Takardun Rayuwar Kayan LED - Sake Dubawa Na 3 - Ranar Saki 2014-12-11 - Cikakken Bayanin Fasaha na Turanci

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Wannan takarda ta shafi wani takamaiman sake dubawa na kayan LED, wanda aka gane shi azaman Sake Dubawa Na 3. An sanya matakin rayuwa a matsayin "Sake Dubawa," wanda ke nuna sabon sigar samfurin. An rubuta ranar saki na wannan sake dubawa a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2014, da karfe 19:03:32. An yiwa lokacin ƙarewa alama "Har Abada," wanda ke nuna cewa wannan takarda da bayanan samfurin da ke da alaƙa sun kasance masu inganci har abada sai dai idan an maye gurbinsu da wani sabon sake dubawa. An ƙera wannan kayan don haɗawa cikin tarukan lantarki daban-daban waɗanda ke buƙatar fitar da haske mai dogaro.

Babban fa'idar wannan kayan yana cikin tarihin sake dubawa da aka rubuta kuma mai tsayayye, yana ba da hanyar bin sawu da daidaito ga tsare-tsaren ƙira da masana'antu. Yana niyya ga kasuwanni da aikace-aikace inda samun kayan aiki na dogon lokaci da kwanciyar hankali na ƙayyadaddun bayanai ke da muhimmanci, kamar hasken masana'antu, hasken cikin mota, alamun kasuwanci, da na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci.

2. Zurfin Fahimtar Ma'auni na Fasaha

Yayin da abin da aka ba da ya mayar da hankali kan bayanan gudanarwa, cikakken takardar fasaha don LED zai ƙunshi waɗannan rukunoni na ma'auni, waɗanda ke da muhimmanci ga injiniyoyin ƙira.

2.1 Halayen Haske da Launi

Mahimman ma'auni na photometric suna ayyana fitar da haske da inganci. Ƙarfin haske (Luminous flux), wanda ake aunawa cikin lumens (lm), yana nuna jimillar ƙarfin haske da ake gani. Ma'anar Zazzabin Launi (CCT), wanda ake aunawa cikin Kelvin (K), yana bayyana kamannin launin farin haske, daga dumi-dumi (2700K-3000K) zuwa sanyi (5000K-6500K). Ma'auni na launi (x, y akan zanen CIE 1931) suna ayyana daidai wurin launi. Ma'auni na Nuna Launi (CRI) yana auna ikon tushen haske na bayyana launukan abubuwa da gaskiya idan aka kwatanta da tushen haske na halitta, tare da mafi girman ƙimomi (kusa da 100) suna da kyau. Babban tsawon raɗin haske ko kololuwar tsawon raɗin haske yana ayyana launin LED ɗin da ke da launi ɗaya.

2.2 Ma'auni na Lantarki

Ƙayyadaddun bayanai na lantarki suna da mahimmanci ga ƙirar da'ira. Ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin aiki a ƙayyadadden ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If). Yawanci yana tsakanin 2.8V zuwa 3.6V don fararen LED da shuɗi na gama-gari. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If) shine ƙarfin lantarki na aiki da aka ba da shawarar, sau da yawa 20mA, 60mA, 150mA, ko mafi girma don LED ɗin ƙarfi. Babban ƙididdiga na ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr), ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, da ɓarnar ƙarfi dole ne kada a wuce su don hana lalacewa ta dindindin. Ma'auni na hankali ga fitar da tashin hankali na lantarki (ESD) (misali, Class 1C, 2kV HBM) yana nuna ƙarfin kayan a kan tashin hankali na lantarki.

2.3 Halayen Zafi

Aikin LED da tsawon rayuwarsa suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar zazzabi. Zazzabin haɗuwa (Tj) shine zazzabi a chip ɗin semiconductor da kansa. Juriyar zafi daga haɗuwa zuwa wurin solder (Rth_j-sp) ko haɗuwa zuwa yanayi (Rth_j-a) yana ƙididdige yadda ake kawar da zafi daga cikin chip da inganci. Ƙananan ƙimar juriyar zafi suna da kyau. Matsakaicin zazzabin haɗuwa da aka yarda (Tj_max) shine iyaka mai mahimmanci; yin aiki sama da wannan zazzabi yana rage fitar da haske da ƙarancin rayuwar aiki sosai.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

Samar da LED yana haifar da bambance-bambance. Rarraba (Binning) yana haɗa LED ɗin tare da halaye masu kama da juna don tabbatar da daidaito a cikin samfuran ƙarshe.

3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Raɗin Haske/Zazzabin Launi

Ana rarraba LED ɗin zuwa rukunoni bisa ma'auni na launi ko CCT. Tsarin rukunin da aka saba gani akan zanen CIE ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar ƙaramin siffa huɗu ko ellipse. Ƙunƙun rukunoni (ƙananan wurare) suna ba da daidaiton launi mafi kyau amma suna iya samun ƙarancin yawan amfanin ƙasa da farashi mafi girma.

3.2 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske (Luminous Flux)

Ana rarraba LED ɗin ta hanyar fitar da haske a daidaitaccen gwajin ƙarfin lantarki (misali, If=20mA, T_sp=25°C). Ana ayyana rukunoni ta mafi ƙarancin da/ko matsakaicin ƙimar ƙarfin haske (misali, 7-8 lm, 8-9 lm). Wannan yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar abubuwan da suka dace da takamaiman buƙatun haske.

3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa (Forward Voltage)

Ana rarraba LED ɗin ta hanyar raguwar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba a ƙayyadadden gwajin ƙarfin lantarki. Rukunoni na gama gari na iya zama Vf @ 20mA: 3.0-3.2V, 3.2-3.4V. Daidaitattun rukunonin Vf suna taimakawa wajen ƙirar da'irori masu tsayayye da sarrafa rarraba wutar lantarki a cikin jeri.

4. Nazarin Lankwasa Aiki

4.1 Lankwasa Halayen Ƙarfi-Ƙarfin Lantarki (I-V)

Lankwasa I-V ba ta da layi. Ƙasa da ƙarfin lantarki na bakin kofa, ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki yana gudana. Da zarar an kai Vf, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙaruwa da sauri tare da ƙaramin ƙaruwa a cikin ƙarfin lantarki. Shi ya sa LED ɗin yawanci ana sarrafa su ta hanyar tushen ƙarfin lantarki mai tsayayye, ba tushen ƙarfin lantarki mai tsayayye ba, don hana guduwar zafi. Lankwasa tana motsawa tare da zazzabi; Vf yana raguwa yayin da zazzabin haɗuwa ya ƙaru.

4.2 Halayen Zazzabi

Ƙarfin haske yana raguwa yayin da zazzabin haɗuwa ya tashi. Ana nuna wannan alaƙa sau da yawa a cikin jadawalin ƙarfin haske na dangi da zazzabin haɗuwa. Ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shima yana da ƙimar zazzabi mara kyau. Fahimtar waɗannan lankwasan yana da mahimmanci ga ƙirar sarrafa zafi don kiyaye haske da kwanciyar hankali na launi.

4.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske a kowane Raɗi (Spectral Power Distribution)

Wannan jadawali yana nuna ƙarfin haske na dangi da ake fitarwa a kowane tsawon raɗin haske. Don fararen LED (yawanci shuɗi chip + phosphor), yana nuna kololuwar shuɗi daga cikin chip da mafi faɗin fitarwa na rawaya/ja daga phosphor. SPD yana ƙayyade CCT da CRI. Yana iya ɗan motsawa tare da ƙarfin lantarki da zazzabi.

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

5.1 Zanen Girman

Cikakken zanen injiniya yana ba da duk mahimman girmomi: tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, siffar ruwan tabarau da girma, da tazarar jagora/pad. An ƙayyade iyakoki. Kunshin na'urar da ake haɗawa ta saman (SMD) na gama gari sun haɗa da 2835, 3528, 5050, da sauransu, inda lambobi sukan wakilci tsayi da faɗi a cikin kashi goma na milimita (misali, 2835 shine 2.8mm x 3.5mm).

5.2 Ƙirar Tsarin Pad ɗin PCB

An ba da shafin ƙafa da aka ba da shawarar (land pattern) don ƙirar PCB, gami da girman pad, siffa, da tazara. Wannan yana tabbatar da samuwar haɗin solder daidai yayin reflow. An yi cikakken bayani game da ƙirar pad ɗin zafi, idan akwai, don sauƙaƙe nutsewar zafi.

5.3 Gano Ƙarshen Lantarki (Polarity)

Alamomi masu bayyananna suna nuna anode (+) da cathode (-). Wannan na iya zama tsaga, ɗigo, alamar kore, ko tsayin jagora/siffa daban. Daidai ƙarshen lantarki yana da mahimmanci ga aikin da'ira.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

6.1 Bayanin Yanayin Solder na Reflow

An ba da shawarar yanayin zazzabin reflow, gami da yankunan dumama, jiƙa, reflow, da sanyaya. Mahimman ma'auni sune kololuwar zazzabi (yawanci 245-260°C matsakaici), lokacin sama da ruwa (TAL), da ƙimar hawan. Wuce waɗannan iyakoki na iya lalata kunshin filastik na LED, haɗin waya na ciki, ko phosphor.

6.2 Abubuwan da Ya kamata a Kula da su

Ya kamata a kiyaye matakan kariya daga ESD yayin sarrafawa. Guji matsin lamba na injiniya akan ruwan tabarau. Kada a tsaftace da kaushi waɗanda zasu iya cutar da ruwan tabarau na silicone ko jikin filastik. Tabbatar cewa PCB ya kasance mai tsabta kuma ragowar flux sun dace.

6.3 Yanayin Ajiya

Ya kamata a adana LED ɗin a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, duhu a ƙayyadadden matakan zazzabi da ɗanɗano (yawanci<30°C/85%RH). Yawanci ana jigilar su a cikin jakar na'ura mai hankali ga ɗanɗano (MSD) tare da busasshiyar iska da katunan nuna alamar ɗanɗano. Idan an fallasa su ga babban ɗanɗano, ana iya buƙatar gasa kafin reflow don hana "popcorning."

7. Bayanin Kunshin da Odar Sayayya

7.1 Cikakkun Bayanai na Kunshin

Ana samar da abubuwan akan tef da reel don haɗawa ta atomatik. Girman reel, faɗin tef, girman aljihu, da kusantar abu sun daidaita (misali, EIA-481). An ƙayyade adadin kowane reel (misali, 2000 pcs/reel, 4000 pcs/reel).

7.2 Bayanin Label

Label ɗin reel yana ƙunshe da bayanai kamar lambar sashi, adadi, lambar kuri'a, lambar kwanan wata, da lambobin rukunoni don ƙarfin haske, launi, da Vf.

7.3 Dokokin Lambar Samfur

Lambar sashi tana ɓoye mahimman halaye. Tsarin na yau da kullun zai iya zama: Lambar Jerin - Girman Kunshin - Rukunin Launi/Ƙarfin Haske - Rukunin Ƙarfin Lantarki - Zazzabin Launi - Zaɓi na Musamman. Wannan yana ba da damar gano halayen abin daidai.

8. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace

8.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

Dangane da ƙayyadaddun bayanansa na ƙa'ida (LED na SMD na gama-gari), wannan abu ya dace da raka'o'in hasken baya (BLU) a cikin nuni, fitilun nuni na gabaɗaya, hasken kayan ado, hasken cikin mota (dashboard, maɓallai), da alamun kasuwanci.

8.2 Abubuwan da Ya kamata a Yi la'akari da su Lokacin Ƙira

Koyaushe yi amfani da resistor mai iyakance ƙarfin lantarki ko direba mai tsayayyen ƙarfin lantarki. Yi la'akari da sarrafa zafi da wuri a cikin shimfidar PCB; yi amfani da ramukan zafi da isasshen yanki na tagulla don kawar da zafi, musamman ga LED ɗin mafi ƙarfi. Don aikace-aikace masu hankali ga launi, ƙayyade ƙunƙun rukunonin launi da kuma yi la'akari da martani daga na'urori masu auna launi. Yi la'akari da bambancin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da raguwar fitar da haske na zafi a cikin ƙididdigar hasken tsarin.

9. Kwatancen Fasaha

Idan aka kwatanta da sake dubawa na baya (misali, Sake Dubawa Na 2), Sake Dubawa Na 3 na iya ba da ingantattun abubuwa kamar ingantaccen ingancin haske (ƙarin lumens a kowace watt), mafi kyawun daidaiton launi (ƙunƙun rarraba), ingantattun bayanan dogaro, ko sabunta kunshin. Lokacin ƙarewa "Har Abada" na wannan takarda yana nuna cewa yana wakiltar sigar samfur mai girma, mai tsayayye tare da tallafi na dogon lokaci, ba kamar wasu abubuwan da ke ci gaba da sauri inda takardun bayanai ke sabuntawa ko ƙi akai-akai ba.

10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)

10.1 Me ake nufi da "Matakin Rayuwa: Sake Dubawa"?

Yana nuna cewa wannan ba sakin farko ba ne ko samfurin da aka watsar, amma sigar takardu da ƙayyadaddun bayanai na abin da ake kula da su kuma ana sabunta su.

10.2 Ta yaya zan fassara "Lokacin ƙarewa: Har Abada"?

Wannan takarda ba ta da ranar ƙarewa da aka tsara. Ana ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun bayanai masu inganci har abada. Duk da haka, koyaushe bincika don samun wani sabon sake dubawa wanda zai iya maye gurbinsa.

10.3 Shin zan iya haɗa LED ɗin daga rukunoni daban-daban a cikin samfurina?

Haɗa rukunoni na iya haifar da bambance-bambance a bayyane a cikin haske ko launi a cikin samfur ɗaya, wanda sau da yawa ba a so. Don kamanni iri ɗaya, yi amfani da LED ɗin daga rukunin ƙarfin haske da launi ɗaya. Don alamomin da ba su da mahimmanci, haɗawa na iya zama abin karɓa.

10.4 Me ya sa LED ɗina ya yi duhu fiye da yadda na tsammani?

Dalilai na gama gari sun haɗa da yin aiki a ƙarfin lantarki ƙasa da ƙayyadaddun, babban zazzabin haɗuwa saboda rashin ingantaccen nutsewar zafi, bambancin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana shafar ƙarfin lantarki a cikin da'irar direba mai sauƙi, ko raguwar lumen na halitta akan lokaci.

11. Misalin Amfani na Aiki

Shari'ar Ƙira: Jerin Alamun Panel

Panel ɗin sarrafawa yana buƙatar fararen LED ɗin nuni 20 da aka tsara a cikin grid. Ta amfani da bayanan rarraba, mai ƙira ya zaɓi duk LED ɗin daga rukunin ƙarfin haske ɗaya (misali, 8-9 lm) da rukunin launin ellipse na MacAdam mataki 3 ɗaya don tabbatar da daidaiton haske da launi. An zaɓi IC direba mai tsayayyen ƙarfin lantarki don samar da 20mA ga kowane LED, wanda aka tsara a cikin tsarin jeri-layin da ya yi la'akari da rukunin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (3.2-3.4V). Shimfidar PCB ta haɗa da pad ɗin taimakon zafi a ƙarƙashin kowane LED wanda aka haɗa zuwa filin ƙasa ta hanyar ramukan zafi don sarrafa zafi. An shirya bayanin yanayin reflow daga sashe na 6.1 a cikin injin zaɓi da sanya.

12. Gabatarwa akan Ƙa'idar Aiki

LED diode ne na semiconductor. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, electrons daga semiconductor na n-type suna sake haɗuwa da ramuka daga semiconductor na p-type a cikin yanki mai aiki, suna sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Tsawon raɗin haske (launi) na haske an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar tazarar band na makamashi na kayan semiconductor (misali, InGaN don shuɗi/kore, AlInGaP don ja/amber). Ana ƙirƙira fararen LED yawanci ta hanyar lulluɓe shuɗi LED chip da phosphor rawaya; wasu daga cikin hasken shuɗi ana canza su zuwa rawaya, kuma cakuda shuɗi da hasken rawaya ana ganinsa azaman fari. Gaurayawan phosphor daban-daban suna haifar da sautunan fari daban-daban (CCT).

13. Trends na Ci gaba

Masana'antar LED tana ci gaba da haɓaka zuwa mafi inganci (ƙarin lumens a kowace watt), cimma ƙimomi sama da 200 lm/W a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Akwai mai da hankali sosai kan inganta ingancin launi, tare da LED ɗin babban CRI (CRI>90, R9>50) suna zama mafi gama gari don haske mai inganci. Ƙananan ƙira yana ci gaba tare da ƙananan girman kunshin don aikace-aikace masu yawa. LED ɗin wayo da haɗin gwiwa tare da haɗaɗɗun direbobi da da'irori sarrafawa sashe ne mai girma. Bugu da ƙari, bincike kan sabbin kayan kamar perovskites don LED da ci gaba a cikin fasahar micro-LED don nuni na gaba suna wakiltar manyan hanyoyin gaba. Dogaro da tsawon rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki daban-daban sun kasance fagage na ci gaba da nazari da ingantawa.