Takardar Bayanin Kayan LED - Lokacin Rayuwa: Sake Dubawa Na 1 - Ranar Saki: 2014-12-16 - Takardar Fasaha ta Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Wannan takardar fasaha ta shafi wani takamaiman sake dubawa na kayan LED. Babban bayanin da aka bayar yana nuna cewa kayan yana cikin lokacin "Sake Dubawa" na rayuwarsa, tare da lambar sake dubawa 1. An rubuta ranar sakin wannan sake dubawa a ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2014, da karfe 12:06:03. Takardar bayanan ta tabbatar da cewa wannan sake dubawa yana da "Lokacin Ƙarewa" wanda aka keɓance shi da "Har Abada," yana nuna cewa wannan sigar bayanan kayan an yi niyya ta zama cikakkiyar ma'ana da madogara ta dindindin don wannan takamaiman sake zagayowar dubawa. Takardar tana aiki a matsayin cikakkiyar ma'anar fasaha ta hukuma ga injiniyoyi, ƙwararrun saye, da ma'aikatan tabbatar da inganci waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin ƙira, samo kayan, da kera samfuran da ke amfani da wannan kayan.

2. Ma'auni da Ƙayyadaddun Fasaha

Yayin da abin da aka ba da ya mayar da hankali kan bayanan gudanarwa, cikakkiyar takardar bayanai don kayan LED yawanci za ta haɗa da waɗannan cikakkun ma'auni na fasaha. Waɗannan sassan suna da mahimmanci don ingantaccen ƙirar da'ira da gudanar da zafi.

2.1 Halayen Haske da Launi

Wannan sashe yana ayyana fitowar haske da kaddarorin launi na LED. Manyan ma'auni sun haɗa da babban tsawon raɗaɗi ko kuma daidaitaccen zazzabin launi (CCT), wanda ke ƙayyade launin hasken da aka fitar (misali, farin sanyi, farin dumi, ko takamaiman launuka kamar ja ko shuɗi). Ƙarfin haske, wanda aka auna a cikin lumens (lm), yana nuna jimillar ƙarfin haske da aka fitar. Sauran mahimman ma'auni sune ma'auni na launi (misali, akan zanen CIE 1931), waɗanda ke ayyana daidai wurin launi, da kuma ma'auni na nuna launi (CRI), wanda ke auna ikon tushen haske na bayyana launukan abubuwa da gaskiya idan aka kwatanta da tushen haske na halitta. Kusurwar kallo, wanda aka ƙayyade a cikin digiri, yana bayyana rarraba ƙarfin haske na kusurwa.

2.2 Ma'aunin Lantarki

Ƙayyadaddun lantarki sune tushe don tuka LED daidai da tabbatar da tsawon rayuwa. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake fitar da haske a takamaiman gwajin na yanzu. Yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar wutar lantarki da da'irar iyakance na yanzu. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If) shine shawarar na yanzu na aiki, yawanci ana ba da shi azaman ƙimar ƙima da matsakaicin ƙimar ƙima. Wucewa da matsakaicin na yanzu na iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin. Ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr) yana ƙayyade matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da LED zai iya jurewa lokacin da aka yi masa bambanci a cikin hanyar da ba ta gudana ba. Ana iya samar da juriya mai ƙarfi don ƙarin ƙirar ƙira a cikin aikace-aikacen pulsed ko analog dimming.

2.3 Halayen Zafi

Aikin LED da tsawon rayuwa suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar zazzabi. Zazzabin haɗin gwiwa (Tj) shine zazzabi a guntun semiconductor da kansa, kuma dole ne a kiyaye shi ƙasa da takamaiman matsakaicin ƙima, sau da yawa 125°C ko 150°C. Juriyar zafi, daga haɗin gwiwa zuwa muhalli (RθJA) ko haɗin gwiwa zuwa harsashi (RθJC), yana ƙididdige yadda zafi zai iya gudana daga guntun LED. Ƙananan ƙimar juriyar zafi yana nuna mafi kyawun watsi da zafi. Ingantaccen heatsinking yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye ƙananan zazzabin haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke adana fitowar haske, yana jinkirin canjin launi, da kuma tsawaita rayuwar aiki sosai.

3. Tsarin Rarraba da Rarrabawa

Saboda bambance-bambancen masana'antu, ana rarraba LED cikin kwandon aiki. Wannan tsarin yana tabbatar da daidaito ga mai amfani na ƙarshe.

3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Raɗaɗi da Zazzabin Launi

Ana rarraba LED bisa ga babban tsawon raɗaɗi (don LED masu launi ɗaya) ko daidaitaccen zazzabin launi (don fararen LED). Ana ayyana kwandon ta hanyar ƙananan kewayon akan ginshiƙi na launi (misali, ellipses na MacAdam). Ƙarfin rarrabawa yana haifar da mafi daidaitaccen bayyanar launi a cikin LED da yawa a cikin taro amma yana iya zuwa da tsada mafi girma.

3.2 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske

Ana kuma rarraba fitar da ƙarfin haske. Tsarin rarrabawa na yau da kullun zai iya rarraba LED bisa ga mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin haske a daidaitaccen gwajin na yanzu. Wannan yana ba masu zane damar zaɓar abubuwan da suka dace da takamaiman buƙatun haske don aikace-aikacensu.

3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba

Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba wani ma'auni ne da ke ƙarƙashin rarrabawa. Rarraba LED ta hanyar Vf iri ɗaya na iya sauƙaƙa ƙirar direba, musamman a cikin jerin haɗin gwiwa, ta hanyar tabbatar da mafi daidaitaccen rarraba na yanzu da watsi da wutar lantarki.

4. Binciken Lanƙwasa na Aiki

Bayanan hoto suna ba da zurfin fahimtar halayen LED a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

4.1 Lanƙwasa Halayen Ƙarfin Lantarki da Na Yanzu (I-V)

Lanƙwasa I-V yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da na yanzu ta hanyar LED. Ba shi da layi, yana nuna ƙarfin lantarki na kunna wanda ƙasa da shi ƙaramin na yanzu ke gudana. Gangaren lanƙwasa a cikin yankin aiki yana da alaƙa da juriya mai ƙarfi. Wannan jadawali yana da mahimmanci don zaɓar ingantaccen tsarin direba (na yanzu na dindindin da na ƙarfin lantarki na dindindin).

4.2 Lanƙwasa Dogaro da Zazzabi

Waɗannan lanƙwasa suna nuna yadda manyan ma'auni ke canzawa tare da zazzabin haɗin gwiwa. Yawanci, suna nuna ƙarancin ƙarfin haske yana raguwa yayin da zazzabi ke ƙaruwa. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba shima yana raguwa tare da haɓakar zazzabi. Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙa yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar tsarin da ke kiyaye daidaitaccen aiki a cikin kewayon zafin aiki.

4.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Bakan Haske (SPD)

Jadawalin SPD yana zana ƙarfin haske da LED ke fitarwa a matsayin aikin tsawon raɗaɗi. Don fararen LED, yana nuna faɗin bakan da aka canza phosphor wanda aka sanya shi akan kololuwar LED na famfo shuɗi. Ana amfani da wannan jadawali don ƙididdige bayanan launi da kuma tantance ma'auni na ingancin launi kamar CRI da yankin gamut.

5. Bayanan Injiniya da Kunshin

Ƙayyadaddun jiki suna tabbatar da ingantaccen shimfidar PCB da haɗawa.

5.1 Zanen Tsarin Girma

Cikakken zanen injiniya yana ba da duk mahimman girma: tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, siffar ruwan tabarau, da tazarar jagora. Ya haɗa da jurewa ga kowane girma. Ana amfani da wannan zanen don ƙirar ƙafar PCB da duba don ƙetare injiniya a cikin samfurin ƙarshe.

5.2 Tsarin Gindin Zane da Ƙirar Kariyar Solder

An ƙayyade shimfidar ƙasa ta PCB da aka ba da shawarar (ƙafar ƙafa), gami da girman gindi, siffa, da tazara. Ana ba da jagororin don buɗe kariyar solder da ƙirar stencil na solder (girman buɗe ido, kauri) sau da yawa don tabbatar da ingantaccen haɗin solder yayin reflow.

5.3 Gano Ƙarfin Lantarki

Hanyar gano anode da cathode an nuna ta a sarari. Ana yin hakan yawanci ta hanyar alama akan jikin kayan (kamar notch, ɗigo, ko yanke kusurwa), mafi tsayin jagora, ko takamaiman siffar gindi akan ƙafar ƙafa (misali, murabba'in gindi don anode).

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Ingantaccen sarrafawa da haɗawa suna da mahimmanci don dogaro.

6.1 Bayanin Yanayin Solder na Reflow

An ba da shawarar bayanin yanayin zafin reflow. Wannan ya haɗa da manyan ma'auni: ƙimar hawan preheat, zazzabin jikewa da lokaci, matsakaicin zazzabi, lokacin sama da ruwa (TAL), da ƙimar sanyaya. An ƙayyade matsakaicin zazzabin jiki da aka yarda yayin solder don hana lalata kunshin LED ko kayan haɗin gwiwa na ciki.

6.2 Kula da Sarrafawa da Ajiyewa

LED suna da hankali ga fitar da lantarki na electrostatic (ESD). Hanyoyin sarrafawa yakamata su haɗa da amfani da tashoshin aiki masu tushe da igiyoyin wuyan hannu. Shawarwarin ajiya yawanci sun haɗa da kiyaye abubuwan a cikin jakunkunan shinge na danshi na asali tare da busasshiyar abu, ana adana su a cikin yanayi mai sarrafawa (takamaiman zazzabi da kewayon danshi) don hana shan danshi, wanda zai iya haifar da "popcorning" yayin reflow.

7. Bayanan Kunshin da Oda

Wannan sashe yana cikakken bayyana yadda ake samar da abubuwan da kuma yadda ake ƙayyade su.

7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Kunshin

An ba da ƙayyadaddun tef da reel, gami da diamita na reel, faɗin tef, filin aljihu, da kuma karkatar da kayan. Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci don injunan zaɓe da wuri na atomatik. Adadin kowane reel suna da daidaito (misali, 2000 ko 4000 guda).

7.2 Tsarin Sunan Samfur

An bayyana tsarin lambar lambar sashi. Yawanci yana haɗa da lambobin don nau'in kunshin, launi/tsawon raɗaɗi, kwandon ƙarfin haske, kwandon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, kuma wani lokacin fasali na musamman. Fahimtar wannan nomenclature yana da mahimmanci don yin oda daidai da bambancin kayan da ake so.

8. Bayanan Aikace-aikace da Abubuwan Zane

Shawara mai amfani don aiwatar da LED a cikin ƙirar ainihi.

8.1 Da'irori na Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

An nuna zane-zane don da'irori na tuƙi na asali. Don alamun ƙaramin wutar lantarki, resistor na jerin gwano tare da tushen wutar lantarki ya zama gama gari. Don aikace-aikacen mafi girma ko daidaito, ana ba da shawarar direbobi na yanzu na dindindin (ta amfani da masu sarrafa layi ko masu canzawa) don tabbatar da ingantaccen fitar da haske ba tare da la'akari da bambancin wutar lantarki ko zazzabi ba.

8.2 Zane na Gudanar da Zafi

An ba da jagora akan shimfidar PCB don watsi da zafi. Wannan ya haɗa da amfani da hanyoyin zafi a ƙarƙashin gindin zafi na LED (idan akwai), haɗawa zuwa manyan jiragen tagulla, da yuwuwar ƙara heatsink na waje. Ana yawan zayyana lissafin kiyasin zazzabin haɗin gwiwa bisa ga watsi da wutar lantarki da juriyar zafi.

9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Yayin da aka bar takamaiman sunayen abokan hamayya, takardar bayanai na iya nuna manyan fa'idodin wannan kayan. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da mafi girman ingancin haske (lumens a kowace watt), mafi kyawun daidaiton launi saboda ƙarfin rarrabawa, mafi faɗin kewayon zafin aiki, ƙara bayanan dogaro (misali, ƙimar rayuwa L70), ko mafi ƙaramin girman kunshin da ke ba da damar ƙirar mafi girma. Lokacin ƙarewar "Har Abada" don wannan sake dubawa yana nuna alƙawari ga samuwa na dogon lokaci da kwanciyar hankali na ƙira, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga samfuran da ke da tsawon rayuwa.

10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)

An magance tambayoyin fasaha na gama gari bisa ga ma'auni.

• Q: Me ake nufi da "Lokacin Rayuwa: Sake Dubawa"?
  
  A: Yana nuna cewa bayanan fasaha na kayan an sabunta su a hukumance kuma an sake su azaman sabon sake dubawa mai sarrafawa. Sake Dubawa Na 1 shine farkon irin wannan sabuntawa.
• Q: Ta yaya zan fassara "Lokacin Ƙarewa: Har Abada"?
  
  A: Yana nufin cewa wannan takamaiman sake dubawa na takardar bayanai ba shi da ranar da aka tsara don tsufa kuma an yi niyya don ci gaba da zama ingantaccen tunani har abada don wannan sake dubawa na samfur.
• Q: Ranar saki ita ce 2014. Shin wannan samfur ya tsufa?
  
  A: Ba lallai ba ne. Ranar saki tana nuna lokacin da aka buga wannan sake dubawa na takardar bayanai. Kayan da kansa na iya kasancewa cikin samarwa kuma ana amfani da shi sosai, musamman a cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu da na mota inda zagayowar ƙira suke da tsayi. Lokacin ƙarewar "Har Abada" yana goyan bayan wannan.
• Q: Ta yaya zan zaɓi resistor na iyakance na yanzu daidai?
  
  A: Yi amfani da dabarar R = (Vsupply - Vf) / If, inda Vf shine ƙarfin lantarki na gaba daga takardar bayanai (ta amfani da ƙimar yau da kullun ko matsakaicin ƙima dangane da gefen ƙira) kuma If shine ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da ake so. Tabbatar cewa ƙimar wutar lantarki na resistor ya isa: P = (If)^2 * R.

11. Misalan Aikace-aikace na Ainihi

Bisa ga ma'auni na fasaha, ga misalan amfani na hasashe.

Misali 1: Haske na Baya don Panel ɗin Sarrafa Masana'antu:Za a iya amfani da jerin waɗannan LED a bayan mai watsawa don samar da haske mai daidaito, amintacce don maɓallai da nunin. Samuwa na dogon lokaci (sake dubawa na "Har Abada") yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda waɗannan panel ɗin za a iya kera su na shekaru da yawa. Mai zane zai zaɓi takamaiman kwandon zazzabin launi don daidaito kuma ya yi amfani da jerin direba na yanzu na dindindin don tabbatar da daidaiton haske da rama duk wani bambancin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba.

Misali 2: Alamar Matsayi a cikin Router ɗin Cibiyar Sadarwa:LED guda ɗaya, wanda aka tuƙa ta hanyar filin GPIO mai sauƙi da resistor na jerin gwano, yana ba da ra'ayin matsayi na gani. Mai zane zai tabbatar cewa an saita ƙarfin lantarki na gaba a cikin kewayon da aka ba da shawarar don cimma hasken da ake so yayin kiyaye dogon lokacin dogaro. Ƙarfin ESD na kayan da ikon jure solder reflow sune manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan aikace-aikacen haɗawa na atomatik mai girma.

12. Ka'idar Aiki

LED diode ne na semiconductor. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, electrons daga semiconductor na n-type da ramuka daga semiconductor na p-type ana shigar da su cikin yankin aiki. Lokacin da electron ya sake haɗuwa da rami, ana sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photon (haske). Tsawon raɗaɗi (launi) na hasken da aka fitar yana ƙayyade ta hanyar bandgap na makamashi na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su a cikin yankin aiki. Fararen LED yawanci ana ƙirƙira su ta amfani da guntun LED shuɗi da aka lulluɓe da kayan phosphor. Phosphor yana ɗaukar wani ɓangare na hasken shuɗi kuma yana sake fitar da shi azaman mafi faɗin bakan na tsawon raɗaɗi mafi tsayi (rawaya, ja), yana haɗuwa da sauran hasken shuɗi don samar da fari.

13. Trends na Fasaha

Masana'antar LED tana ci gaba da haɓakawa. Trends na gaba ɗaya sun haɗa da ci gaba da inganta ingancin haske, tura sama da lumens 200 a kowace watt don wasu fararen LED masu inganci. Akwai mai da hankali sosai kan inganta ingancin launi, tare da babban CRI (90+) da cikakken bakan LED suna zama mafi gama gari don aikace-aikacen inda daidaitaccen bayyana launi yake da mahimmanci. Ƙananan ƙira yana ci gaba, yana ba da damar mafi ƙanƙan tazarar pixel a cikin nunin kai tsaye. Dangane da hankali da sarrafawa, haɗa direbobi da da'irori na sarrafawa kai tsaye cikin kunshin LED ("LED masu hankali") wani trend ne mai girma, yana sauƙaƙa ƙirar tsarin. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara mai da hankali kan dorewa, tare da ƙimar rayuwa mafi tsayi yana rage sharar gida da ingantaccen tsarin masana'antu.