Takardar Rayuwar Kayan LED - Sake Dubawa Na 2 - Ranar Saki 2014-06-19 - Cikakken Bayanin Fasaha

1. Bayyana Samfurin

Wannan takardar tana ba da cikakken bayanin rayuwa da sake dubawa na wani takamaiman kayan lantarki, mai yiwuwa LED ko na'urar semiconductor mai alaƙa. Babban bayanin ya tabbatar da ingancin takardar da tarihin sake dubawa. Babban bayanin ya nuna cewa kayan yana cikin matakin "Sake Dubawa" na rayuwarsa, musamman a Sake Dubawa Na 2. Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙirar samfurin da ƙayyadaddun bayanai sun sha aiki aƙalla sau ɗaya a baya kuma yanzu sun tsaya tsayin daka a wannan sigar. An rubuta sakin wannan sake dubawa har abada tun daga ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2014. Kalmar "Lokacin Karewa: Har Abada" wani muhimmin bayani ne, yana nuna cewa wannan sake dubawa na takardar ba shi da ranar da za a yi watsi da shi kuma ya kasance ingantaccen ma'ana har abada, ko har sai an fitar da wani sake dubawa a hukumance. Wannan ya zama ruwan dare ga layukan samfuran da suka balaga inda ƙirar ta ƙare kuma ba za ta canza ba.

2. Zurfin Fassarar Maƙasudin Sigogi na Fasaha

Duk da yake abin da aka ba da ya mayar da hankali kan bayanan takarda, cikakken takardar bayanan fasaha na kayan LED yawanci za ta ƙunshi sassa da yawa na ma'auni. Dangane da mahallin rayuwa, zamu iya fayyace da kuma bayyana daidaitattun sigogi waɗanda irin wannan takarda za ta ƙunshi.

2.1 Halayen Hoto da Launi

Ga LED, halayen hoto sun fi muhimmanci. Wannan ya haɗa da babban tsawon zango ko kuma yanayin zafin launi (CCT), wanda ke ayyana launin hasken da aka fitar (misali, farin sanyi, farin dumi, takamaiman launi kamar ja ko shuɗi). Ƙarfin haske, wanda aka auna a lumens (lm), yana ƙididdige ƙarfin hasken da ake gani. Sauran muhimman ma'auni sune ma'auni na launi (misali, CIE x, y) waɗanda ke ayyana daidai wurin launi akan zanen launi, da kuma ma'aunin nuna launi (CRI), wanda ke nuna yadda hasken ke nuna launukan abubuwa daidai idan aka kwatanta da hasken halitta. Kusurwar kallo, wanda ke ƙayyade kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya rabi na matsakaicin ƙarfi, shi ma ma'auni ne na injiniya-optical.

2.2 Ma'aunin Wutar Lantarki

Halayen wutar lantarki suna ayyana yanayin aiki. Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (Vf) shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin da yake fitar da haske a wani takamaiman ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (If). Wannan ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci don ƙirar mai tuƙi. Ƙarfin lantarki na baya (Vr) yana ƙayyade matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da LED zai iya jurewa a cikin shugabanci mara gudana ba tare da lalacewa ba. Matsakaicin ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da kuma raguwar wutar lantarki suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da aiki mai aminci da hana guduwar zafi. Ana ba da ƙima na yau da kullun da matsakaicin ƙima na waɗannan ma'auni a cikin kewayon yanayin zafi na aiki.

2.3 Halayen Zafi

Aikin LED da tsawon rayuwa sun dogara sosai akan sarrafa zafi. Babban ma'auni shine juriyar zafi, daga haɗin gwiwa zuwa yanayi (RθJA), wanda aka bayyana a °C/W. Wannan ƙimar tana nuna yadda zafin haɗin gwiwar LED zai tashi sama da yanayin zafi na kowace watt na wutar lantarki da aka lalata. Ana son ƙarancin juriyar zafi saboda yana ba da damar fitar da zafi mafi kyau. Matsakaicin zafin haɗin gwiwa (Tj max) shine mafi girman zafin jiki da haɗin gwiwar semiconductor zai iya jurewa kafin haɗarin lalacewa ta dindindin ko gazawar ta ƙaru sosai. An ƙera wurin sanyaya daidai bisa waɗannan ƙimar don kiyaye zafin haɗin gwiwar aiki ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙimar.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba

Saboda bambance-bambancen masana'antu, ana rarraba LED zuwa rukunin aiki. Cikakken tsarin rarraba yana tabbatar da daidaito ga mai amfani na ƙarshe.

3.1 Rarraba Tsawon Zango / Yanayin Zafin Launi

Ana rarraba LED bisa ga ma'auni na launi ko CCT. Ellipse na MacAdam ko akwatin jurewa makamancin haka akan zanen CIE yana ayyana kowane rukunin. Ga fararen LED, ana iya ayyana rukunoni a matsayin matakai a cikin takamaiman kewayon CCT (misali, 3000K, 4000K, 5000K) tare da jurewa akan Duv (karkata daga wurin jikin baƙar fata). Wannan yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da LED da yawa tare.

3.2 Rarraba Ƙarfin Hasken

Ana auna fitarwar haske a daidaitaccen gwajin ƙarfin lantarki (misali, 65mA ga LED mai matsakaicin ƙarfi) kuma a rarraba shi zuwa rukunin ƙarfin haske. Yawanci ana ayyana su azaman mafi ƙarancin ƙima (misali, Rukunin A: 20-22 lm, Rukunin B: 22-24 lm) ko azaman lamba wakiltar kashi na ƙimar ƙima. Wannan yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar LED waɗanda suka dace da buƙatun haskensu na musamman da kuma sarrafa farashi da aiki.

3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba

Hakanan ana rarraba LED ta hanyar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba a takamaiman gwajin ƙarfin lantarki. Rukunoni na yau da kullun na iya zama Vf1, Vf2, Vf3, da sauransu, kowanne yana ɗauke da takamaiman kewayon ƙarfin lantarki (misali, 2.8V - 3.0V, 3.0V - 3.2V). Daidaitaccen Vf a cikin rukuni yana sauƙaƙa ƙirar mai tuƙi, musamman ga jerin haɗin gwiwa, saboda yana tabbatar da rarraba ƙarfin lantarki da haske mafi daidaito.

4. Bincike na Lanƙwan Aiki

Bayanan hoto suna ba da zurfin fahimta game da halayen kayan a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban.

4.1 Lanƙwan Halayen Ƙarfin Lantarki-Ƙarfin Lantarki (I-V)

Lanƙwan I-V shine tushe. Yana nuna alaƙar ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. Lanƙwan yawanci yana da ƙarfin lantarki na "gwiwa" wanda ƙasa da shi ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki ke gudana. Gangaren lanƙwan a yankin aiki yana da alaƙa da juriya mai ƙarfi. Wannan zanen yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar buƙatun mai tuƙi da kuma hankalin LED ga sauye-sauyen ƙarfin lantarki.

4.2 Dogaro da Zafin Jiki

Zane-zane da yawa suna nuna tasirin zafin jiki. Wani muhimmin zane yana nuna ƙarfin haske mai alaƙa da zafin haɗin gwiwa. Ga yawancin LED, fitarwar haske yana raguwa yayin da zafin jiki ya ƙaru. Wani muhimmin zane yana nuna ƙarfin lantarki na gaba da zafin haɗin gwiwa a daidaitaccen ƙarfin lantarki, wanda yawanci yana da ƙimar zafi mara kyau. Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar da'irori na ramawa na zafi a cikin masu tuƙi masu daidaitaccen ƙarfin lantarki.

4.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Hasken

Zanen rarraba ƙarfin haske (SPD) yana nuna ƙarfin hasken da aka fitar a kowane tsawon zango. Ga farar LED da ke amfani da guntu shuɗi tare da lulluɓin phosphor, SPD yana nuna kololuwar shuɗi mai kaifi daga guntun da kuma faɗaɗɗen band ɗin fitarwa rawaya/ja daga phosphor. Siffar wannan lanƙwan ta ayyana kai tsaye CCT da CRI na LED. Binciken SPD yana taimakawa a aikace-aikacen da takamaiman abun ciki na haske yake da mahimmanci, kamar a cikin noma ko hasken gidan kayan tarihi.

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Marufi

Ƙayyadaddun jiki suna tabbatar da haɗin kai daidai cikin samfurin ƙarshe.

5.1 Zanen Tsarin Girma

Cikakken zanen injiniya yana ba da duk mahimman ma'auni: tsayi, faɗi, tsayi, siffar ruwan tabarau, da duk wani tsinkaya. An ƙayyade jurewa ga kowane girma. Ana amfani da wannan zanen don ƙirar sawun PCB da duba sarari a cikin fitilar ko taro.

5.2 Tsarin Kafet ɗin da Ƙirar Kafet ɗin Solder

An ba da shirye-shiryen ƙasa na PCB da aka ba da shawarar (tsarin kafet ɗin solder). Wannan ya haɗa da girman, siffa, da tazarar kafet ɗin tagulla. Daidaitaccen tsarin ƙasa yana tabbatar da samuwar haɗin gwiwar solder mai kyau yayin sake kunnawa, yana ba da isassun taimako na zafi don zubar da zafi cikin PCB, da kuma kiyaye kwanciyar hankali na injiniya.

5.3 Gano Polarity

Hanyar gano anode da cathode an nuna ta a sarari. Ana yin hakan sau da yawa ta hanyar alama akan jikin kayan (misali, kore ɗigo, tsaga, yanke kusurwa), tsayin jagora daban-daban, ko alama akan tef ɗin da marufi. Daidaitaccen polarity yana da mahimmanci don aikin da'ira.

6. Jagororin Solder da Taro

Daidaitaccen sarrafawa yana tabbatar da aminci da hana lalacewa yayin masana'antu.

6.1 Bayanin Sake Kunna Solder

An ba da cikakken zanen sake kunnawa, yana ƙayyade alaƙar lokaci-zafin jiki da kayan zai iya jurewa. Muhimman ma'auni sun haɗa da ƙimar rampa na preheat, zafin jiki da lokacin jiƙa, matsakaicin zafin jiki, lokacin sama da ruwa (TAL), da ƙimar sanyaya. Bin wannan bayanin yana hana girgizar zafi, lahani na haɗin gwiwar solder, da lalacewa ga kunshin LED ko kayan ciki.

6.2 Kariya da Sarrafawa

Jagororin sun haɗa da kariya daga ESD (zubar da wutar lantarki), saboda LED suna da hankali ga wutar lantarki. Shawarwari sun haɗa da amfani da tashoshin aiki masu tushe da takalmin wuyan hannu. Umarni don tsaftacewa (nau'ikan kaushi don gujewa) da matsakaicin ƙarfin injiniya da aka yarda yayin sanyawa suma sun haɗa.

6.3 Yanayin Ajiya

An ƙayyade yanayin ajiya na dogon lokaci da aka ba da shawarar don kiyaye iya solder da hana shan danshi, wanda zai iya haifar da "popcorning" yayin sake kunnawa. Wannan yawanci ya haɗa da ajiya a cikin yanayi mai ƙarancin danshi (misali, <10% RH) a matsakaicin zafin jiki. Idan kayan sun fallasa ga mafi girman danshi, ana iya buƙatar tsarin gasa kafin amfani.

7. Bayanin Marufi da Oda

Wannan sashe yana cikakken bayanin yadda ake samar da kayan da kuma yadda ake ƙayyade su.

7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Marufi

An bayyana daidaitaccen marufi, kamar tef ɗin da girman reel (faɗin tef ɗin mai ɗauka, tazarar aljihu, diamita na reel). An ƙayyade adadin kowane reel (misali, guda 2000) ko kowane bututu/akwati. Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci don saitin injin ɗauka da sanyawa ta atomatik da kuma sarrafa kaya.

7.2 Lakabi da Alama

An bayyana bayanan da aka buga akan lakabin reel da kuma jikin kayan. Wannan yawanci ya haɗa da lambar sashi, lambar rukuni/loti, lambar kwanan wata, kuma wani lokacin bayanan rarraba (lambobin ƙarfin haske da launi). Fahimtar waɗannan alamun yana da mahimmanci don bin diddigin abubuwa da sarrafa inganci.

7.3 Tsarin Lambar Sashi

An fassara al'adar sunan samfurin. Takamaiman jerin lambar sashi yana ɓoye mahimman halaye kamar girman kunshin (misali, 2835), yanayin zafin launi (misali, WW don farin dumi), rukunin ƙarfin haske (misali, H don fitarwa mai girma), rukunin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (misali, V2), kuma wani lokacin fasali na musamman kamar babban CRI. Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar yin oda daidai na ƙayyadaddun bayanin da ake buƙata.

8. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace

Jagora kan yadda za a yi amfani da kayan mafi kyau a cikin ƙira na ainihi.

8.1 Da'irori na Aikace-aikacen Yau da Kullun

An ba da misalan tsari don hanyoyin tuƙi na gama-gari: sauƙaƙan iyakance ƙarfin lantarki na resistor na jerin gwano don aikace-aikacen ƙarancin wutar lantarki, da kuma da'irori masu tuƙi masu daidaitaccen ƙarfin lantarki ta amfani da takamaiman IC ko transistor don aikace-aikacen mafi girma ko daidaito. An tattauna la'akari da haɗin kai (gabaɗaya ba a ba da shawarar ba tare da ƙarin daidaito ba) da haɗin kai.

8.2 La'akari da Ƙira

Mahimman shawarwarin ƙira sun haɗa da dabarun sarrafa zafi (yankin tagulla na PCB, ramukan zafi, heatsinks na waje), jagororin rage ƙima (aiki a ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki don haɓaka tsawon rayuwa), da kuma shawarwari na ƙirar optical (amfani da daidaitattun na'urori na biyu kamar ruwan tabarau ko masu nunawa don cimma tsarin hasken da ake so).

9. Kwatancen Fasaha

Duk da yake takardar bayanai guda ɗaya bazata kwatanta kai tsaye da masu fafatawa ba, ya kamata ta nuna fa'idodin kayan na asali bisa ga ƙayyadaddun bayanansa. Misali, babban ingancin haske (lm/W) idan aka kwatanta da tsararraki na baya ko madadin fasaha zai zama muhimmin wurin siyarwa. Faɗin kewayon yanayin zafin launi tare da ƙaramin rarraba yana nuna daidaiton launi mafi girma. Ƙarancin ƙimar juriyar zafi yana nuna mafi kyawun ikon zubar da zafi, yana ba da damar mafi girman ƙarfin tuƙi ko tsawon rayuwa. Waɗannan ma'auni tare suna ayyana matsayin samfurin a kasuwa.

10. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)

Wannan sashe yana magance tambayoyin gama gari bisa ga ma'auni na fasaha.

Q: Me "Sake Dubawa Na 2" da "Lokacin Karewa: Har Abada" ke nufi ga ƙirata?

A: Yana nufin cewa ƙayyadaddun bayanan a cikin wannan takardar sun tsaya tsayin daka kuma ba za su canza ba. Kuna iya ƙirar samfurinku da kwarin gwiwa cewa aikin kayan zai kasance daidai don samfuran masana'antu na gaba, saboda wannan sake dubawa ba shi da ranar ƙarshen rayuwa da aka tsara.

Q: Ta yaya zan fassara lambobin rarraba lokacin yin oda?

A: Dole ne ku ƙayyade lambobin rukunin ƙarfin haske da launi da ake so tare da lambar sashi ta asali don tabbatar da cewa kun karɓi LED waɗanda suka dace da buƙatun haske da daidaiton launi. Ku tuntubi teburan rarraba a cikin cikakken takardar bayanai.

Q: Shin zan iya aiki da LED a ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma fiye da ƙimar yau da kullun don ƙarin haske?

A: Kada ku taɓa wuce Matsakaicin Ƙimar Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba. Aiki sama da ƙimar yau da kullun zai ƙara fitarwar haske amma kuma zai haifar da ƙarin zafi, rage inganci (lm/W), da kuma rage tsawon rayuwar LED sosai. Koyaushe ku bi yanayin aiki da aka ba da shawarar.

Q: Me ya sa sarrafa zafi yake da mahimmanci ga LED?

A: Babban zafin haɗin gwiwa yana haɓaka lalacewar kayan ciki na LED da phosphor, yana haifar da raguwar fitarwar haske na dindindin (rage darajar lumen) da kuma yiwuwar canjin launi. Ingantaccen wurin sanyaya yana kiyaye zafin haɗin gwiwa ƙasa, yana tabbatar da aminci na dogon lokaci da daidaitaccen aiki.

11. Amfani na Aiki

Yanayi: Ƙirar Kayan LED na Layi don Hasken Ofis

Mai ƙira yana ƙirar fitilar da aka dakatar da ƙafa 4 don wuraren ofis. Manufar ita ce yanayin zafin launi 4000K tare da babban CRI (>80) don yanayin gani mai daɗi da samarwa. Ta amfani da takardar bayanai, mai ƙira ya zaɓi daidaitaccen 4000K, babban rukunin CRI. Dangane da lumens da ake buƙata kowane kayan aiki da inganci (lm/W) daga takardar bayanai, sun lissafa adadin LED da ake buƙata da jimillar wutar lantarki. An zaɓi rukunin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba don ba da damar daidaitattun tsararrun jerin gwano waɗanda suka dace da daidaitaccen fitarwar ƙarfin lantarki na mai tuƙi. Zanen injiniya ya tabbatar da cewa LED sun dace da ƙirar PCB na tushen ƙarfe (MCPCB), kuma an shirya bayanin sake kunnawa cikin layin taron SMT. An yi amfani da bayanan juriyar zafi don ƙirar buƙatun heatsink, yana tabbatar da cewa zafin haɗin gwiwa ya kasance ƙasa da 85°C don tsawon rayuwar L70 na sama da sa'o'i 50,000.

12. Gabatarwar Ka'ida

LED na'urar semiconductor ce mai ƙarfi. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba a kan haɗin gwiwar p-n, electrons daga yankin n-type suna sake haɗuwa da ramuka daga yankin p-type, suna sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Tsawon zango (launi) na hasken da aka fitar an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar bandgap na makamashi na kayan semiconductor da aka yi amfani da su (misali, InGaN don shuɗi/kore, AlInGaP don ja/amber). Ga fararen LED, an lulluɓe guntu LED shuɗi da phosphor rawaya (sau da yawa YAG:Ce). Wani ɓangare na hasken shuɗi ana canza shi ta hanyar phosphor zuwa hasken rawaya; gaurayawar shuɗi da hasken rawaya idanun ɗan adam suna ganin su azaman fari. Rabon shuɗi zuwa hasken rawaya yana ƙaddara yanayin zafin launi mai alaƙa.

13. Trends na Ci gaba

Masana'antar LED na ci gaba da haɓakawa tare da takamaiman hanyoyin fasaha. Babban trend shine ci gaba da inganta ingancin haske (lumens kowace watt), wanda aka haifar ta ci gaban ƙirar guntu, fasahar phosphor, da ingancin kunshin. Wannan yana haifar da mafi ingantaccen mafita na haske. Wani muhimmin trend shine inganta ingancin launi da daidaito, tare da mafi girman ƙimar CRI (90+ ya zama ruwan dare gama gari) da ƙaramin rarraba launi don biyan buƙatun aikace-aikacen haske na musamman. Hakanan ana ƙoƙarin zuwa mafi girman yawan wutar lantarki da ƙanƙanta, yana ba da damar hasken haske mafi haske a cikin ƙananan siffofi. Bugu da ƙari, haɗa fasali na wayo da iya sarrafawa kai tsaye cikin kunshin LED ko modules wani yanki ne mai tasowa, yana sauƙaƙa tsarin hasken da aka haɗa. Hakanan ana ƙara mai da hankali kan aminci da samfuran tsinkayar tsawon rayuwa, yana ba da mafi daidaitaccen bayanai don aikace-aikacen dogon lokaci.