Takardar Bayanin Kayan LED - Sake Dubawa Na 3 - Bayanin Tsarin Rayuwa - Takardar Fasaha ta Turanci

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Wannan takardar bayanan fasaha tana ba da cikakken bayani game da wani takamaiman kayan LED (Light Emitting Diode). Takardar tana cikin sake dubawa na uku a yanzu, wanda ke nuna cewa ƙayyadaddun samfur ya cika kuma ya tsaya tsayin daka. An sanya matakin tsarin rayuwa a matsayin "Sake Dubawa", kuma ranar saki na wannan takamaiman sigar ita ce 27 ga Nuwamba, 2014. Lokacin da ya ƙare an yi masa alama da "Har Abada", wanda ke nuna cewa wannan takarda ta kasance ingantacciyar ma'ana ga ƙayyadaddun samfur sai dai an maye gurbinta da wani sabon sake dubawa. Babban fa'idar wannan kayan shine ƙayyadaddun ma'auni na fasaha da aka ƙaddara, wanda ke ba da aminci da daidaito ga injiniyoyin ƙira. Kasuwar da aka yi niyya ta haɗa da aikace-aikace a cikin hasken gabaɗaya, na'urorin hasken baya, hasken mota, da na'urorin lantarki na masu amfani inda aikin da ya tsaya tsayin daka ke da muhimmanci.

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha

Yayin da abin da aka ba da ya mayar da hankali ne kan bayanan takarda, cikakkiyar takardar bayani na kayan LED za ta ƙunshi cikakkun ma'auni na fasaha. Waɗannan suna da mahimmanci don ingantacciyar ƙirar da'ira da sarrafa zafi.

2.1 Halayen Haske da Launi

Halayen haske suna ayyana fitowar haske. Manyan ma'auni sun haɗa da ƙarfin haske (wanda aka auna a cikin lumens, lm), wanda ke nuna jimillar ƙarfin haske da ake gani. Ƙarfin haske (wanda aka auna a cikin candela, cd) yana bayyana fitowar haske a wata takamaiman hanya. Tsawon raɗaɗin haske ko kuma ma'anar zafin jiki na launi (CCT, wanda aka auna a cikin Kelvin, K) yana ƙayyadad da launin hasken da aka fitar, wanda ke tafiya daga farin dumi (misali, 2700K) zuwa farin sanyi (misali, 6500K). Ma'auni na nuna launi (CRI, Ra) shine ma'auni na yadda hasken ke nuna launukan abubuwa daidai idan aka kwatanta da hasken halitta, tare da ƙimar mafi girma (kusa da 100) suna da kyau ga aikace-aikace masu mahimmanci na launi.

2.2 Ma'auni na Lantarki

Ma'auni na lantarki suna da mahimmanci don tuka LED cikin aminci da inganci. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake aiki a ƙayyadadden ƙarfinsa. Yawanci yana tsakanin 2.8V zuwa 3.6V ga LED farare na al'ada. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If) shine ƙarfin aiki da aka shawarce, sau da yawa 20mA, 60mA, 150mA, ko sama da haka dangane da ƙimar wutar lantarki. Ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr) shine matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da LED zai iya jurewa a cikin hanyar da ba ta wucewa ba ba tare da lalacewa ba, yawanci kusan 5V. Wuce gona da iri na matsakaicin ƙima na ƙarfin lantarki ko ƙarfin wutar lantarki na iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin ko gazawa.

2.3 Halayen Zafi

Aikin LED da tsawon rayuwarsa sun dogara sosai akan zafin jiki. Zafin jiki na haɗuwa (Tj) shine zafin jiki a guntun semiconductor kanta. Juriyar zafi (Rth j-a, wanda aka auna a cikin °C/W) yana nuna yadda ake canja wurin zafi daga haɗuwa zuwa yanayin muhalli. Ƙananan juriyar zafi yana da kyau, saboda yana nufin haɗuwar ta kasance cikin sanyi don wani takamaiman watsi da wutar lantarki. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na haɗuwa da aka yarda (Tj max) bai kamata a wuce shi ba don tabbatar da amincin dogon lokaci. Ingantaccen ajiyar zafi yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye Tj cikin iyakokin aminci.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

Saboda bambance-bambancen masana'antu, ana rarraba LED zuwa rukunoni bisa mahimman ma'auni don tabbatar da daidaito a cikin rukunin samarwa.

3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Raɗaɗin Haske / Zafin Jiki na Launi

Ana rarraba LED bisa tsawon raɗaɗin haske (ga LED masu launi) ko ma'anar zafin jiki na launi (ga LED farare). Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa duk LED a cikin taro suna da kusan kamanni iri ɗaya na launi, yana hana canjin launi da ake iya gani ko rashin daidaiton haske. Yawanci ana ayyana rukunoni ta hanyar ƙaramin kewayon akan zanen launi na CIE.

Ana kuma rarraba fitowar ƙarfin haske. Wannan yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar LED waɗanda suka cika takamaiman buƙatun mafi ƙarancin haske ko kuma su haɗa LED na irin wannan fitarwa don daidaitaccen haske. Yawanci ana ayyana rukunin ƙarfin haske azaman kewayon kashi (misali, 100-110% na ƙimar ƙarfin haske).

Ana rarraba ƙarfin lantarki na gaba don sauƙaƙe ƙirar tukawa da inganta inganci a cikin tsarin jerin/layin daya. Haɗa LED tare da ƙimar Vf iri ɗaya yana taimakawa tabbatar da rarraba ƙarfin lantarki daidai, musamman lokacin da aka haɗa LED da yawa a layi daya.

Bayanan hoto suna ba da zurfin fahimta game da halayen LED a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki daban-daban.

Lanƙwasa I-V yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba. Ba shi da layi, yana nuna ƙaramin ƙarfin wutar lantarki wanda ƙasa da shi ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki ke gudana. Sama da wannan ƙaramin ƙarfin wutar lantarki, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙaruwa da sauri tare da ƙaramin ƙaruwa a cikin ƙarfin wutar lantarki. Wannan halayen yana buƙatar amfani da tukawan ƙarfin lantarki na dindindin maimakon tushen ƙarfin wutar lantarki na dindindin don aiki mai tsayin daka.

Wasu mahimman ma'auni suna canzawa tare da zafin jiki. Yawanci, ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba (Vf) yana raguwa yayin da zafin jiki na haɗuwa ya ƙaru. Akasin haka, fitowar ƙarfin haske gabaɗaya yana raguwa tare da hawan zafin jiki. Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙoƙin yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar tsarin da ke kiyaye aiki mai daidaito a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na aikinsu.

Zanen SPD yana nuna ƙarfin haske da aka fitar a kowane tsawon raɗaɗi. Ga LED farare, yawanci yana nuna kololuwar shuɗi daga guntun LED da kuma mafi faɗin kololuwar rawaya/ja daga rufin phosphor. Siffar SPD ta ƙayyade CCT da CRI na LED kai tsaye.

Kunshin jiki yana kare guntun semiconductor kuma yana ba da haɗin lantarki da hanyoyin zafi.

Cikakken zanen yana ba da duk mahimman girmomi na kunshin LED, gami da tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, da duk wani lanƙwasa ruwan tabarau. An ƙayyade iyakoki ga kowane girma. Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci don shimfidar PCB (Allon Da'ira da aka Buga) da haɗa injiniya cikin samfurin ƙarshe.

An ba da shimfidar ƙasa ta PCB da aka shawarce (geometri da girman filayen solder) don tabbatar da ingantaccen haɗin solder yayin solder na reflow. Wannan ya haɗa da girmomin filaye, tazara tsakanin filaye, da duk wani tsarin taimakon zafi don filaye da aka haɗa zuwa manyan wuraren tagulla don watsi da zafi.

Alamomi masu haske suna nuna tashoshi na anode (+) da cathode (-). Ana yin hakan sau da yawa ta hanyar tsaga, ɗigo, kusurwa mai lanƙwasa, ko tsayin jagora daban-daban. Daidaitaccen ƙarshen lantarki ya zama dole don LED ya yi aiki.

Ingantaccen kulawa da haɗawa yana da mahimmanci don hana lalata LED.

An ba da shawarar yanayin zafin jiki na solder na reflow. Wannan zanen yana nuna zafin jiki da lokaci, yana ƙayyadad da manyan yankuna: preheat, jiƙa, reflow (tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki), da sanyaya. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na jiki da aka yarda da tsawon lokaci a matsakaicin zafin jiki sune iyakoki masu mahimmanci waɗanda ba za a wuce su ba don hana lalata kunshin filastik ko haɗin waya na ciki.

LED suna da hankali ga fitar da lantarki na electrostatic (ESD). Ya kamata a yi kulawa a tashoshin aiki masu kariya daga ESD ta amfani da igiyoyin wuyan da aka kafa. A guji amfani da matsin lamba na injiniya akan ruwan tabarau. Kada a taɓa ruwan tabarau da yatsun hannu, saboda gurɓataccen abu na iya shafar fitowar haske kuma ya haifar da canjin launi bayan lokaci.

Ya kamata a adana LED a cikin yanayi mai sanyi, bushewa a cikin ƙayyadadden kewayon zafin jiki da ɗanɗano. Yawanci ana samar da su a cikin jakunkuna masu hankali ga ɗanɗano tare da katin nuna ɗanɗano. Idan an buɗe jakar ko matakin ɗanɗano ya wuce wani bakin kofa, ƙayyadaddun na iya buƙatar gasa kafin reflow don hana "popcorning" (fashewar kunshi saboda saurin faɗaɗa tururi yayin solder).

Wannan sashe yana ba da cikakken bayani kan yadda ake samar da samfurin da kuma yadda ake ƙayyade shi lokacin yin oda.

Ana samar da LED akan tef da reel don haɗawa ta atomatik. Ƙayyadaddun sun haɗa da diamita na reel, faɗin tef, tazara tsakanin aljihu, da adadin abubuwan da ke cikin kowane reel.

Alamar reel ta ƙunshi mahimman bayanai kamar lambar sashi, adadi, lambar kuri'a/loti, lambar kwanan wata, da lambobin rukunin ƙarfin haske da launi.

Lambar sashi lamba ce da ta haɗa mahimman halaye na LED, kamar girman kunshi, launi, rukunin ƙarfin haske, rukunin ƙarfin wutar lantarki, kuma wani lokacin kusurwar kallo. Fahimtar wannan suna yana da mahimmanci don sayayya daidai.

Jagora kan yadda za a yi amfani da LED mafi kyau a cikin ƙirar ainihin duniya.

Yawanci ana ba da zane-zane na ainihin da'irorin tukawan ƙarfin lantarki na dindindin. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da sauƙaƙan tukawan masu dogaro da resistor don LED masu ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki ko ƙarin rikitattun da'irori ta amfani da takamaiman IC tukawan LED don ƙarin ƙarfi ko LED da yawa.

Mahimman batutuwan ƙira sun haɗa da sarrafa zafi (lissafin aikin ajiyar zafi da ake buƙata), ƙirar haske (zaɓin ruwan tabarau don tsarin hasken da ake so), da ƙirar lantarki (tabbatar da cewa tukawan zai iya ba da ƙarfin lantarki mai tsayin daka a kan kewayon ƙarfin wutar lantarki da ake tsammani da zafin jiki na muhalli). Lanƙwasa rage ƙima, waɗanda ke nuna matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da aka yarda azaman aikin zafin jiki na muhalli, suna da mahimmanci don ingantacciyar ƙira.

Yayin da wannan takardar bayani ta bayyana samfur guda ɗaya, masu ƙira sau da yawa suna kwatanta shi da madadin. Wuraren kwatancen da za a iya haɗawa sun haɗa da mafi girman ingancin haske (lumens a kowace watt), mafi kyawun nuna launi (mafi girman CRI), mafi faɗin kewayon zafin jiki na aiki, ko mafi ƙanƙanta girman kunshi idan aka kwatanta da tsararraki na baya ko samfuran abokin hamayya. Matsayin "Sake Dubawa Na 3" yana nuna haɓaka ƙari akan sigogi na baya, mai yiwuwa a fagage kamar inganci, aminci, ko daidaiton launi.

Tambayoyin gama gari dangane da ma'auni na fasaha sun haɗa da: "Wane ƙarfin lantarki na tukawa ya kamata in yi amfani da shi?" (Amsa: Ƙayyadadden ƙarfin lantarki na gaba na al'ada, If). "Me ya sa LED na ya yi duhu fiye da yadda ake tsammani?" (Amsoshi masu yuwuwa: Zafin jiki na haɗuwa ya yi yawa sosai, ƙarfin lantarki na tukawa ƙasa da ƙayyadaddun, ko kuma an zaɓi rukunin ƙarfin haske ba daidai ba). "Zan iya haɗa LED da yawa a layi daya?" (Amsa: Ba a ba da shawarar ba tare da daidaita ƙarfin lantarki na kowane mutum ba, saboda bambancin Vf; haɗin jerin tare da tukawan ƙarfin lantarki na dindindin ya fi dacewa). "Menene tsawon rayuwar da ake tsammani?" (Amsa: Yawanci ana ayyana shi azaman lokacin har sai ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa 70% ko 50% na ƙimar sa na farko lokacin da ake aiki a ƙayyadadden yanayi, sau da yawa sa'o'i 50,000).

Dangane da ƙayyadaddun gama gari na kayan da aka ƙaddara takardar bayanai, aikace-aikace na ainihi sun haɗa da:

Ana amfani da shi a cikin kayan aiki na layi ko fitilun ƙasa inda daidaitaccen launi da dogon rayuwa suka fi mahimmanci.

Yana aiki azaman alamomin matsayi ko fitilun baya na maɓalli a cikin na'urori masu buƙatar ingantaccen haske, ƙaramin wutar lantarki.

Yana ba da fitilun taswira, fitilun koli, ko hasken ƙwaƙwalwa, yana amfana da aiki mai tsayin daka a cikin kewayon zafin jiki mai faɗi.

LED diode ne na semiconductor. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na gaba, electrons daga semiconductor na n-type da ramuka daga semiconductor na p-type ana shigar da su cikin yankin aiki. Lokacin da electrons da ramuka suka sake haɗuwa, ana fitar da makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Tsawon raɗaɗin haske (launi) na hasken da aka fitar an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar tazarar bandgap na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su a cikin yankin aiki. LED farare yawanci ana ƙirƙira su ta hanyar lulluɓe guntun LED shuɗi da phosphor rawaya; wasu daga cikin hasken shuɗi ana canza su zuwa rawaya, kuma cakuda hasken shuɗi da rawaya ana ganinsa azaman fari.

Masana'antar LED tana ci gaba da haɓakawa. Trends na gabaɗaya sun haɗa da haɓaka ingancin haske, yana ba da damar ƙarin fitowar haske don ƙarancin wutar lantarki da zafi. Akwai turawa don mafi girman ma'auni na nuna launi (CRI >90, har ma >95) don aikace-aikace kamar hasken kantin sayar da kayayyaki da gidajen tarihi. Ƙananan ƙirar yana ci gaba, yana ba da damar sabbin aikace-aikace a cikin nunin da ba su da kauri. Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka LED akan abubuwan da ba na al'ada ba da sabbin tsarin phosphor yana nufin inganta aiki da rage farashi. Kasancewar takardar bayani ta "Sake Dubawa Na 3" yana nuna wannan tsari na haɓaka samfur da haɓakawa.

This section details how the product is supplied and how to specify it when ordering.

.1 Packaging Specifications

The LEDs are supplied on tape and reel for automated assembly. The specifications include reel diameter, tape width, pocket spacing, and the number of components per reel.

.2 Label Information

The reel label contains vital information such as part number, quantity, lot/batch number, date code, and bin codes for luminous flux and color.

.3 Part Numbering System

The part number is a code that encapsulates the key attributes of the LED, such as package size, color, flux bin, voltage bin, and sometimes viewing angle. Understanding this nomenclature is essential for correct procurement.

. Application Recommendations

Guidance on how to best utilize the LED in real-world designs.

.1 Typical Application Circuits

Schematics for basic constant-current driver circuits are often provided. These may include simple resistor-based drivers for low-current LEDs or more complex circuits using dedicated LED driver ICs for higher power or multiple LEDs.

.2 Design Considerations

Key design points include thermal management (calculating required heat sink performance), optical design (lens selection for desired beam pattern), and electrical design (ensuring the driver can deliver stable current over the expected input voltage range and ambient temperature). Derating curves, which show the maximum allowable forward current as a function of ambient temperature, are crucial for reliable design.

. Technical Comparison

While this datasheet describes a single product, designers often compare it to alternatives. Potential points of comparison could include higher luminous efficacy (lumens per watt), better color rendering (higher CRI), a wider operating temperature range, or a more compact package size compared to previous generations or competitor products. The "Revision 3" status implies incremental improvements over earlier versions, likely in areas like efficiency, reliability, or color consistency.

. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Common questions based on technical parameters include: "What driver current should I use?" (Answer: The specified typical forward current, If). "Why is my LED dimmer than expected?" (Possible answers: Junction temperature too high, driving current below specification, or incorrect flux bin selected). "Can I connect multiple LEDs in parallel?" (Answer: Not recommended without individual current balancing, due to Vf variation; series connection with a constant-current driver is preferred). "What is the expected lifetime?" (Answer: Typically defined as the time until luminous flux degrades to 70% or 50% of its initial value when operated at specified conditions, often 50,000 hours).

. Practical Use Cases

Based on common specifications for a component with a finalized datasheet, practical applications include:Architectural Lighting:Used in linear fixtures or downlights where consistent color and long life are paramount.Consumer Electronics:Serving as status indicators or keyboard backlights in devices requiring reliable, low-power illumination.Automotive Interior Lighting:Providing map lights, dome lights, or accent lighting, benefiting from stable performance across a wide temperature range.

. Operating Principle Introduction

An LED is a semiconductor diode. When a forward voltage is applied, electrons from the n-type semiconductor and holes from the p-type semiconductor are injected into the active region. When electrons and holes recombine, energy is released in the form of photons (light). The wavelength (color) of the emitted light is determined by the energy bandgap of the semiconductor materials used in the active region. White LEDs are typically created by coating a blue LED chip with a yellow phosphor; some of the blue light is converted to yellow, and the mixture of blue and yellow light is perceived as white.

. Technology Trends

The LED industry continuously evolves. General trends include increasing luminous efficacy, allowing more light output for less electrical power and heat. There is a push for higher color rendering indices (CRI >90, even >95) for applications like retail lighting and museums. Miniaturization continues, enabling new applications in ultra-thin displays. Furthermore, the development of LEDs on non-traditional substrates and new phosphor systems aims to improve performance and reduce costs. The existence of a "Revision 3" datasheet reflects this iterative process of product improvement and refinement.