Takardun Bayanai na Photointerrupter LTH-301-05 - Sauyin Rashin Lamba - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

LTH-301-05 photointerrupter ne mai nunawa, nau'in kayan aikin gani wanda ya haɗa diode mai haskakawa infrared (IR LED) da phototransistor a cikin kunshi ɗaya, ƙanƙanta. Babban aikinsa shine gano kasancewar ko rashin wani abu ba tare da lamba ta jiki ba, yana mai da shi mai sauya rashin lamba. Babban fa'idar wannan na'urar yana cikin amincinta da tsawon rayuwa, saboda yana kawar da lalacewar injiniya da ke da alaƙa da masu sauya na gargajiya. An tsara shi don hawa kai tsaye na PCB (Allon Kewayawa da aka Buga) ko amfani da soket mai layi biyu, yana ba da sassauci a cikin haɗawa. Saurin saurin sauyawa ya sa ya dace da aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar gano sauri, kamar a cikin na'urorin bugawa, kwafi, injinan sayarwa, da kayan aikin sarrafa masana'antu inda ake buƙatar hankali, ƙidaya abu, ko gano gefe.

2. Bincike Mai Zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaici na Gabaɗaya

Waɗannan ƙididdiga suna bayyana iyakokin da za su iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin ga na'urar. Ba don ci gaba da aiki ba ne. Ma'auni mahimman sun haɗa da:

• IR Diode Ci gaba da Gaba Current (I_F): 60 mA. Wannan shine matsakaicin ƙarfin halin yanzu na tsayayye wanda zai iya gudana ta hanyar LED.
• IR Diode Kololuwar Gaba Current: 1 A (don bugun jini na 10 μs faɗi a 300 bugun jini a kowace dakika). Wannan yana ba da damar ɗan gajeren lokaci, ƙaƙƙarfan bugun jini don haɓaka gano siginar.
• Phototransistor Mai Tattara Current (I_C): 20 mA. Matsakaicin ƙarfin halin yanzu da transistor ɗin fitarwa zai iya ɗauka.
• Phototransistor Mai Tattara-Emitter Voltage (V_CEO): 30 V. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da za a iya amfani da shi a cikin mai tattara da mai fitarwa na phototransistor.
• Kewayon Zazzabi na Aiki: -25°C zuwa +85°C. Wannan yana bayyana kewayon yanayin zafin yanayi don aiki mai aminci.
• Zazzabin Solder na Jagora: 260°C na dakika 5 a nisan 1.6mm daga akwati. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don haɗawa don hana lalacewar zafi.

2.2 Halayen Lantarki da Na Gani

Ana auna waɗannan ma'auni a yanayin zafin yanayi (T_A) na 25°C kuma suna bayyana aikin na'urar na yau da kullun.

2.2.1 Halayen Shigarwa (LED IR)

• Gaba Voltage (V_F): Yawanci 1.2V zuwa 1.6V a gaba current (I_F) na 20 mA. Wannan shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a cikin LED lokacin da aka haskaka shi.
• Koma baya Current (I_R): Matsakaici 100 μA a koma baya voltage (V_R) na 5V. Wannan yana nuna ƙaramin ƙarfin halin yanzu na ɓarna lokacin da LED ke koma baya.

2.2.2 Halayen Fitowa (Phototransistor)

• Mai Tattara-Emitter Rushe Voltage (V_(BR)CEO): Mafi ƙarancin 30V. Ƙarfin lantarki wanda transistor ke rushewa lokacin da tushe ya buɗe.
• Mai Tattara-Emitter Duhu Current (I_CEO): Matsakaici 100 nA a V_CE=10V. Wannan shine ƙarfin halin yanzu na ɓarna na phototransistor lokacin da babu haske da ke faruwa (watau ƙarfin halin yanzu na "kashe"). Ƙimar ƙasa tana da kyau don kyakkyawan bambanci tsakanin jihohin kunna da kashewa.

2.2.3 Halayen Haɗaɗɗiyar (Haɗe)

Waɗannan ma'auni suna bayyana halayen LED da phototransistor suna aiki tare.

• Mai Tattara-Emitter Jikewa Voltage (V_CE(SAT)): Matsakaici 0.4V lokacin da phototransistor ya kunna gabaɗaya (I_C=0.25mA, I_F=20mA). Ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki na jikewa yana da kyau don haɗaɗɗiyar dabaru na dijital.
• A kan-State Mai Tattara Current (I_C(ON)): Mafi ƙarancin 0.5 mA lokacin da aka tuƙi LED (I_F=20mA) da V_CE=5V. Wannan shine photocurrent da aka samar, wanda ke ƙayyade ƙarfin siginar fitarwa.
• Lokacin Amsawa: Wannan yana bayyana yadda saurin fitarwa ke amsa canjin hasken shigarwa.
  • Lokacin Tashi (t_r): Yawanci 3 μs, matsakaici 15 μs. Lokacin da ƙarfin halin yanzu na fitarwa ya tashi daga 10% zuwa 90% na ƙimar ƙarshensa lokacin da aka kunna LED.
  • Lokacin Faɗuwa (t_f): Yawanci 4 μs, matsakaici 20 μs. Lokacin da ƙarfin halin yanzu na fitarwa ya faɗi daga 90% zuwa 10% na ƙimar farkonsa lokacin da aka kashe LED.

3. Bayanan Injiniya da Kunshin

3.1 Girman Kunshin

Na'urar tana da kunshin rami na yau da kullun tare da jagora huɗu. Ana ba da ainihin girmansu a cikin zane-zanen takardun bayanai. Bayanan mahimmanci sun haɗa da:

• Duk girmansu suna cikin millimeters, tare da inci a cikin baka.
• Matsakaicin haƙuri shine ±0.25mm (±0.010") sai dai idan wani takamaiman bayanin kula ya faɗi in ba haka ba.
• An tsara kunshin don kwanciyar hankali yayin aikin solder na igiyar ruwa ko na hannu.

3.2 Gano Polarity

Daidaitaccen alkibla yana da mahimmanci. Zanen takardun bayanai yana nuna filayen anode da cathode na IR LED da filayen mai tattara da mai fitarwa na phototransistor. Yin hawan na'urar ba daidai ba zai iya haifar da rashin aiki ko lalacewa ta dindindin.

4. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Daidaitaccen sarrafawa yana tabbatar da amincin na'urar da tsawon rayuwa.

• Solder: Ana iya solder jagororin a matsakaicin zafin jiki na 260°C, amma wannan zafin ya kamata a yi amfani da shi ne kawai na matsakaicin tsawon lokaci na dakika 5. Yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye takamaiman nisa (1.6mm / 0.063") daga jikin akwatin filastik don hana narkewa ko nakasar kunshin.
• Tsaftacewa: Yi amfani da kaushi masu dacewa waɗanda suka dace da kayan filastik na na'urar. Guji tsaftacewa ta ultrasonic tare da wasu mitoci waɗanda zasu iya haifar da damuwa na ciki ko fashewa.
• Yanayin Ajiya: Don adana aiki, ajiye na'urorin a cikin yanayi tare da kewayon zafin jiki na -40°C zuwa +100°C da ƙarancin zafi, zai fi dacewa a cikin kunshin anti-static don hana lalacewar fitarwa na electrostatic (ESD).

5. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace

5.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

• Gano Takarda a cikin Na'urorin Buga/Kwafi: Gano matsalolin takarda, ƙarshen takarda, ko yanayin ciyarwa da yawa.
• Ƙidaya Abu: Ƙidaya abubuwa akan bel ɗin isarwa ko ta hanyar bututu.
• Hankali/Matsakaicin Hankali: Gano ramuka a cikin ƙafar encoder don ƙayyade matsayin juyawa ko saurin mota.
• Injinan Sayarwa: Tabbatar da wucewar tsabar kuɗi ko rarraba samfur.
• Tsarin Tsaro: A matsayin wani ɓangare na firikwensin karya katako don gano kutsawa.

5.2 Abubuwan Tunani na Zane

• LED Current Iyakancewa: Koyaushe yi amfani da resistor na jerin tare da IR LED don iyakance ƙarfin halin yanzu na gaba (I_F) zuwa ƙimar aminci, yawanci tsakanin 10mA da 20mA don daidaito tsakanin ƙarfin siginar fitarwa da tsawon rayuwar na'urar. Ana iya ƙididdige ƙimar resistor ta amfani da R = (V_CC- V_F) / I_F.
• Phototransistor Biasing: Yawanci ana haɗa resistor na ja sama tsakanin mai tattara na phototransistor da ƙarfin lantarki mai kyau (V_CC). An haɗa mai fitarwa zuwa ƙasa. Ƙimar wannan resistor (sau da yawa tsakanin 1kΩ da 10kΩ) da ƙarfin lantarki suna ƙayyade girgizar ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa da saurin amsawa. Ƙaramin resistor yana ba da saurin amsawa amma ƙarancin girgizar ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa (da ƙarin amfani da wutar lantarki lokacin kunna).
• Kariya daga Hasken Yanayi: Tunda na'urar tana amfani da hasken infrared, ta ɗan kare daga hasken yanayi na bayyane. Duk da haka, ƙaƙƙarfan tushen radiation na IR (kamar hasken rana ko kwan fitila) na iya haifar da faɗuwar ƙarya. Yin amfani da siginar IR da aka daidaita da kewayon demodulating na iya inganta kariya daga hayaniya sosai.
• Gap da Reflectivity: Nisa da ƙarfin siginar sun dogara da haske na abin da aka yi niyya da kuma faɗin tazarar da ke tsakanin firikwensin da abu. Duhu, abubuwan da ba su nunawa ba za su samar da siginar mai rauni.

6. Ka'idar Aiki

LTH-301-05 yana aiki akan ka'idar gani mai sauƙi. IR LED na ciki yana fitar da katakon hasken infrared. A gaban LED akwai phototransistor. A cikin yanayin "rashin katsewa", wannan katakon haske yana tafiya ƙetare ƙaramin tazara kuma ya bugi phototransistor, yana sa shi ya gudanar (kunna). Lokacin da aka shigar da wani abu a cikin wannan tazara, yana toshe hasken infrared. Ba tare da wani haske da ke faruwa akan phototransistor ba, ya daina gudanarwa (ya kashe). Wannan canjin yanayin lantarki na phototransistor (daga gudanarwa zuwa rashin gudanarwa, ko akasin haka) ana gano shi ta hanyar kewayon waje, yana yin rajistar kasancewar abu. Phototransistor a zahiri yana aiki azaman tushen halin yanzu da aka sarrafa ta hanyar ƙarfin haske.

7. Bincike na Lanƙwan Aiki

Takardun bayanai ya haɗa da lanƙwan halaye na yau da kullun waɗanda ba su da kima don cikakken binciken zane. Duk da yake ba a sake yin takamaiman zane-zane a cikin rubutu ba, yawanci suna nuna alaƙar masu zuwa:

• Gaba Current vs. Gaba Voltage (I_F-V_F) don LED: Yana nuna alaƙar da ba ta da layi, yana taimakawa wajen ƙayyade ainihin raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a ƙarfin aiki daban-daban.
• Mai Tattara Current vs. Mai Tattara-Emitter Voltage (I_C-V_CE) don Phototransistor: A matakan daban-daban na hasken da ke faruwa (ko ƙarfin tuƙi daban-daban na LED), waɗannan lanƙwan suna nuna halayen fitarwa na transistor, kama da lanƙwan fitarwa na transistor bipolar.
• Mai Tattara Current vs. Gaba Current (I_C-I_F): Wannan lanƙwan halayen canja wuri yana da mahimmanci. Yana nuna yadda photocurrent na fitarwa (I_C) ya bambanta da ƙarfin halin yanzu na shigarwar LED (I_F). Yana bayyana rabon canja wurin halin yanzu (CTR), wanda shine ma'auni mai mahimmanci na inganci don mai haɗawa.
• Dogaro da Zazzabi: Lanƙwan sau da yawa suna nuna yadda ma'auni kamar gaba voltage (V_F), duhu current (I_CEO), da kan-state current (I_C(ON)) ya bambanta da zafin yanayi. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar tsarin da ke aiki a cikin kewayon zafin jiki mai faɗi.

8. Tambayoyi na Gama Gari Dangane da Ma'auni na Fasaha

1. Q: Menene matsakaicin nisan hankali?A: Nisan hankali ba takamaiman ƙima ɗaya ce a cikin takardun bayanai ba. Ya dogara da takamaiman ƙirar injiniya na ramin, ƙarfin tuƙi zuwa LED (I_F), hankalin kewayon karɓa, da haske na abin da ke katsewa. Dole ne mai zane ya ƙayyade wannan dangane da I_C(ON)ma'auni da saitin aikace-aikace.
2. Q: Zan iya tuƙi LED kai tsaye daga fil ɗin microcontroller?A: Mai yiwuwa, amma dole ne ku duba abubuwa biyu: a) Matsakaicin ƙarfin halin yanzu na fil ɗin microcontroller dole ne ya fi girman I_F(misali, 20mA). b) Dole ne ku haɗa da resistor mai iyakancewa a cikin jerin kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin abubuwan tunani na zane. Kada ku haɗa LED kai tsaye zuwa tushen ƙarfin lantarki.
3. Q: Ta yaya zan haɗa fitarwa tare da shigarwar dijital?A: Hanyar mafi sauƙi ita ce amfani da resistor na ja sama akan mai tattara. Lokacin da hanyar haske ta bayyana, phototransistor yana kunna, yana ja ƙarfin lantarki mai tattara ƙasa (kusa da V_CE(SAT)). Lokacin da aka toshe hasken, transistor ya kashe, kuma resistor na ja sama yana ja ƙarfin lantarki mai tattara sama (zuwa V_CC). Wannan yana ba da siginar matakin dabaru mai tsabta.
4. Q: Me yasa lokacin amsawa yake da mahimmanci?A: Saurin lokutan amsawa (microseconds) suna ba da damar firikwensin ya gano abubuwa masu saurin motsi ko abubuwan da suka biyo baya ba tare da rasa ƙidaya ba. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a cikin injina mai sauri, aikace-aikacen encoder, ko tsarin sadarwa ta amfani da hasken bugun jini.
5. Q: Me zai faru idan na wuce matsakaicin matsakaici na gabaɗaya?A: Wuce waɗannan iyakoki, ko da na ɗan lokaci, na iya haifar da lalacewa nan take ko na ɓoye ga na'urar. Wannan na iya haɗawa da raguwar fitowar hasken LED, ƙara duhu current a cikin phototransistor, ko cikakken gazawa (buɗe ko gajeren kewayon). Koyaushe ku yi zane tare da gefen aminci.

9. Misalin Zane da Amfani na Aiki

Harka: Auna RPM na ƙaramin DC Motor

Mai zane yana buƙatar auna saurin juyawa na motar. Suna haɗa ƙaramin faifan rami zuwa motar. An ɗora LTH-301-05 ta yadda faifan zai juya ta cikin ramin hankalinsa. A duk lokacin da rami ya wuce ta cikin ramin, haske ya isa phototransistor, yana haifar da bugun jini a cikin fitarwa. Ana tuƙi LED tare da madaidaicin ƙarfin halin yanzu na 15mA ta hanyar resistor. An haɗa mai tattara phototransistor zuwa wadataccen 5V ta hanyar resistor na ja sama na 4.7kΩ kuma zuwa filin shigarwar microcontroller mai iya katsewa.

An tsara firmware na microcontroller don ƙidaya adadin bugun jini (gefen tashi ko faɗuwa) da aka karɓa a cikin takamaiman taga lokaci (misali, dakika ɗaya). Tunda faifan, alal misali, yana da ramuka 20, adadin bugun jini a kowace dakika da aka raba da 20 yana ba da juyawa a kowace dakika, wanda ake sauƙin canza shi zuwa RPM. Saurin tashi da faɗuwar firikwensin yana tabbatar da cewa ko da a manyan saurin mota, bugun jini suna da tsabta kuma ana ƙidaya su daidai, ba tare da rasa gefuna saboda jinkirin amsawar firikwensin ba.

10. Trends na Ci Gaba

Photointerrupters kamar LTH-301-05 suna wakiltar fasaha mai girma kuma mai aminci. Trends na yanzu a cikin fagen firikwensin gani mai faɗi suna mai da hankali kan:

• Ƙananan Girma: Haɓaka ƙananan ƙananan kunshin na'urar hawa saman (SMD) don adana sararin allo a cikin na'urorin lantarki na zamani.
• Haɗawa:
  • Haɗa resistor mai iyakancewa don LED a ciki.
  • Haɗa mai faɗakarwa na Schmitt ko kwatankwacin a cikin kunshin don samar da tsaftataccen fitarwa na dijital kai tsaye, yana sauƙaƙa kewayon haɗawa.
  • Ƙara kewayon kariya daga hasken yanayi ko dabaru na daidaitawa/ɓarna akan guntu don mafi kyawun kariya daga hayaniya.
• Ingantaccen Aiki: Inganta rabon canja wurin halin yanzu (CTR) don ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki ko tsayin nisan hankali, da rage lokutan amsawa gabaɗaya don aikace-aikacen sauri-sauri.
• Ƙwarewa: Ƙirƙirar bambance-bambance tare da ƙunƙuntaccen ramuka don daidaitaccen gano gefe, ko tare da mitoci daban-daban don takamaiman gano kayan (misali, gano fina-finai masu gani).

Duk da waɗannan ci gaban, ainihin photointerrupter mai nunawa ya kasance mafita mai tsada kuma mai ƙarfi don ɗimbin aikace-aikacen hankali mara lamba, kuma fahimtar cikakkun ma'auninsa kamar yadda aka zayyana a cikin wannan takardun bayanai shine matakin farko zuwa ga zane mai nasara.