Bayanin Fasaha na Photointerrupter LTH-306-01 - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfurin

LTH-306-01 ƙaramin kyandirar gani ne mara lamba wanda aka ƙera don ingantaccen gano abu da kuma gano matsayi. Babban aikinsa ya dogara ne akan infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (LED) wanda aka haɗa da phototransistor, wanda aka sanya a cikin fakiti ɗaya. Lokacin da wani abu ya wuce ta cikin tazarar da ke tsakanin mai fitarwa da na'urar gano, yana katse hasken IR, yana haifar da canji a cikin yanayin fitarwa na phototransistor. Wannan ka'idar tana ba da damar canzawa mai daidaito, mara lalacewa ba tare da lamba ta jiki ba.

An ƙera na'urar don ɗora kai tsaye akan allunan da'ira da aka buga (PCBs) ko cikin soket ɗin layi biyu na al'ada, yana ba da sassaucin ƙira mai mahimmanci. Babban fa'idodinsa sun haɗa da saurin canzawa mai sauri, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga ƙididdiga masu sauri da aikace-aikacen lokaci, da kuma yanayinsa mara lamba, wanda ke kawar da lalacewar injiniya da kuma tabbatar da dogon lokacin aminci. Kasuwannin da aka yi niyya na al'ada sun haɗa da sarrafa kai ta atomatik na masana'antu, na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci (misali, na'urorin bugawa, na'urorin kwafi), tsarin tsaro, da injunan sayar da kayayyaki inda ake buƙatar gano abu, gano takarda, ko gano rami.

2. Bincike Mai Zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici

Waɗannan ƙididdiga suna ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su lalacewar dindindin na na'urar na iya faruwa. Ba a ba da garantin aiki a ƙarƙashin waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba. Manyan iyakoki sun haɗa da:

• IR Diode Ci gaba da Gaba Current (I_F): 60 mA. Wannan shine matsakaicin DC na yanzu wanda za'a iya ci gaba da amfani da shi ga LED.
• IR Diode Kololuwar Gaba Current: 1 A don faɗin bugun jini na 10 μs a 300 bugun jini a kowace dakika. Wannan yana ba da damar ɗan gajeren lokaci, ƙananan bugun jini mai ƙarfi don haɓaka gano sigina.
• Phototransistor Mai Tattara-Fitarwa Voltage (V_CEO): 30 V. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da za'a iya amfani da shi a kan fil ɗin mai tattara da mai fitarwa.
• Kewayon Zazzabi na Aiki: -25°C zuwa +85°C. Yana ƙayyadad da kewayon zafin yanayi don aiki mai aminci.
• Zazzabin Solder na Jagora: 260°C na dakika 5 a nisan 1.6mm daga akwati. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin haɗa PCB.

2.2 Halayen Lantarki da na Gani

Waɗannan sigogi an ƙayyade su a zafin yanayi (T_A) na 25°C kuma suna ayyana aikin al'ada na na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na al'ada.

2.2.1 Halayen Shigarwa (IR LED)

• Gaba Voltage (V_F): Yawanci 1.2V zuwa 1.6V a gaba na yanzu (I_F) na 20 mA. Ana amfani da wannan don ƙididdige ƙimar resistor mai iyakancewa na yanzu don da'irar direban LED.
• Juyawa Na Yanzu (I_R): Matsakaici 100 μA a juyawa voltage (V_R) na 5V. Wannan yana nuna zubar da ruwa na LED lokacin da aka juyar da shi.

2.2.2 Halayen Fitarwa (Phototransistor)

• Mai Tattara-Fitarwa Rushewar Voltage (V_(BR)CEO): Mafi ƙarancin 30V. Yana tabbatar da cewa transistor zai iya jurewa ƙayyadadden ƙarfin lantarki mai tattara-fitarwa.
• Mai Tattara-Fitarwa Duhu Na Yanzu (I_CEO): Matsakaici 100 nA a V_CE=10V. Wannan shine zubar da ruwa na yanzu lokacin da LED ya kashe (babu haske), wanda ke shafar matakin sigina na "kashe-jihar".

2.2.3 Halayen Haɗaɗɗen (Gabaɗaya)

• A kan-Jihar Mai Tattara Na Yanzu (I_C(ON)): Mafi ƙarancin 5.0 mA a V_CE=5V da I_F=20mA. Wannan shine fitarwar na yanzu na phototransistor lokacin da LED ya haskaka gabaɗaya kuma ba a toshe shi ba, yana nuna hankalinsa.
• Mai Tattara-Fitarwa Cikakken Voltage (V_CE(SAT)): Matsakaici 0.4V a I_C=2.5mA da I_F=20mA. Ƙananan cikakken ƙarfin lantarki yana da kyau lokacin da ake amfani da phototransistor a matsayin mai canzawa a yanayin cikakken, yana rage raguwar ƙarfin lantarki.
• Lokacin Amsa: Tashin lokaci (t_r) yawanci 3-15 μs ne, kuma faɗuwar lokaci (t_f) yawanci 4-20 μs ne a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayin gwaji (V_CE=5V, I_C=2mA, R_L=100Ω). Waɗannan sigogi suna ayyana saurin canzawa da bandwidth na na'urar, wanda ke da mahimmanci don gano abubuwa masu sauri.

3. Bincike na Lanƙwan Aiki

Takardun bayanai yana nuni zuwa lanƙwan halaye na lantarki/gani na al'ada. Duk da yake ba a ba da takamaiman jadawali a cikin rubutun ba, lanƙwan al'ada na irin waɗannan na'urori yawanci sun haɗa da:

• Gaba Na Yanzu vs. Gaba Voltage (I_F-V_F) don IR LED: Yana nuna alaƙar da ba ta layi ba, yana taimakawa wajen tantance wurin aiki.
• Mai Tattara Na Yanzu vs. Mai Tattara-Fitarwa Voltage (I_C-V_CE) don Phototransistor: A matakan daban-daban na haske (LED na yanzu), wannan yana nuna halayen fitarwa na transistor, kama da halayen fitarwa na transistor bipolar.
• Matsakaicin Canja wurin Na Yanzu (CTR) vs. Gaba Na Yanzu: CTR shine rabo na phototransistor mai tattara na yanzu (I_C) zuwa LED gaba na yanzu (I_F). Wannan lanƙwan yana nuna yadda inganci ke canzawa tare da yanayin tuƙi.
• Dogaron Zazzabi na Duhu Na Yanzu (I_CEO) da A kan-Jihar Na Yanzu (I_C(ON)): Yana kwatanta yadda aikin ke raguwa ko bambanta tare da canje-canje a cikin zafin yanayi, wanda ke da mahimmanci don ƙira tsarin tsayayye a cikin ƙayyadadden kewayon aiki.

Waɗannan lanƙwan suna da mahimmanci ga masu ƙira don inganta wurin aiki, tabbatar da ingancin sigina akan zafin jiki, da kuma fahimtar iyakokin na'urar.

4. Bayanin Injiniya da Fakiti

An ƙera LTH-306-01 don ɗora PCB ko soket. An ba da girman fakiti a cikin takardun bayanai tare da duk ma'aunai a cikin millimeters (da inci). Muhimman bayanan injiniya sun haɗa da:

• Matsakaicin haƙuri na al'ada na ±0.25mm (±0.010") ya shafi sai dai idan an ƙayyade akan zanen da aka auna.
• Fakitin yana da siffar jiki da aka ƙera tare da daidaitaccen tazara tsakanin mai fitarwa na IR da phototransistor. Daidaitattun ma'auni na wannan tazara, gabaɗayan tsayi, faɗi, da tsayi, da tazarar jagora suna da mahimmanci ga haɗin injiniya cikin samfurin ƙarshe.
• Jagororin yawanci an yi su ne da kayan da za a iya solder kuma an ƙirƙira su don ɗora ta cikin rami.

Gano polarity yana da mahimmanci. Na'urar za ta sami alamomi (kamar ɗigo, tsaga, ko daban-daban tsayin jagora) don gano anode da cathode na IR LED da mai tattara da mai fitarwa na phototransistor. Haɗin polarity mara daidaituwa na iya lalata abubuwan.

5. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙididdiga ya ƙayyade zazzabin solder na jagora na 260°C na matsakaicin tsawon lokaci na dakika 5, wanda aka auna 1.6mm (0.063") daga akwatin filastik. Wannan siga ce mai mahimmanci don hanyoyin solder na igiyar ruwa ko solder na hannu.

Shawarwari:

6. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

6.1 Da'irorin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Da'irar aikace-aikace ta asali ta ƙunshi:

1. Da'irar Direban LED: Resistor mai iyakancewa na yanzu a jere tare da IR LED. Ƙimar resistor (R_iyaka) ana ƙididdige shi azaman (Wutar Wutar Lantarki - V_F) / I_F. Don samar da 5V da I_F=20mA, tare da V_F~1.4V, R_iyaka≈ (5-1.4)/0.02 = 180Ω.
2. Da'irar Fitarwa na Phototransistor: Ana iya amfani da phototransistor a cikin sifofi guda biyu na gama gari:
   • Yanayin Canzawa (Cikakken): Haɗa resistor mai jan hankali daga mai tattara zuwa samar da ingantacciyar hanya (misali, 5V). An haɗa mai fitarwa zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da haske ya bugi transistor, yana kunna da ƙarfi (yana cika), yana jan ƙarfin lantarki mai tattara ƙasa (kusa da V_CE(SAT)). Lokacin da aka toshe haske, transistor yana kashewa, kuma resistor yana jan ƙarfin lantarki mai tattara sama. Fitarwa sigina ce ta dijital.
   • Yanayin Layi: Yi amfani da phototransistor a cikin tsarin amplifier na gama-gari tare da resistor mai tattara. Fitarwar ƙarfin lantarki tana bambanta da layi tare da ƙarfin hasken da aka karɓa, mai amfani don ganowa na analog.

6.2 Abubuwan Tunani na Ƙira

• Kariya daga Hasken Yanayi: Na'urar tana amfani da hasken IR da aka daidaita, amma manyan tushen IR na yanayi (hasken rana, ƙwanƙolin wuta) na iya haifar da faɗakarwa na ƙarya. Yin amfani da tuƙin LED mai bugun jini da gano aiki tare, ko ƙara tacewa na gani, na iya inganta kariya.
• Halayen Abu: Ingantaccen gano ya dogara da rashin gani na abu zuwa tsawon raƙuman IR. Kayan sirara ko masu watsawa ƙwarai bazai cikakken katse katako ba.
• Daidaituwa: Daidaitaccen daidaitawar injiniya na hanyar abu tare da tazarar firikwensin yana da mahimmanci don aiki mai daidaito.
• Sauri: Tabbatar da cewa saurin abu da lokacin amsa da tsarin ke buƙata sun dace da lokutan tashi/faɗuwa na na'urar (kewayon microseconds).
• Hayaniyar Lantarki: A cikin wurare masu hayaniya, kiyaye alamun alamun gajere, yi amfani da capacitors na gefe kusa da na'urar, da kuma la'akari da garkuwa.

7. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambanci

Idan aka kwatanta da micro-switches na injiniya, LTH-306-01 yana ba da fa'idodi masu bayyanawa: babu bouncen lamba, babu lalacewar injiniya, saurin canzawa mai sauri, da ingantaccen aminci sama da miliyoyin zagayawa. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran firikwensin gani kamar firikwensin nunawa, masu katse hoto masu watsawa (masu haɗaɗɗun rami) gabaɗaya sun fi kariya daga bambance-bambance a cikin nunin saman abu da launi, suna ba da sigina mai daidaito kan/kashe bisa kawai akan katsewar katako.

Babban bambancinsa a cikin rukunin mai katse hoto zai kasance takamaiman girman fakiti (wanda ke ba da damar ƙirar ƙanƙanta), halayensa na lantarki (hankali wanda I_C(ON), sauri wanda aka ayyana ta t_r/t_f), da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun sa na solder da zafin aiki.

8. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (FAQs)

Q: Menene tsawon rayuwar al'ada na wannan na'urar?

A: A matsayin na'urar da ba ta da sassa masu motsi, tsawon rayuwarta ana ƙaddara shi da farko ta hanyar raguwar fitarwa na LED a hankali. Lokacin da ake aiki a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai, yawanci ya wuce tsawon rayuwar maɓallan injiniya, galibi ana ƙididdige su don ɗaruruwan dubban zuwa miliyoyin ayyuka.

Q: Zan iya tuƙi LED da tushen ƙarfin lantarki kai tsaye?

A: A'a. Dole ne a tuƙi LED da tushen da aka iyakance na yanzu. Haɗa shi kai tsaye zuwa tushen ƙarfin lantarki wanda ya wuce ƙarfin lantarki na gaba zai haifar da wuce gona da iri na yanzu, mai yuwuwar lalata shi. Koyaushe yi amfani da resistor mai iyakancewa na yanzu na jere ko direba na yanzu na akai.

Q: Ta yaya zan fassara "A kan-Jihar Mai Tattara Na Yanzu" (I_C(ON)) mafi ƙarancin ƙima?

A: Wannan shine garantin mafi ƙarancin fitarwa na yanzu a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayin gwaji (V_CE=5V, I_F=20mA). A cikin ƙirar ku, ya kamata ku tabbatar da cewa da'irar ku (misali, ƙimar resistor ɗin ku na jan hankali) za ta iya aiki da aminci tare da wannan mafi ƙarancin na yanzu don samar da ingantacciyar ƙarfin lantarki ƙasa lokacin da katako ba a toshe shi ba.

Q: Lokacin amsa yana cikin microseconds. Shin wannan ya isa don aikace-aikacena?

A: Ga yawancin aikace-aikacen ƙididdigar abu, gano matsayi, da gano takarda, amsa na microsecond ya fi isa. Misali, don gano wani abu da ke motsawa a 1 m/s ta cikin tazara na 1mm, lokacin katsewa shine 1ms (1000 μs), wanda ya fi tsawon lokacin canzawa na na'urar. Don aikace-aikace masu sauri sosai, tabbatar da lokacin da ake buƙata.

9. Misalin Amfani na Aiki

Yanayi: Gano Takarda a cikin Na'urar Buga

Ana iya sanya LTH-306-01 tare da hanyar takarda. Takardar da ke wucewa ta cikin tazarar tana ba da damar katakon IR ya isa ga phototransistor, yana kiyaye fitarwarsa a cikin yanayi ɗaya (misali, ƙasa). Idan an sami matsala, takardar ta tsaya a cikin tazarar, tana toshe katako kuma tana canza yanayin fitarwa (misali, sama). Ana ba da wannan sigina ga microcontroller na na'urar bugawa, wanda zai iya dakatar da aiki kuma ya faɗakar da mai amfani. Gano mara lamba yana tabbatar da babu lalacewa akan takarda ko firikwensin, kuma saurin amsa yana ba da damar gano ko da takarda tana motsawa da sauri.

10. Ka'idar Aiki

LTH-306-01 firikwensin gani ne mai watsawa. Ya ƙunshi manyan abubuwa guda biyu a cikin hannaye masu adawa na fakiti mai siffar U: infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) da silicon NPN phototransistor. IR LED yana fitar da hasken infrared da ba a gani ba lokacin da aka yi masa bambanci tare da wani yanayi na yanzu. An ƙera phototransistor don zama mai hankali ga wannan takamaiman tsawon raƙuman IR. Lokacin da babu wani abu a cikin tazarar da ke tsakanin su, hasken IR yana haskakawa kai tsaye zuwa yankin tushe na phototransistor. Wannan hasken da ya faru yana haifar da nau'ikan rami na electron, waɗanda ke aiki azaman tushe na yanzu, suna kunna transistor kuma suna ba da damar babban mai tattara na yanzu (I_C) don gudana. Lokacin da wani abu mara gani ya shiga cikin tazarar, yana toshe hanyar haske. Phototransistor bai karɓi (ko rage sosai) haske ba, ingantaccen tushe na yanzu ya ragu zuwa kusan sifili, kuma transistor ya kashe, yana rage mai tattara na yanzu zuwa matakin zubar da ruwa mai ƙarancin gaske (I_CEO). Wannan canjin fitarwa na yanzu/ƙarfin lantarki ana gano shi ta hanyar da'irar waje don yin rijistar taron "abu yana nan".

11. Trends na Fasaha

Filin abubuwan gani kamar masu katse hoto yana ci gaba da haɓaka. Trends na gabaɗaya da ake gani a cikin masana'antar sun haɗa da:

• Ƙananan Girma: Haɓaka ƙananan ƙafafun fakiti da ƙananan bayanan martaba don dacewa da ƙananan na'urorin mabukaci da na masana'antu.
• Haɓaka Haɗin kai: Haɗa ƙarin da'ira akan-chip, kamar masu faɗakarwa na Schmitt don hysteresis, ingantattun resistors masu iyakancewa, ko ma hanyoyin sadarwa na dijital (I2C), yana sauƙaƙe ƙiran waje.
• Ingantaccen Aiki: Hankali mafi girma (yana ba da damar ƙananan yanayin tuƙi na LED don adana wutar lantarki), saurin amsa don sarrafa kai ta atomatik mai sauri, da ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali na zafin jiki.
• Mayar da hankali kan Ingantaccen Wutar Lantarki: Ƙira waɗanda ke ba da damar aiki mai bugun jini tare da ƙananan ayyukan aiki don rage matsakaicin amfani da wutar lantarki, mai mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da baturi.
• Ƙarfi: Ingantaccen juriya ga abubuwan muhalli kamar ƙura, zafi, da girgiza injiniya.

Waɗannan trends suna nufin sanya hanyoyin ganowa na gani su zama masu aminci, sauƙin aiwatarwa, kuma sun dace da faffadan aikace-aikace.