba ne. Ƙasa da ƙarfin lantarki na bakin kofa, wutar lantarki kaɗan ce ke gudana. Da zarar an wuce bakin kofa, wutar lantarki tana ƙaruwa da sauri tare da ƙaramin ƙaruwa a cikin ƙarfin lantarki. Wannan lanƙwasa yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar direbobi masu wutar lantarki akai-akai, waɗanda aka fi so fiye da direbobi masu ƙarfin lantarki akai-akai don LED don tabbatar da tsayayyen fitar da haske da hana guduwar zafi.

4.2 Dogaro da Zazzabi

Hotuna yawanci suna nuna yadda ƙarfin haske da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba ke canzawa tare da zazzabin haɗin gwiwa. Ƙarfin haske gabaɗaya yana raguwa yayin da zazzabi ya ƙaru. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yawanci yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar zazzabi. Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙa yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar tsarin da ke kiyaye aiki a cikin kewayon zafin aiki.

3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske ta Tsawon Raɗaɗi (SPD)

Lanƙwasa SPD yana zana ƙarfin haske mai alaƙa da aka fitar a kowane tsawon raɗaɗi. Don fararen LED, yana nuna faɗin bakan da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar lulluɓin phosphor akan guntun LED shuɗi. Wannan lanƙwasa shine mabuɗin fahimtar ingancin launi, CRI, da takamaiman kololuwar bakan na LED.

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

Kunshin na zahiri yana tabbatar da ingantaccen hawa da haɗin lantarki.

5.1 Zanen Bayyani na Girma

Cikakken zane yana ba da duk mahimman girma: tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, siffar ruwan tabarau, da tazarar jagora. An ƙayyade ƙimar jurewa ga kowane girma. Wannan zane yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar sawun PCB daidai da tabbatar da dacewa a cikin taron ƙarshe.

5.2 Ƙirar Shafin Haddawa (Pad Layout)

An ba da shafin ƙasa na PCB da aka ba da shawarar (sawu), gami da girman shafin, siffa, da tazara. Bin wannan shawarar yana tabbatar da ingantaccen samuwar haɗin solder yayin reflow kuma yana ba da isasshen ƙarfin injiniya da kuma watsa zafi.

5.3 Gano Ƙarshen Lantarki (Polarity)

Alamu masu haske suna nuna anode da cathode. Alamomin gama gari sun haɗa da tsaga a kan kunshin, kore a gefen cathode, ko tsayin jagora daban-daban. Daidaitaccen ƙarshen lantarki yana da mahimmanci don LED ya yi aiki.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Daidaitaccen sarrafawa da solder suna da mahimmanci ga dogaro.

6.1 Bayanin Yanayin Solder na Reflow

An ba da shawarar yanayin zafin reflow, gami da matakan dumama, jiƙa, reflow, da sanyaya. Muhimman ma'auni sune matsakaicin zazzabi (yawanci bai wuce 260°C ba na 'yan daƙiƙa kaɗan), lokacin da ya wuce ruwa (TAL), da ƙimar hawan. Bin wannan bayanin yana hana girgizar zafi da lalata kunshin LED da guntun ciki.

6.2 Abubuwan Kariya da Sarrafawa

LED suna da hankali ga fitar da wutar lantarki (ESD). Ya kamata a yi sarrafawa a tashoshin aiki masu kariya daga ESD ta amfani da kayan aikin da aka kafa. Guji matsin lamba na injiniya akan ruwan tabarau. Kada a tsaftace da kaushi waɗanda zasu iya lalata ruwan tabarau na silicone ko kunshin epoxy.

6.3 Yanayin Ajiya

Ya kamata a adana LED a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, duhu a ƙarƙashin kulawar zazzabi da ɗanɗano, yawanci kamar yadda ƙimar Matsayin Danshi (MSL) akan kunshin. Wannan yana hana shan danshi wanda zai iya haifar da "popcorning" (fashewar kunshin) yayin solder reflow.

7. Bayanin Kunshin da Oda

7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Kunshin

Ana ba da kayan a kan tef da reel don haɗawa ta atomatik. An ƙayyade girman reel, faɗin tef, girman aljihu, da kuma yanayin kayan akan tef. An kuma ba da adadin kowane reel (misali, guda 2000 a kowane reel).

7.2 Alama da Lambar Sashi

An tsara lambar sashi don ɓoye mahimman halaye. Tsarin al'ada na iya haɗawa da: Lambar Jerin, Launi/Zazzabin Launi, Kwandon Ƙarfin Haske (Flux Bin), Kwandon Ƙarfin Lantarki (Voltage Bin), da Lambar Kunshin. Fahimtar wannan tsarin yana ba da damar yin oda daidai na ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ake buƙata.

8. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

8.1 Da'irori na Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Da'irori na aikace-aikace na asali sun haɗa da resistor na jeri don iyakance wutar lantarki lokacin amfani da tushen ƙarfin lantarki akai-akai. Don mafi kyawun aiki, musamman tare da LED da yawa ko manyan LED masu ƙarfi, ana ba da shawarar takamaiman IC direban LED mai wutar lantarki akai-akai. Ana haɗa zane-zanen da'ira na duka tsarin.

8.2 Abubuwan da Ya Kamata a Yi la'akari da su a Ƙirar

Mahimman abubuwan da ya kamata a yi la'akari da su a ƙirar sun haɗa da sarrafa zafi (yankin tagulla na PCB, ramukan zafi, mai yuwuwar heatsink), ƙirar gani (zaɓin ruwan tabarau, masu watsawa), da ƙirar lantarki (zaɓin direba, hanyar dushewa, kariya daga karkatar da baya da wuce gona da iri). Tabbatar da cewa LED yana aiki a cikin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsayinsa yana da mahimmanci ga dogaro.

9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambanci

Idan aka kwatanta da sake dubawa na farko ko wasu samfuran, Sake Dubawa Na 2 na wannan kayan LED na iya ba da ingantattun abubuwa a fannoni da yawa. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da ingantaccen ingancin haske (lumens da yawa a kowace watt), ingantaccen daidaiton launi ta hanyar ƙaramin rarrabuwa (tight binning), ingantattun bayanan dogaro daga gwajin rayuwa mai tsawo, ko ƙirar kunshin da ya fi ƙarfi. Matsayin rayuwa na "Har Abada" ya bambanta shi da samfuran da suka ƙare rayuwarsu (EOL) ko sababbin samfuran da ba a tabbatar da su ba ta hanyar ba da kwanciyar hankali na wadata na dogon lokaci, wanda shine muhimmin al'amari ga aikace-aikacen masana'antu da na mota.

10. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQ)

Q: Me ake nufi da "Matakin Rayuwa: Sake Dubawa Na 2"?
A: Yana nuna cewa wannan shine babban sake dubawa na biyu na takardar bayanin samfur/ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Ƙirar samfur tana da tsayayye kuma ta girma, tare da sabuntawa mai yiwuwa suna mai da hankali kan ingantattun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, ingantattun bayanan gwaji, ko kuma bayyana jagororin bisa ga gogewar filin.

Q: Menene ma'anar "Lokacin Ƙarewa: Har Abada"?
A: Wannan yana nuna cewa masana'anta suna da niyyar samar da wannan takamaiman bambancin kayan har abada, ko kuma na gaba mai yiwuwa. Ba a shirya shi don zama tsoho ba, yana ba da amincin wadata ga ayyukan dogon lokaci.

Q: Ta yaya ya kamata in fassara ranar saki?
A: Ranar saki (2014-12-05) ita ce lokacin da aka fitar da wannan takamaiman sake dubawa (Rev. 2) na takardar. Koyaushe ka koma zuwa sabon sake dubawa don mafi ƙayyadaddun bayanai na yanzu.

Q: Shin zan iya haɗa LED daga kwandon daban-daban a cikin ƙirar ta?
A: An ƙarfafa hakan sosai, musamman ga kwandon launi da ƙarfin haske. Haɗa kwandon na iya haifar da bambance-bambancen launi da haske a cikin samfurin ƙarshe. Koyaushe ka ƙayyade kuma ka yi amfani da LED daga kwandon ɗaya don sakamako iri ɗaya.

11. Nazarin Aikace-aikace na Aiki

Yi la'akari da kayan hasken aiki da aka ƙera don wuraren ofis. Ƙirar tana buƙatar farin haske mai daidaito, babban CRI. Ta amfani da wannan LED a cikin Sake Dubawa Na 2, ƙungiyar ƙira za ta:
1. Zaɓi takamaiman kwandon CCT (misali, 4000K) da babban kwandon CRI (misali, >80) daga lambar oda.
2. Ƙirar PCB tare da isassun shafukan zafi da zubar da tagulla don kiyaye zazzabin haɗin gwiwa ƙasa da 105°C a cikin kewaye da ke kewaye da kayan.
2. Yi amfani da na'urar direba mai wutar lantarki akai-akai wanda aka ƙididdige shi don jimillar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba na tsararrun LED a wutar lantarki da ake so.
4. Aiwatar da abubuwan gani (masu nunawa ko masu watsawa) bisa kusurwar kallon LED don cimma tsarin hasken da ake so da kuma kawar da haske mai haskakawa.
Tabbacin rayuwa na "Har Abada" yana ba masana'anta damar shirya ayyukan samar da kayan haske na shekaru da yawa ba tare da damuwa game da tsohon kayan ba.

12. Gabatarwa da Ka'idar Aiki

LED diode ne na semiconductor. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, electrons daga semiconductor na n-type suna sake haɗuwa da ramuka daga semiconductor na p-type a cikin yanki mai aiki, suna sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Tsawon raɗaɗi (launi) na hasken da aka fitar an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar tazarar ƙarfin makamashi na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su (misali, InGaN don shuɗi/kore, AlInGaP don ja/amber). Fararen LED galibi ana ƙirƙira su ta hanyar lulluɓe guntun LED shuɗi da wani abu na phosphor wanda ke ɗaukar wasu shuɗin haske kuma ya sake fitar da shi azaman bakan mafi faɗi na hasken rawaya; haɗin shuɗi da hasken rawaya ana ɗaukarsa azaman fari.

13. Trends da Ci gaban Fasaha

Masana'antar hasken ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran tana ci gaba da haɓakawa. Trends na gabaɗaya sun haɗa da ƙara ingancin haske, rage farashin kowane lumen, da inganta ingancin launi da daidaito. Ƙananan kunshin yana ci gaba, yana ba da damar nuni mai girma da haske. Hakanan akwai babban yanayi zuwa haske mai hankali, mai haɗawa tare da haɗaɗɗun na'urori masu auna firikwensin da sarrafawa. Bugu da ƙari, bincike a cikin sabbin kayan kamar perovskites da ɗigon ƙididdiga yana nufin ƙirƙirar LED tare da ingantaccen tsaftar launi da inganci. Dogon samuwar samfuran da suka girma kamar wannan Sashi na Sake Dubawa Na 2 yana tare da saurin ci gaban fasahohin zamani na gaba, suna hidima ga sassa daban-daban na kasuwa bisa ga buƙatun aiki, farashi, da kwanciyar hankali na wadata.