Takardun Bayani na LED - Sake Dubawa Na 1 - Ranar Saki 2013-08-15 - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Wannan takardar fasaha tana ba da cikakken bayani game da matsayin rayuwa da sarrafa sake dubawa na wani kayan lantarki na musamman, mai yiwuwa LED ko na'urar semiconductor mai alaƙa. Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne kafa tushen sake dubawa na hukuma da metadata da ke da alaƙa da shi. Takardar tana aiki a matsayin rikodin hukuma don ayyukan injiniya, masana'antu, da hanyoyin tabbatar da inganci, tare da tabbatar duk masu ruwa da tsaki suna komawa ga daidaitattun bayanan ƙayyadaddun kayan daidai.

Babban fa'idar wannan matakin rayuwa da aka rubuta shi ne bin diddigin bayanai da sarrafa siga. Ta hanyar bayyana lambar sake dubawa da ranar saki a sarari, hakan yana hana amfani da bayanan fasaha da suka tsufa ko kuskure a cikin ƙira da samarwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye daidaiton samfur, amincin aiki, da bin ka'idoji na ciki ko na masana'antu. Kasuwar da aka yi niyya ta haɗa da masana'antun lantarki, injiniyoyin ƙira, ƙwararrun sayayya, da ma'aikatan kula da inganci waɗanda ke buƙatar tabbataccen bayani game da sake dubawa na kayan.

2. Bayanai Game da Rayuwa da Sake Dubawa

Takardar ta maimaita kuma ta ci gaba da ƙayyadad da saitin metadata mai mahimmanci guda ɗaya. Wannan maimaitawa yana jaddada mahimmancin wannan bayanin kuma yana iya nuna cewa shi ne daidaitaccen kai ko ƙafa na kowane shafi ko sashe na babbar takardar bayanai.

2.1 Matakin Rayuwa

An bayyana matakin rayuwa a sarari a matsayin "Sake Dubawa." Wannan yana nuna cewa kayan ko takardunsa ba su cikin matakin ƙira na farko (Samfuri) ko kuma matakin da ya tsufa (Ƙarshen Rayuwa). Matakin "Sake Dubawa" yana nuna kayan aiki mai aiki, wanda aka shirya don samarwa, inda aka sake duba ƙayyadaddun bayanai, mai yiwuwa an sabunta su daga sigar da ta gabata, kuma aka saki su bisa hukuma don amfani. Wannan matsayi yana nuna kwanciyar hankali da dacewa don haɗawa cikin sabbin ƙira.

2.2 Lambar Sake Dubawa

An ƙayyade lambar sake dubawa a matsayin "1." Wannan shine ainihin mai gano asali. Sake Dubawa 1 yawanci yana wakiltar farkon sigar takarda ko ƙayyadaddun kayan da aka saki bisa hukuma kuma aka sarrafa bayan ci gaban farko da tabbatarwa. Yana kafa tushen da za'a auna duk canje-canje na gaba (Sake Dubawa 2, 3, da sauransu) a kansa. Dole ne injiniyoyi su tabbatar suna amfani da Sake Dubawa 1 don tabbatar ƙirarsu ta yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun ayyukan da aka yi niyya.

2.3 Lokacin Ƙarewa

An jera lokacin ƙarewa a matsayin "Har Abada." Wannan wata muhimmiyar sanarwa ce. Yana nufin cewa wannan takamaiman sake dubawa na takarda ko cancantar kayan a ƙarƙashin wannan sake dubawa ba shi da ƙayyadaddun ranar ƙarshe don ingancinsa. Ba yana nufin za'a ƙera kayan har abada ba, amma a maimakon haka bayanan fasaha da ke ƙunshe a cikin Sake Dubawa 1 sun kasance madaidaicin tunani har abada, sai dai idan wani sabon sake dubawa ya maye gurbinsa. Wannan yana ba da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci don ƙirar da aka kulle ga wannan sake dubawa.

2.4 Ranar da Lokacin Saki

An rubuta ranar da lokacin saki daidai daidai a matsayin "2013-08-15 09:41:20.0." Wannan alamar lokaci tana ba da daidaitaccen bin diddigin bayanai. Tana alamar lokacin da aka fitar da wannan sake dubawa bisa hukuma kuma ya fara aiki. Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci don bincike, sarrafa canji, da warware duk wani sabani da zai iya taso game da lokacin da wani takamaiman ƙayyadaddun bayani ya fara aiki. Haɗa lokacin har zuwa daƙiƙa yana jaddada tsarin sarrafawa na hukuma.

3. Ma'auni na Fasaha da Halayen Aiki

Yayin da guntun rubutun da aka bayar ya mai da hankali kan metadata na gudanarwa, cikakkiyar takardar bayanai ta fasaha don kayan LED za ta ƙunshi faɗaɗɗen ma'auni na fasaha na haƙiƙa. Sashe masu zuwa suna cikakken bayani game da abubuwan da suka saba wa irin wannan bayanin rayuwa, bisa daidaitattun ayyukan masana'antu don takardun bayanai na LED.

3.1 Halayen Haske da Launi

Cikakkiyar takardar bayanai za ta haɗa da ma'auni na haske daidai. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙarfin haske (wanda aka auna a lumens), wanda ke bayyana jimillar fitowar haske da ake iya gani. Za a ƙayyade ma'anar zazzabin launi (CCT) don LED masu fari, yawanci a cikin Kelvin (misali, 2700K Warm White, 6500K Cool White). Don LED masu launi, babban tsawon raɗaɗi da tsabtar launi sune ma'auni masu mahimmanci. Haɗin gwiwar launi (misali, CIE x, y) suna ba da ainihin wurin launi akan daidaitaccen zanen sararin launi. Bugu da ƙari, ma'auni kamar Fihirisar Fitar Launi (CRI) don LED masu fari, wanda ke nuna yadda launuka suke bayyana a ƙarƙashin tushen haske, za a haɗa su. Kallon kusurwa, wanda ke bayyana rarraba ƙarfin haske na kusurwa (misali, digiri 120), shima ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayani ne.

3.2 Ma'auni na Lantarki

Ƙayyadaddun lantarki sune tushe don ƙirar da'ira. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) yana da mahimmanci, yawanci ana ƙayyade shi a wani ƙayyadadden gwajin gwaji (misali, 3.2V a 60mA). Wannan ma'auni yana da iyakoki kuma yana iya bambanta da zazzabi da rukuni. Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr) tana nuna matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da LED zai iya jurewa lokacin da aka yi masa baya ba tare da lalacewa ba. An ayyana matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If) da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba don hana lalacewar na'urar. Bugu da ƙari, hankalin fitar da tashin hankali na lantarki (ESD), wanda galibi ana rarraba shi bisa ƙirar Jikin Mutum (HBM), shine ma'auni mai mahimmanci na amincin aiki.

3.3 Halayen Zafi

Aikin LED da tsawon rayuwa sun dogara sosai akan sarrafa zafi. Muhimman ma'auni na zafi sun haɗa da juriyar zafi daga haɗin gwiwa zuwa wurin solder ko iska mai kewaye (Rth j-s ko Rth j-a), wanda aka bayyana a digiri Celsius kowace watt (°C/W). Wannan ƙimar tana bayyana yadda zafi ke gudana daga haɗin gwiwar semiconductor mai fitar da haske yadda ya kamata. Matsakaicin zazzabin haɗin gwiwa (Tj max) shine mafi girman zazzabi da guntun LED zai iya jurewa kafin aiki ya ragu ko lalacewa ta faru. Dangantakar tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, ƙarfin haske, da canjin launi a matsayin aikin zazzabin haɗin gwiwa shima yanki ne mai mahimmanci na bincike don ƙira mai ƙarfi.

4. Tsarin Rarraba da Rarrabe

Saboda bambance-bambancen masana'antu, ana rarraba LED cikin kwandon aiki. Takardar bayanai za ta ayyana tsarin rarraba.

4.1 Rarrabe Tsawon Raɗaɗi ko Zazzabin Launi

Ana rarraba LED bisa ga haɗin gwiwar launi ko babban tsawon raɗaɗi. Don LED masu fari, wannan ya haɗa da rarraba raka'a cikin takamaiman kewayon CCT (misali, 3000K ± 150K). Don LED masu launi guda ɗaya, ana ayyana kwandon ta hanyar kewayon tsawon raɗaɗi (misali, 525nm zuwa 535nm). Wannan yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin samarwa.

4.2 Rarrabe Ƙarfin Haske

Kwandon ƙarfin haske yana rarraba LED bisa ga fitowar haske a daidaitaccen gwajin gwaji. Lambar kwandon (misali, FL1, FL2, FL3) ta yi daidai da mafi ƙarancin kewayon ƙarfin haske. Masu ƙira suna zaɓar kwandon don cimma matakin haske da ake buƙata a aikace-aikacensu.

4.3 Rarrabe Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba

Kwandon ƙarfin lantarki yana rarraba LED bisa raguwar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar wutar lantarki, musamman a cikin igiyoyin da aka haɗa a jere, don tabbatar da rarraba ƙarfin lantarki daidai da hana tuƙi LED ɗaya fiye da kima.

5. Bincike akan Lankwasa Aiki

Bayanan hoto suna ba da zurfin fahimta game da halayen na'ura a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

5.1 Lankwasa Halayen Ƙarfin Lantarki da Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki (I-V)

Wannan lankwasa tana nuna alaƙar tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba ta cikin LED da ƙarfin lantarki a kan tashoshinta. Ba ta da layi, tana nuna ƙofar kunna ƙarfin lantarki. Lankwasa tana taimaka wa masu ƙira su zaɓi da'irar tuƙi da ta dace (ƙarfin lantarki akai-akai da ƙarfin lantarki akai-akai) da fahimtar ɓarnawar wutar lantarki.

5.2 Lankwasa Dogaro da Zazzabi

Waɗannan jadawalin suna kwatanta yadda manyan ma'auni ke canzawa tare da zazzabin haɗin gwiwa. Yawanci, suna nuna ƙarfin haske na dangi yana raguwa yayin da zazzabi ke ƙaruwa, da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana raguwa tare da hawan zazzabi. Fahimtar waɗannan alaƙoƙin yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar zafi don kiyaye aiki.

5.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske a kowane Tsawon Raɗaɗi (SPD)

Jadawalin SPD yana zana ƙarfin haske na dangi da aka fitar a kowane tsawon raɗaɗi. Don LED masu fari, yana nuna kololuwar famfo mai shuɗi da faɗaɗɗen bakan da aka canza da phosphor. Ana amfani da wannan jadawali don ƙididdige CCT, CRI, da fahimtar ingancin launin haske.

6. Bayanai na Injiniya da Kunshin

Ƙayyadaddun bayanai na zahiri suna tabbatar da shimfidar PCB daidai da haɗawa.

6.1 Girman Kunshin da Zanen Tsari

Cikakken zanen injiniya yana ba da duk mahimman girma: tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, tazarar jagora, da iyakoki. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar ƙafar PCB da tabbatar da sharewa.

6.2 Tsarin Pad da Ƙirar Pad na Solder

An ba da shimfidar ƙasa na PCB da aka ba da shawarar (girman pad, siffa, da tazara) don tabbatar da samuwar haɗin solder mai aminci yayin solder na reflow.

6.3 Gano Polarity

An nuna hanyar gano anode da cathode a sarari, yawanci ta hanyar alama akan kunshin (misali, tsaga, ɗigo, ko yanke kusurwa) ko siffofin jagora marasa daidaituwa.

7. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

7.1 Bayanin Yanayin Solder na Reflow

An ba da shawarar bayanin yanayin zazzabin reflow, gami da dumama, jiƙa, kololuwar zazzabin reflow (yawanci bai wuce 260°C ba na takamaiman lokaci), da ƙimar sanyaya. Bin wannan bayanin yana hana lalacewar zafi ga kunshin LED da guntun ciki.

7.2 Kula da Sarrafawa da Ajiya

Umarnin sun haɗa da sarrafawa don guje wa damuwa na injiniya akan jagororin, kariya daga danshi (ƙimar MSL), da ajiya a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, mai hana tashin hankali don adana solderability da hana lalacewar ESD.

8. Bayanin Aikace-aikace da Abubuwan Ƙira

8.1 Da'irorin Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

Yawanci ana haɗa zane-zane don da'irorin tuƙi na asali, kamar da'irar resistor mai sauƙi na aikace-aikacen ƙaramin wutar lantarki ko da'irorin direba na ƙarfin lantarki akai-akai don mafi kyawun aiki da kwanciyar hankali.

8.2 Ƙirar Sarrafa Zafi

An ba da jagora akan ƙirar PCB don zubar da zafi, kamar amfani da ramukan zafi, isasshen yanki na tagulla a ƙarƙashin pad na LED, da yuwuwar haɗawa zuwa PCB mai tushen ƙarfe ko heatsink na waje don aikace-aikacen babban wutar lantarki.

8.3 Abubuwan Ƙira na Gani

Bayanan kan amfani da na'urori na gani na biyu (ruwan tabarau, masu watsawa) da tasirin kusurwar kallon LED akan tsarin rarraba haske na ƙarshe a aikace-aikacen.

9. Amincewa da Tsawon Rayuwa

Duk da yake ba a cikin guntun ba, cikakkiyar takardar bayanai tana tattauna amincin aiki. Wannan ya haɗa da bayanan kula da lumen, galibi ana gabatar da su azaman lankwasa L70 ko L50 (lokacin har sai fitowar haske ta ragu zuwa 70% ko 50% na farko). Yawanci ana faɗin tsawon rayuwa a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayin aiki (ƙarfin lantarki, zazzabi). Hakanan za'a iya haɗa tsinkayar ƙimar gazawa ko sakamakon gwajin amincin aiki.

10. Tarihin Sake Dubawa da Sarrafa Canji

Rubutun da aka bayar shine ainihin tarihin sake dubawa na wannan takarda. Ya kafa Sake Dubawa 1. Cikakkiyar takardar bayanai za ta sami tebur da ke taƙaita duk sake dubawa: lambar sake dubawa, ranar saki, da taƙaitaccen bayanin canje-canjen da aka yi (misali, "An sabunta matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙima," "An ƙara sabon kwandon ƙarfin haske," "An gyara kuskuren rubutu a cikin zanen girma"). Wannan bin diddigin bayanai yana da mahimmanci ga injiniyoyi don fahimtar abin da ya canza tsakanin sigogin da za su iya amfani da su.

Diodes masu fitar da haske (LEDs) na'urori ne na semiconductor waɗanda ke fitar da haske ta hanyar electroluminescence. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba a kan haɗin gwiwar p-n, electrons daga kayan n-type suna sake haɗuwa da ramuka daga kayan p-type a cikin yanki mai aiki. Wannan tsarin sake haɗuwa yana sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Tsawon raɗaɗi (launi) na hasken da aka fitar an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar tazarar bandgap na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su (misali, InGaN don shuɗi/kore, AlInGaP don ja/amber). LED masu fari galibi ana ƙirƙira su ta hanyar lulluɓe guntun LED mai shuɗi da wani abu na phosphor wanda ke canza wasu hasken shuɗi zuwa tsayin raɗaɗi mafi tsayi (rawaya, ja), wanda ke haifar da faffadan bakan da ake ganin haske ne.

11. Ka'idar Aiki

12. Trends da Ci gaba na Masana'antu

Masana'antar LED tana da halayen ci gaba mai ci gaba. Manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa sun haɗa da haɓakar ingancin haske (lumens kowace watt), wanda ke haifar da ƙarin hanyoyin haske masu inganci. Akwai babban mayar da hankali kan inganta ma'auni na ingancin launi kamar CRI da R9 (fitar ja mai cikakken cikewa) don haske mai inganci. Ƙananan ƙira yana ci gaba, yana ba da damar mafi girman tazarar pixel a cikin nuni. Haɓaka fasahar Micro-LED da Mini-LED yana alƙawarin sabbin aikace-aikace a cikin nunin ƙima mai girma da haske kai tsaye. Bugu da ƙari, haske mai hankali da haɗin kai, haɗa na'urori masu auna firikwensin da iyawar IoT, yana faɗaɗa aikin LED fiye da haske mai sauƙi. Masana'antar kuma tana jaddada dorewa ta hanyar tsawon rayuwa, rage amfani da kayan, da sake yin amfani da su.