Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1. Bayyani Game da Takarda
- 2. Ma'auni na Cibiyar Fasaha
- 2.1 Matakin Rayuwa
- 2.2 Lokacin Ƙarewa
- 2.3 Ranar Saki
- 3. Fassara da Jagororin Aikace-aikace
- 3.1 Sarrafa Sigar da Bincika Bayanai
- 3.2 Inganci a cikin Ɗauki da Zane
- 3.3 Ma'anar Ƙarewar "Har Abada"
- 4. Tambayoyi na Gama-gari da Bayanin Fasaha
- 4.1 Ta yaya 'Sake Dubawa na 3' ya bambanta da sake dubawan da suka gabata?
- 4.2 Shin ana iya amfani da wannan sake dubawa don aikace-aikacen mahimmanci na aminci?
- 4.3 Menene zai faru idan an fitar da sabon sake dubawa?
- 5. Misalan Aikace-aikace da Amfani na Ainihi
- 5.1 Misalin Aikin Ƙirƙira
- 5.2 Misalin Masana'antu da Tabbatar da Inganci
- 5.3 Misalin Ci gaba da Binciken Rashin Aiki
- 6. Ka'idojin Tushe na Gudanar da Rayuwar Takarda
- 6.1 Ka'idar Gudanar da Tsari
- 6.2 Ka'idar Bincika Bayanai da Alhaki
- 7. Trends na Masana'antu a cikin Takardun Fasaha
- 7.1 Zaren Dijital da Takardu Masu Hikima
- 7.2 Sabuntawa Mai Ƙarfi da Takardun Bayanai na Girgije
1. Bayyani Game da Takarda
Wannan takardar fasaha tana ba da cikakken ƙayyadaddun bayani game da samfur ko kayan aiki wanda a halin yanzu yana cikin matakin rayuwa da aka keɓance a matsayin 'Sake Dubawa na 3'. Bayanan cibiya sun shafi matsayin sake dubawa, lokacin aikinsa, da kuma lokacin saki na hukuma. Waɗannan bayanan suna da mahimmanci ga sarrafa siga, tabbatar da inganci, da kuma tabbatar da amfani da madaidaicin ƙayyadaddun fasaha a cikin tsarawa, masana'antu, da hanyoyin saye. Babban aikin takardar shine zama madaidaicin wurin tunani don wannan takamaiman sake dubawa.
2. Ma'auni na Cibiyar Fasaha
Takardar ta ayyana ma'auni masu mahimmanci da ke tafiyar da inganci da aikace-aikacen bayanan fasaha da ke cikinta.
2.1 Matakin Rayuwa
Matakin rayuwa alama ce mai mahimmanci ta balaga da kwanciyar hankali na takarda da samfur. Ƙimar 'Sake Dubawa: 3' tana nuna cewa wannan shine babban sake dubawa na uku na takarda. Wannan yana nuna cewa ƙayyadaddun bayanan samfur sun sha juyin halitta biyu na sabuntawa, gyare-gyare, ko haɓakawa. Lambar sake dubawa tana da mahimmanci don bin sauye-sauye, sarrafa umarnin canjin injiniya (ECOs), da hana amfani da tsoffin bayanai a cikin samarwa ko ƙira.
2.2 Lokacin Ƙarewa
'Lokacin Ƙarewa' an ƙayyade shi a matsayin 'Har Abada'. Wannan ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke nuna cewa wannan sake dubawa na takarda ba shi da ƙayyadaddun ranar ƙarewa. Zai kasance mai inganci har abada har sai an maye gurbinsa da sake dubawa mai zuwa (misali, Sake Dubawa na 4). Wannan ya bambanta da takardun da ƙila suka da iyakacin lokaci mai inganci, galibi ana amfani da su don ƙayyadaddun bayanai na farko ko takardun bayanai waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye akai-akai. Alamar 'Har Abada' tana nuna babban matakin kwanciyar hankali da ƙarshe ga abubuwan fasaha da aka bayyana a cikin Sake Dubawa na 3.
2.3 Ranar Saki
'Ranar Saki' an yiwa alama daidai da lokaci a matsayin '2014-07-31 17:03:22.0'. Wannan ma'auni yana ba da daidai lokacin da aka fitar da Sake Dubawa na 3 a hukumance kuma ya zama tunani mai aiki. Ƙarfin da ya kai daƙiƙa yana da mahimmanci don bin sawun bincike da kuma a cikin yanayi inda za a iya sabunta takardu da yawa cikin sauri. Wannan ranar tana aiki a matsayin tushe don tantance dacewar wannan sake dubawa ga ayyukan da aka fara bayan wannan lokacin.
3. Fassara da Jagororin Aikace-aikace
Fahimtar yadda ake amfani da bayanan da ke cikin wannan takarda yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen amfani da ita a cikin yanayin fasaha da aiki.
3.1 Sarrafa Sigar da Bincika Bayanai
Duk ƙira, lissafin kayan aiki (BOMs), da umarnin masana'antu da ke nuni ga wannan samfur dole ne su ƙayyade 'Sake Dubawa na 3' a sarari. Yin amfani da kuskuren sake dubawa na iya haifar da rashin dacewar kayan aiki, ɓarna aikin, ko rashin bin ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Tsarin gudanar da takarda mai ƙarfi ya kamata ya tabbatar da cewa kawai sake dubawa na yanzu ne ake samun dama ga ayyukan da ke aiki, yayin da ake adana sake dubawan da suka gabata don tunani na tarihi.
3.2 Inganci a cikin Ɗauki da Zane
Ga sabbin ƙira da aka fara bayan 31 ga Yuli, 2014, Sake Dubawa na 3 shine tushe mai iko. Ga ƙirar da ke akwai, ya kamata a gudanar da bita don tantance tasirin ƙaura daga sake dubawa da ta gabata zuwa Sake Dubawa na 3. Wannan na iya haɗawa da duba canje-canje a cikin ma'auni na lantarki, girma na injiniya, ko ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki. A cikin saye, umarnin saye dole ne su ƙayyade ainihin sake dubawa don tabbatar da cewa an samar da daidai sigar kayan aiki.
3.3 Ma'anar Ƙarewar "Har Abada"
Lokacin ƙarewa mara iyaka yana nufin babu tsarin sanarwar ƙarshen rayuwa (EOL) da ke da alaƙa da wannan sake dubawa na takarda da kanta. Duk da haka, baya tabbatar da samuwar samfur na zahiri da yake bayyana har abada. Hanyoyin gudanar da rayuwar samfur (PLM) na kayan aiki sun bambanta. Matsayin 'Har Abada' ya shafi ingancin abubuwan fasaha na wannan takamaiman sigar takarda kawai.
4. Tambayoyi na Gama-gari da Bayanin Fasaha
Dangane da ma'auni na cibiya, tambayoyi da yawa na yau da kullun suna tasowa a aikace-aikace na ainihi.
4.1 Ta yaya 'Sake Dubawa na 3' ya bambanta da sake dubawan da suka gabata?
Wannan takarda ba ta ƙunshi rajistar canji ko canji da ke cikakken bayani game da takamaiman gyare-gyare daga Sake Dubawa na 2 zuwa Sake Dubawa na 3 ba. Don samun wannan bayanin, dole ne a tuntubi sashin tarihin sake dubawa wanda galibi ake samu a cikin cikakken takardar bayanin samfur ko sanarwar canjin injiniya (ECN) na hukuma wanda ya ba da izinin sake dubawa. Canje-canje na iya kasancewa daga gyare-gyaren rubutu zuwa manyan sabuntawa a cikin ƙimar aiki ko takaddun shaida na aminci.
4.2 Shin ana iya amfani da wannan sake dubawa don aikace-aikacen mahimmanci na aminci?
Dacewa ga kowane aikace-aikace na musamman, musamman waɗanda ke da mahimmanci na aminci, ba za a iya ƙayyade shi kawai daga wannan metadata na rayuwa ba. Dole ne a tuntubi takarda da kanta (cikakken takardar bayanin da take wakilta) don cikakkun ƙima, bayanan dogaro, rahotannin cancanta, da ƙa'idodin aminci da suka dace (misali, UL, IEC). Lambar sake dubawa tana tabbatar da cewa kuna tantance mafi yawan bayanan mahimmanci na yanzu.
4.3 Menene zai faru idan an fitar da sabon sake dubawa?
Bayan fitar da wani sake dubawa na gaba (misali, Sake Dubawa na 4) a hukumance, wannan takarda (Sake Dubawa na 3) ta zama wacce aka maye gurbinta. Mafi kyawun ayyuka suna nuna cewa sabbin ayyuka ya kamata su karɓi sabon sake dubawa. Ayyukan da ke akwai waɗanda ke amfani da Sake Dubawa na 3 ya kamata su tantance sabon sake dubawa ta hanyar tsarin gudanar da canji na yau da kullun don yanke shawarar ko za su sake cancanta da canzawa ko ci gaba da sake dubawan da ya gabata a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar 'dacewa, siffa, da aiki' tare da masu samarwa.
5. Misalan Aikace-aikace da Amfani na Ainihi
Bayanin rayuwa yana tafiyar da hanyoyin aiki masu mahimmanci da yawa a cikin haɓaka da masana'antar lantarki.
5.1 Misalin Aikin Ƙirƙira
Mai ƙirar ƙira ya zaɓi kayan aiki don sabon da'irar wutar lantarki a cikin Q4 2014. Sun sauke takardar bayanin da aka yiwa alama 'Sake Dubawa na 3, An Saki 2014-07-31'. Sun haɗa duk ma'auni na lantarki, lanƙwasa rage zafi, da girma na ƙafa daga wannan takarda zuwa cikin tsarinsu da tsarin PCB. BOM da aka samar don ginin samfuri ya lissafa lambar ɓangaren kayan aiki a sarari tare da ƙara '-Rev3' ko ya lura da sake dubawa a wani ginshiƙi na daban. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyar saye ta samo daidai sigar.
5.2 Misalin Masana'antu da Tabbatar da Inganci
Sashen masana'antu ya karɓi jigilar kayan aiki don allon wutar lantarki. Mai duba inganci (QA) ya duba alamar marufi da alamun kayan aiki daidai da jerin masana'anta da aka amince da su (AML), wanda ya ƙayyade 'Sake Dubawa na 3'. Mai duba kuma ya tabbatar da cewa lissafin dubawa mai zuwa da hanyoyin gwaji sun yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun bayanai a cikin takardar bayanin Sake Dubawa na 3, ba tsohon siga ba. Wannan yana hana haɗa alluna tare da kayan aiki waɗanda ƙila suna da halaye daban-daban na aiki.
5.3 Misalin Ci gaba da Binciken Rashin Aiki
Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an ba da rahoton gazawar filin. Ƙungiyar binciken gazawar dole ne ta fara gano sake dubawa na kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin naúrar da ta gaza. Ta hanyar bincika lambar serial na allo da rikodin gini, sun tabbatar cewa an haɗa shi tare da kayan aiki da aka ƙayyade zuwa Sake Dubawa na 3. Daga nan sai su yi amfani da takardar bayanin Sake Dubawa na 3 a matsayin tushe don gwajin lantarki da bincike damuwa don tantance ko kayan aikin ya gaza a cikin ƙayyadaddun iyakokin aiki ko kuma idan akwai wata matsala ta ƙira da ke da alaƙa da ƙayyadaddun Rev3.
6. Ka'idojin Tushe na Gudanar da Rayuwar Takarda
Tsarin wannan bayanin yana nuna ayyuka na yau da kullun a cikin takardun fasaha da gudanar da tsari.
6.1 Ka'idar Gudanar da Tsari
Haɗa matakin sake dubawa tare da ranar saki shine ginshiƙi na gudanar da tsari. Yana ƙirƙirar alama ta musamman (Rev3 + Timestamp) don takamaiman tsarin bayanin samfur. Wannan yana ba da damar duk ɓangarorin a cikin sarkar wadata su yi aiki tare akan ainihin saitin buƙatun, yana ba da damar inganci da aiki mai daidaito.
6.2 Ka'idar Bincika Bayanai da Alhaki
Madaidaicin alamar lokaci yana ba da sawun bincike. Idan aka sami matsala ta samfur, yana yiwuwa a bincika baya don tantance daidai lokacin da aka fitar da takamaiman ƙayyadaddun bayani kuma, ta hanyar faɗaɗa, waɗanne rukunoni na masana'anta ko sakin ƙira ne ke tafiyar da shi. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga binciken tushen dalili da aiwatar da ayyukan gyara.
7. Trends na Masana'antu a cikin Takardun Fasaha
Tsari da isar da irin waɗannan metadata suna haɓaka tare da canjin dijital a cikin injiniyanci.
7.1 Zaren Dijital da Takardu Masu Hikima
Yayin da wannan misalin ya nuna tushen metadata na tushen rubutu, yanayin yana zuwa ga saka wannan bayanin a cikin tsarorin da na'ura ke iya karantawa a cikin PDFs ko amfani da fasfo na samfur na dijital. Wannan yana ba da damar bayanan rayuwa su karanta ta atomatik ta tsarin PLM da ERP, ƙirƙirar 'zaren dijital' wanda ke haɗa ƙayyadaddun bayanai kai tsaye zuwa fayilolin ƙira, BOMs, da sakamakon gwaji.
7.2 Sabuntawa Mai Ƙarfi da Takardun Bayanai na Girgije
Tunanin tsayayyen ƙarewar 'Har Abada' na iya canzawa tare da karɓar takardun bayanai masu haɗin girgije. A wasu ƙirar da ke sa ido, takardar za a iya sabunta ta da ƙarfi, kuma 'sake dubawa' na iya zama rafi na siga mai ci gaba, tare da masu amfani suna biyan kuɗi don sanarwar canji. Duk da haka, ainihin buƙatar sarrafa siga da ƙayyadaddun tushe, kamar yadda 'Sake Dubawa na 3' ya misalta, zai kasance mai mahimmanci ga ingancin samfur.
A taƙaice, wannan takarda, ta hanyar taƙaitaccen metadata, ta kafa Sake Dubawa na 3 a matsayin madaidaicin wurin tunani mai ƙarfi da dorewa don takamaiman saitin ƙayyadaddun fasaha da aka saki a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2014. Daidaitaccen fassararta da aikace-aikacenta suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaito, inganci, da bin sawu a duk tsawon rayuwar samfur, daga ƙirar farko har zuwa masana'antu da tallafin filin.
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Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki
| Kalma | Naúrar/Wakilci | Bayanin Sauri | Me yasa yake da muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ingancin Hasken Wuta | lm/W (lumen kowace watt) | Fitowar haske kowace watt na wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin mafi ingancin kuzari. | Kai tsaye yana ƙayyade matakin ingancin kuzari da farashin wutar lantarki. |
| Gudun Hasken Wuta | lm (lumen) | Jimillar hasken da tushe ke fitarwa, ana kiransa "haske". | Yana ƙayyade ko hasken yana da haske sosai. |
| Kusurwar Dubawa | ° (digiri), misali 120° | Kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabi, yana ƙayyade faɗin haske. | Yana shafar kewar haskakawa da daidaito. |
| Zafin Launi (CCT) | K (Kelvin), misali 2700K/6500K | Zafi/sanyin haske, ƙananan ƙimomi rawaya/zafi, mafi girma fari/sanyi. | Yana ƙayyade yanayin haskakawa da yanayin da suka dace. |
| CI / Ra | Ba naúrar, 0–100 | Ikon ba da launukan abubuwa daidai, Ra≥80 yana da kyau. | Yana shafar sahihancin launi, ana amfani dashi a wurare masu buƙatu kamar shaguna, gidajen tarihi. |
| SDCM | Matakan ellipse MacAdam, misali "5-mataki" | Ma'aunin daidaiton launi, ƙananan matakai suna nufin mafi daidaiton launi. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin LED iri ɗaya. |
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Raɗaɗin Hasken | nm (nanomita), misali 620nm (ja) | Tsawon raɗaɗin haske daidai da launin LED masu launi. | Yana ƙayyade launin ja, rawaya, kore LED masu launi ɗaya. |
| Rarraba Bakan Hasken | Layin tsawon raɗaɗi da ƙarfi | Yana nuna rarraba ƙarfi a cikin tsawon raɗaɗin haske. | Yana shafar ba da launi da ingancin launi. |
Ma'auni na Lantarki
| Kalma | Alamar | Bayanin Sauri | Abubuwan ƙira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | Vf | Mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki don kunna LED, kamar "maƙallan farawa". | Ƙarfin lantarki na injin dole ya zama ≥Vf, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙara don LED a jere. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | If | Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki don aikin LED na yau da kullun. | Yawanci tuƙi mai ƙarfi akai-akai, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙayyade haske da tsawon rai. |
| Matsakaicin Ƙarfin lantarki na bugun jini | Ifp | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai jurewa na ɗan lokaci, ana amfani dashi don duhu ko walƙiya. | Fadin bugun jini da sake zagayowar aiki dole ne a sarrafa su sosai don guje wa lalacewa. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na baya | Vr | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya da LED zai iya jurewa, wanda ya wuce zai iya haifar da rushewa. | Dangane dole ne ya hana haɗin baya ko ƙarfin lantarki. |
| Juriya na zafi | Rth (°C/W) | Juriya ga canja wurin zafi daga guntu zuwa solder, ƙasa yana da kyau. | Babban juriya na zafi yana buƙatar zubar da zafi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rigakafin ESD | V (HBM), misali 1000V | Ikon jurewa zubar da wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin ƙasa mai rauni. | Ana buƙatar matakan hana wutar lantarki a cikin samarwa, musamman ga LED masu hankali. |
Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa
| Kalma | Ma'aunin maɓalli | Bayanin Sauri | Tasiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zazzabin Haɗin gwiwa | Tj (°C) | Ainihin yanayin aiki a cikin guntun LED. | Kowane raguwa 10°C na iya ninka tsawon rai; yayi yawa yana haifar da lalacewar haske, canjin launi. |
| Ragewar Lumen | L70 / L80 (sa'o'i) | Lokacin da haske ya ragu zuwa 70% ko 80% na farko. | Kai tsaye yana ayyana "tsawon sabis" na LED. |
| Kula da Lumen | % (misali 70%) | Kashi na hasken da aka riƙe bayan lokaci. | Yana nuna riƙon haske akan amfani na dogon lokaci. |
| Canjin Launi | Δu′v′ ko ellipse MacAdam | Matsakaicin canjin launi yayin amfani. | Yana shafar daidaiton launi a cikin yanayin haskakawa. |
| Tsufa na Zafi | Lalacewar kayan aiki | Lalacewa saboda yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci. | Zai iya haifar da raguwar haske, canjin launi, ko gazawar buɗe kewaye. |
Tufafi & Kayan Aiki
| Kalma | Nau'ikan gama gari | Bayanin Sauri | Siffofi & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nau'in Kunshin | EMC, PPA, Yumbu | Kayan gida masu kare guntu, samar da hanyar sadarwa ta gani/zafi. | EMC: juriya mai kyau na zafi, farashi mai rahusa; Yumbu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, tsawon rai. |
| Tsarin Guntu | Gaba, Guntu Juyawa | Tsarin na'urorin lantarki na guntu. | Juyawar guntu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, inganci mafi girma, don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rufin Phosphor | YAG, Silicate, Nitride | Yana rufe guntu shuɗi, yana canza wasu zuwa rawaya/ja, yana haɗa su zuwa fari. | Phosphor daban-daban suna shafar inganci, CCT, da CRI. |
| Ruwan tabarau/Optics | Lefi, Microlens, TIR | Tsarin gani a saman yana sarrafa rarraba haske. | Yana ƙayyade kusurwar dubawa da layin rarraba haske. |
Kula da Inganci & Rarraba
| Kalma | Abun rarraba | Bayanin Sauri | Manufa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kwalin Gudun Hasken | Lambar misali 2G, 2H | An tattara su ta hanyar haske, kowace ƙungiya tana da ƙananan/matsakaicin ƙimar lumen. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin jeri ɗaya. |
| Kwalin Ƙarfin lantarki | Lambar misali 6W, 6X | An tattara su ta hanyar kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. | Yana sauƙaƙe daidaitawar tuƙi, yana inganta ingancin tsarin. |
| Kwalin Launi | Ellipse MacAdam 5-mataki | An tattara su ta hanyar daidaitattun launi, yana tabbatar da ƙuntataccen kewayon. | Yana ba da garantin daidaiton launi, yana guje wa launi mara daidaituwa a cikin kayan aikin. |
| Kwalin CCT | 2700K, 3000K da sauransu | An tattara su ta hanyar CCT, kowanne yana da madaidaicin kewayon daidaitawa. | Yana cika buƙatun CCT na yanayi daban-daban. |
Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida
| Kalma | Matsakaicin/Gwaji | Bayanin Sauri | Muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| LM-80 | Gwajin kula da lumen | Haskakawa na dogon lokaci a yanayin zafi akai-akai, yana rikodin lalacewar haske. | Ana amfani dashi don kimanta rayuwar LED (tare da TM-21). |
| TM-21 | Matsakaicin kimanta rayuwa | Yana kimanta rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na ainihi bisa bayanan LM-80. | Yana ba da hasashen kimiyya na rayuwa. |
| IESNA | Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Haskakawa | Yana rufe hanyoyin gwajin gani, lantarki, zafi. | Tushen gwaji da masana'antu suka amince. |
| RoHS / REACH | Tabbatarwar muhalli | Yana tabbatar da babu abubuwa masu cutarwa (darma, mercury). | Bukatar shiga kasuwa a duniya. |
| ENERGY STAR / DLC | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari da aiki don samfuran haskakawa. | Ana amfani dashi a cikin sayayyan gwamnati, shirye-shiryen tallafi, yana haɓaka gasa. |