Takardar Bayanin LED - Sake Dubawa 1 - Ranar Saki 2013-11-14 - Takardar Fasaha ta Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Wannan takardar fasaha tana ba da cikakkun ƙayyadaddun bayanai da jagororin aikace-aikace don kayan LED. Babban abin da wannan takardar bayanai ta mayar da hankali akansa shi ne bayyana cikakken bayani game da gudanar da rayuwar samfur da tarihin sake dubawa, tare da tabbatar da cewa masu amfani suna samun damar isa ga mafi inganci da kuma mafi daidaitattun bayanan fasaha na yanzu. An ƙera wannan kayan don aikace-aikacen haskakawa na gabaɗaya da kuma nuni, yana ba da ma'auni na aiki, amintacce, da inganci. Babban fa'idodinsa sun haɗa da ingantaccen aiki a tsawon rayuwarsa, bin diddigin sake dubawa a sarari, da kuma bin ka'idojin aikin takardun fasaha. Kasuwar da ake nufi tana ƙunshe da masana'antu iri-iri, ciki har da na'urorin lantarki na masu amfani, hasken motoci, sarrafa masana'antu, da alamomin gabaɗaya, inda daidaitaccen aikin kayan da kuma bin sawu suke da muhimmanci.

2. Zurfin Fahimtar Ma'auni na Fasaha

Duk da yake ɓangaren PDF da aka ba da shi ya mayar da hankali kan bayanan rayuwa, cikakkiyar takardar bayanin LED gabaɗaya tana ƙunshe da cikakkun ma'auni na fasaha. Sasannin da ke gaba suna bayyana nau'ikan bayanan da suke da mahimmanci don ƙira da aikace-aikace.

2.1 Halayen Haske da Launi

Halayen haske suna ayyana fitowar haske da ingancin LED. Manyan ma'auni sun haɗa da yawan haske (luminous flux), wanda ake aunawa cikin lumens (lm), wanda ke nuna jimillar ƙarfin haske da ake fitarwa. Tsawon zango da ya fi girma ko kuma zafin jiki na launi (CCT) suna ƙayyadad da launin hasken, daga farin zafi (misali, 2700K) zuwa farin sanyi (misali, 6500K) don LED farare, ko kuma takamaiman ƙimar nanometer (nm) don LED masu launi (misali, 630nm don ja). Ma'auni na launi (misali, CIE x, y) suna ba da madaidaicin wurin launi akan zanen sararin launi. Kusurwar kallo, wacce gabaɗaya ake ayyana ta a matsayin kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabin mafi girman ƙimarsa, tana ƙayyadad da tsarin hasken. Don aikace-aikacen da ake buƙatar madaidaicin launi, Ma'auni na Nuna Launi (CRI) shine ma'auni mai mahimmanci, tare da ƙimar da suka wuce 80 ana ɗaukar su da kyau don haskakawa na gabaɗaya.

2.2 Ma'auni na Lantarki

Ma'auni na lantarki suna da mahimmanci ga ƙirar da'ira. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake aiki a ƙayyadadden ƙarfin wuta na gaba (If). Wannan ƙimar tana dogara da zafin jiki kuma gabaɗaya ana bayar da ita a daidaitaccen gwajin ƙarfin wuta (misali, 20mA, 150mA, 350mA) da zafin jiki na haɗuwa (misali, 25°C). Ƙimar ƙarfin wuta na gaba shine mafi girman ƙarfin wuta na ci gaba da LED zai iya ɗauka ba tare da lalacewa ba. Ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr) yana ƙayyadad da mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin alkiblar baya kafin rushewar faruwa. Juriyar motsi, wacce aka samo daga gangaren lissafin IV, tana da mahimmanci ga binciken kwanciyar hankali na direba.

2.3 Halayen Zafi

Aikin LED da tsawon rayuwarsa suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar gudanar da zafi. Zafin jiki na haɗuwa (Tj) shine zafin jiki a cikin guntu na semiconductor da kansa. Juriyar zafi daga haɗuwa zuwa wurin solder (Rth j-sp) ko haɗuwa zuwa yanayi (Rth j-a) tana ƙididdige yadda zafi ke ƙaura daga guntu yadda ya kamata. Ƙananan juriyar zafi yana nuna ingantaccen kawar da zafi. Mafi girman zafin jiki na haɗuwa da aka yarda (Tj max) shine iyakar cikakkiya don aiki mai aminci. Wuce wannan zafin yana haɓaka raguwar haske da sauri kuma zai iya haifar da gazawa mai tsanani. Ingantaccen sanyaya zafi yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye Tj cikin iyakoki masu aminci.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

Saboda bambance-bambancen masana'antu, ana rarraba LED zuwa rukunoni na aiki don tabbatar da daidaito a cikin rukunin samarwa da kuma cikin umarni.

3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Zango / Zafin Jiki na Launi

Ana rarraba LED bisa ga tsawon zango da ya fi girma (don LED masu launi ɗaya) ko kuma daidaitaccen zafin jiki na launi da ma'auni na launi (don LED farare). Ana ayyana rukunoni ta hanyar ƙananan iyakoki akan jadawalin launi na CIE (misali, ellipses na MacAdam). Ƙarfin rarraba (ƙananan ellipses) yana tabbatar da ƙaramin bambancin launi a cikin jeri amma yana iya ƙara farashi.

3.2 Rarraba Yawan Haske (Luminous Flux)

Ana kuma rarraba fitowar yawan haske. Tsarin rarraba na al'ada zai iya rarraba LED bisa ga mafi ƙarancin yawan haske a ƙayyadadden gwajin ƙarfin wuta. Misali, ana iya yiwa rukunoni lakabi da lambobi masu wakiltar kashi na ƙimar haske ta al'ada.

3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (Forward Voltage)

Ana rarraba ƙarfin lantarki na gaba don taimakawa wajen ƙirar direba da kuma tabbatar da daidaitaccen haske a cikin tsararrun layi daya. Rukunoni suna ƙayyadad da iyakar ƙimar Vf (misali, 2.8V - 3.0V, 3.0V - 3.2V). Zaɓin LED daga rukunin Vf ɗaya zai iya inganta daidaitawar ƙarfin wuta a cikin jeri.

4. Bincike akan Lissafin Aiki

Bayanan hoto suna ba da zurfin fahimta game da halayen LED a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

4.1 Lissafin Halayen Ƙarfin Lantarki da ƙarfin Wuta (I-V)

Lissafin I-V yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin ƙarfin wuta na gaba da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. Ba shi da layi, yana nuna ƙarfin lantarki na kunna ("gwiwa" na lissafin) wanda bayansa ƙarfin wuta yana ƙaruwa da sauri tare da ƙananan ƙaruwa a cikin ƙarfin lantarki. Wannan lissafin yana da mahimmanci ga ƙirar direbobi masu ƙarfin wuta akai-akai, domin yana nuna buƙatar daidaita ƙarfin wuta maimakon daidaita ƙarfin lantarki don sarrafa fitowar haske.

4.2 Halayen Zafin Jiki

Manyan lissafai suna nuna dogaron ma'auni akan zafin jiki. Yawan haske da zafin jiki na haɗuwa gabaɗaya suna nuna raguwar fitowa yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da zafin jiki suna nuna ƙimar zafin jiki mara kyau (Vf yana raguwa yayin da Tj ya ƙaru). Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙoƙin yana da mahimmanci ga ƙirar zafi da kuma hasashen aiki a cikin yanayin aikace-aikace.

4.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske a kan Tsawon Zango (Spectral Power Distribution)

Lissafin rarraba ƙarfin haske a kan tsawon zango (SPD) yana zana ƙarfin haske mai alaƙa da tsawon zango. Don LED farare da suka dogara da guntu shuɗi da phosphor, yana nuna kololuwar fitar shuɗi da kuma faɗaɗa bakan phosphor da aka canza zuwa rawaya/kore/ja. SPD yana ƙayyadad da ma'aunan ingancin launi kamar CRI da zafin jiki na launi.

5. Bayanan Injiniya da Marufi

Ƙayyadaddun bayanan zahiri suna tabbatar da ingantaccen shimfidar PCB da haɗawa.

5.1 Zanen Girman

Cikakken zanen girman yana ba da duk mahimman ma'auni: tsayin gabaɗaya, faɗi, da tsayi, girman ruwan tabarau, da tazarar jagora (don rami) ko girman shafi (don SMD). Ana ƙayyadad da iyakoki don kowane girma.

5.2 Ƙirar Shafin Ƙafa (Pad Layout)

Don na'urori masu hawa sama (SMDs), ana ba da shimfidar ƙasa da aka ba da shawarar don PCB. Wannan ya haɗa da girman shafi, siffa, da tazara, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci don samun ingantaccen haɗin solder da kuma ingantaccen haɗin zafi.

5.3 Gano Ƙarshen Lantarki (Polarity)

Hanyar gano anode da cathode ana nuna ta a sarari. Don LED na SMD, wannan sau da yawa alama ce akan marufi (misali, digo kore, tsaga, ko kusurwa da aka yanka) ko kuma girman shafi/siffa daban a ƙasan. Don LED na rami, ana nuna cathode ta hanyar gefe mai lebur akan ruwan tabarau ko kuma gajeriyar jagora.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Ingantaccen gudanarwa da haɗawa suna da mahimmanci ga amincin aiki.

6.1 Bayanin Yanayin Solder na Reflow

Ana ba da shawarar yanayin zafin jiki na solder na reflow don kayan SMD. Wannan ya haɗa da dumama, jiƙa, reflow (kololuwar zafin jiki), da ƙimar gangarowa da tsawon lokaci. Ana ƙayyadad da mafi girman zafin jiki na kololuwa da lokacin da ya wuce ruwa don hana lalacewa ga marufin LED da kayan ciki.

6.2 Abubuwan da Ya kamata a Kula da su da Kuma Gudanarwa

Abubuwan da ya kamata a kula da su na gabaɗaya sun haɗa da guje wa matsin lamba na injiniya akan ruwan tabarau, hana fitar da wutar lantarki (ESD) yayin gudanarwa (LED sau da yawa suna da hankali ga ESD), da kuma kada a taɓa ruwan tabarau da hannu mara kyau don guje wa gurɓatawa. Shawarwari don magungunan tsaftacewa masu dacewa da kayan marufi kuma ana iya haɗa su.

6.3 Yanayin Ajiya

Ana ƙayyadad da ingantattun yanayin ajiya don kiyaye iya solder da kuma hana shan danshi (don marufai masu hankali ga danshi). Wannan gabaɗaya ya haɗa da ajiya a cikin yanayi mai bushewa (ƙarancin danshi) a matsakaicin zafin jiki, sau da yawa a cikin buhunan shinge na danshi masu rufewa tare da busassun abu.

7. Bayanan Marufi da Oda

Bayanai don saye da dabaru.

7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Marufi

An bayyana marufin naúrar (misali, tef da reel don SMDs, bututu, ko tire). Manyan ƙayyadaddun reel sun haɗa da faɗin tef, tazarar aljihu (pitch), diamita na reel, da adadin kowane reel. Ana lura da kaddarorin hana wutar lantarki na kayan marufi.

7.2 Bayanan Alama

An bayyana bayanan da aka buga akan alamar marufi, wanda zai iya haɗawa da lambar sashi, adadi, lambar rukuni/loti, lambar kwanan wata, da lambobin rarraba don yawan haske da launi.

7.3 Dokokin Sunan Sashi / Ƙirar Samfur

An fayyace tsarin lambar sashi. Gabaɗaya yana ƙunshe da filayen da ke wakiltar jerin samfur, launi, rukunin haske, rukunin launi, rukunin ƙarfin lantarki, nau'in marufi, kuma wani lokacin fasali na musamman. Wannan yana ba masu amfani damar ƙayyadad da ainihin halayen aikin da ake buƙata.

8. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

Jagora don aiwatar da LED a cikin samfuran ƙarshe.

8.1 Da'irori na Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Sau da yawa ana ba da zane-zane don da'irorin tuƙi na asali. Mafi yawan shi ne resistor na jerin tare da tushen ƙarfin lantarki akai-akai, wanda ya dace don alamomin ƙaramin ƙarfin wuta. Don aikace-aikacen haskakawa, ana ba da shawarar da'irorin direba masu ƙarfin wuta akai-akai (ta amfani da IC na musamman ko transistors) don tabbatar da ingantaccen fitowar haske ba tare da la'akari da bambance-bambancen ƙarfin lantarki na gaba ba.

8.2 Abubuwan da Ya kamata a Yi la'akari da su a Ƙirar

An haskaka mahimman abubuwan ƙira: gudanar da zafi (yankin jan ƙarfe na PCB, ramukan zafi, yuwuwar sanyaya zafi na waje), ƙirar gani (zaɓin ruwan tabarau don tsarin hasken da ake so), ƙirar lantarki (zaɓin direba bisa ga buƙatun ƙarfin wuta/ƙarfin lantarki, kariya daga alkiblar baya da na wucin gadi), da dacewar dushewa (PWM da na analog).

9. Kwatancen Fasaha

Kwatancen haƙiƙa tare da wasu fasahohin LED ko na baya zai iya sanya matsayin samfur a cikin mahallin. Wannan na iya haɗawa da kwatanta inganci (lumens a kowace watt), ma'auni na nuna launi (CRI), tsawon rayuwa (ƙimar L70/B50), girman marufi, da aikin zafi da sauran zaɓuɓɓuka kamar ƙwan fitila, CFLs, ko wasu marufan LED. Bambanci zai iya kasancewa a wani yanki na musamman kamar mafi girman inganci a wani ƙayyadadden ƙarfin wuta, mafi kyawun daidaiton launi, ko kuma ƙirar siffa mafi ƙanƙanta wanda ke ba da damar sabbin yuwuwar ƙira.

10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)

Amsoshi ga tambayoyin fasaha na gama-gari bisa ga ma'auni.

• Tambaya: Shin zan iya tuƙa wannan LED da tushen ƙarfin lantarki akai-akai?Amsa: Ba a ba da shawarar don aiki mai kwanciyar hankali ba. LED na'urori ne masu tuƙi da ƙarfin wuta. Ƙananan canji a cikin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana haifar da babban canji a cikin ƙarfin wuta. Direba mai ƙarfin wuta akai-akai yana da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen haske da tsawon rayuwa, musamman don LED masu ƙarfi.
• Tambaya: Ta yaya zan iya ƙididdige ƙimar resistor na jerin don sauƙaƙan da'irar nuni?Amsa: Yi amfani da Dokar Ohm: R = (Vsupply - Vf_led) / If_desired. Tabbatar cewa ƙimar ƙarfin wuta na resistor ya isa: P_resistor = (If_desired)^2 * R.
• Tambaya: Me ya sa yawan haske a aikace-aikacena ya yi ƙasa da ƙimar takardar bayanai?Amsa: Ƙimar takardar bayanai gabaɗaya ana auna su a zafin jiki na haɗuwa na 25°C. A aikace-aikacenku, zafin jiki na haɗuwa yana yiwuwa ya yi girma saboda ƙarancin ingantaccen sanyaya zafi, yana haifar da raguwar haske. Haka kuma, tabbatar cewa kuna tuƙa LED a daidai gwajin ƙarfin wuta da aka ƙayyade.
• Tambaya: Shin zan iya haɗa LED da yawa a layi daya kai tsaye?Amsa: Haɗin kai tsaye a layi daya gabaɗaya ba a ƙarfafa shi ba saboda bambance-bambancen ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. LED masu ƙaramin Vf kaɗan za su ja ƙarin ƙarfin wuta daidai gwargwado, wanda zai haifar da rashin daidaiton haske da kuma yuwuwar matsin lamba. Yi amfani da masu iyakance ƙarfin wuta daban-daban ga kowane reshe na layi daya ko kuma direba mai tashoshi da yawa na musamman.

11. Misalan Aikace-aikace na Ainihi

Misalai na yadda takamaiman ma'auni na LED ke fassara zuwa ƙira na ainihi.

• Misali 1: Hasken Kogon Gine-gine:Yin amfani da LED da aka rarraba don daidaitaccen daidaiton launi (misali, a cikin ellipse 3-mataki na MacAdam) don tabbatar da daidaitaccen hasken fari tare da dogon kogo ba tare da ganin canjin launi ba. Ƙirar tana amfani da direba mai ƙarfin wuta akai-akai tare da dushewa na PWM don sarrafa haske mai santsi, kuma PCB ta haɗa da manyan shafukan zafi don sarrafa zafi.
• Misali 2: Hasken Baya na Sauyin Cikin Mota:Zaɓin takamaiman tsawon zango da ya fi girma (misali, ja 625nm) don bin ka'idojin launi na mota. Ƙirar ta yi la'akari da yanayin yanayi mai zafi ta hanyar rage ƙarfin wuta na tuƙi don kiyaye zafin jiki na haɗuwa a ƙasa da mafi girman ƙimar da aka ƙayyade, yana tabbatar da amincin aiki na dogon lokaci.
• Misali 3: Alamar Matsayi na Na'urar da ake ɗauka:Yin amfani da ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da ƙarfin wuta na LED don rage yawan wutar lantarki daga baturi. Sauƙaƙan da'irar resistor na jerin ya isa a nan saboda ƙaramin matakin wutar lantarki. Faɗin kusurwar kallo yana tabbatar da cewa ana iya ganin alama daga kusurwoyi daban-daban.

12. Gabatarwa akan Ka'idoji

LED diode ne na haɗuwa na p-n semiconductor. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, electrons daga yankin n-type da ramuka daga yankin p-type ana shigar da su cikin yankin haɗuwa. Lokacin da waɗannan masu ɗaukar caji suka sake haɗuwa, ana fitar da makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Tsawon zango (launi) na hasken da aka fitar ana ƙayyade shi ta hanyar makamashin bandgap na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su (misali, InGaN don shuɗi/kore, AlInGaP don ja/amber). LED farare gabaɗaya ana ƙirƙira su ta hanyar lulluɓe guntu LED shuɗi da phosphor rawaya; wasu daga cikin hasken shuɗi ana canza su zuwa rawaya, kuma cakuda shuɗi da hasken rawaya ana ganinsa a matsayin fari. Ƙarin LED farare masu ci gaba suna amfani da phosphor da yawa don cimma mafi girman nuna launi.

13. Hanyoyin Ci Gaba

Masana'antar LED na ci gaba da haɓakawa tare da wasu bayyanannun hanyoyi na haƙiƙa. Ingantacciyar aiki (lumens a kowace watt) yana ƙaruwa a hankali ta hanyar inganta ingantaccen ƙididdigewa na ciki, fitar da haske, da fasahar phosphor. Ingancin launi yana inganta, tare da babban CRI (Ra>90) da LED masu cikakken bakan suna zama ruwan dare gama gari don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar madaidaicin nuna launi. Ƙananan ƙira yana ci gaba, yana ba da damar mafi girman yawan pixel a cikin nuni kai tsaye da bangon bidiyo masu madaidaicin tazara. Akwai mai da hankali sosai kan amincin aiki da hasashen tsawon rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na matsin lamba. Haɗin kai wata hanya ce ta daban, tare da marufan LED suna haɗa direbobi, na'urori masu auna firikwensin, da na'urorin sarrafa lantarki don samar da "mai hankali" injinan haske. A ƙarshe, faɗaɗa fitowar bakan fiye da hasken da ake iya gani yana da mahimmanci, tare da UV-C LED don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da IR LED don auna firikwensin suna ganin ci gaba mai sauri.

14. Gudanar da Rayuwa da Sake Dubawa

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin PDF da aka bayar, an gano wannan takardar a matsayinSake Dubawa 1. An yiwa matakin rayuwa alama a matsayinSake Dubawa, yana nuna ingantaccen sigar ƙayyadaddun samfur na yanzu. An rubuta ranar saki na wannan sake dubawa a matsayin2013-11-14 15:59:23.0. An lura da lokacin da ya ƙare a matsayinHar Abada, wanda gabaɗaya yana nuna cewa wannan sake dubawa ba shi da ranar da aka tsara don tsufa kuma yana nan har sai an maye gurbinsa da sabon sake dubawa. Wannan tsarin tsarin rubutun yana tabbatar da cewa injiniyoyi da ƙwararrun sayayya za su iya yin tunani daidai ga takamaiman sigar ƙayyadaddun bayanan kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ƙirarsu, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga sarrafa inganci, maimaitawa, da magance matsala. Sau da yawa ana taƙaita canje-canje tsakanin sake dubawa a cikin sashen tarihin sake dubawa, suna cikakken bayani game da waɗanne ma'auni, rubutu, ko zane-zane aka gyara, ƙara, ko cire.