Bayanin Fasaha na Na'urar Gano Haske LTH-309-08 - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayanin Samfur

LTH-309-08 na'urar gano haske ce mai nunawa, nau'in na'urar gano haske wacce ta haɗa diode mai fitar da hasken infrared (LED) da phototransistor a cikin ƙaramin kayan aiki guda ɗaya. Babban aikinta shine gano kasancewar ko rashin wani abu ba tare da taɓawa ta hanyar gano katsewar hasken infrared da ke nunawa daga wani saman. An tsara wannan na'urar don hawa kai tsaye akan PCB (Allon Da'ira da aka Buga) ko shigar da ita cikin soket mai layi biyu na al'ada, wanda ya sa ta zama mai amfani sosai don hanyoyin haɗawa ta atomatik.

Babban fa'idar wannan mai gano yana cikin ikonta na sauya ba tare da taɓawa ba, wanda ya kawar da lalacewar injiniya, yana tabbatar da ingantacciyar aminci da tsawon rayuwar aiki. Ya dace musamman ga aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar saurin amsawa da ingantaccen gano abu a cikin ƙuntataccen sarari. Kasuwannin da ake hari na al'ada sun haɗa da kayan aikin sarrafa ofis (firintoci, kwafi), sarrafa masana'antu (ƙidaya bel ɗin jigilar kaya, gano matsayi), na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci, da na'urori daban-daban na kayan aiki inda ingantaccen gano abu ke da muhimmanci.

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha

2.1 Iyakar Ma'auni na Gabaɗaya

Waɗannan ma'auni suna ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su lalacewar dindindin na na'urar na iya faruwa. Ba a garantin aiki a ƙarƙashin waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba.

• Shigar da LED:Dole ne ci gaba da gudanar da halin yanzu na gaba bai wuce 50 mA ba, tare da kololuwar halin yanzu na gaba na 1 A da aka yarda a ƙarƙashin yanayin bugun jini (300 pps, 10 µs faɗin bugun jini). Matsakaicin ɓarnawar wutar lantarki don LED shine 75 mW. Dole ne a guje wa ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai juyawa fiye da 5 V.
• Fitar da Phototransistor:Halin yanzu na tara yana iyakance zuwa 20 mA. Ƙarfin lantarki na tara-emitter zai iya jurewa har zuwa 30 V, yayin da ƙarfin lantarki na emitter-tara yana iyakance zuwa 5 V. Dole ne ɓarnawar wutar lantarki na phototransistor bai wuce 100 mW ba.
• Iyakar Muhalli:An ƙididdige na'urar don aiki a cikin kewayon zafin yanayi na -25°C zuwa +85°C. Ajiya na iya kasancewa daga -55°C zuwa +100°C. Don solder, igiyoyi za su iya jure 260°C na dakika 5 lokacin da aka auna 1.6mm daga jikin fakiti.

2.2 Halaye na Lantarki da na Gani

An ƙayyade waɗannan ma'auni a zafin yanayi (T_A) na 25°C kuma suna ayyana aikin da ake tsammani a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na al'ada.

• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba na LED (V_F):Yawanci 1.2V zuwa 1.6V lokacin da aka tuƙa shi tare da halin yanzu na gaba (I_F) na 20 mA. Wannan ma'auni yana da mahimmanci don ƙirƙirar resistor mai iyakance halin yanzu a cikin da'irar tuƙi.
• Halin yanzu na Duhu na Phototransistor (I_CEO):Halin yanzu na ɓarna lokacin da babu haske da ke faruwa akan mai gano, wanda aka ƙayyade a matsayin matsakaicin 100 nA a V_CE=10V. Ƙananan halin yanzu na duhu yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen rabo na sigina zuwa amo, musamman a cikin aikace-aikacen ƙarancin haske ko babban riba.
• Halin yanzu na Tara a Yanayin Kunna (I_C(KUNA)):Matsakaicin halin yanzu na tara shine 0.5 mA lokacin da LED ke tuƙa a I_F=20mA da V_CE=5V. Wannan ma'auni yana nuna hankalin phototransistor.
• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Cikakken Tara-Emitter (V_CE(CIKAKKE)):Faɗuwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan phototransistor lokacin da yake cikakken "kunna," yawanci 0.4V a I_C=0.25mA da I_F=20mA. Ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki na cikakke yana da kyau don haɗawa da da'irorin dabaru na ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki.
• Lokacin Amsawa:Saurin sauyawa na mai gano yana da halayen lokacin tashi (T_R) da lokacin faɗuwa (T_F). Ƙimar al'ada sune 3-15 µs don lokacin tashi da 4-20 µs don lokacin faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin gwaji na V_CE=5V, I_C=2mA, da R_L=100Ω. Wannan saurin sauyawa yana ba da damar gano abubuwa masu saurin motsi.

3. Bincike na Lankwasa Aiki

Takardun bayanai yana nuni zuwa lankwasan halaye na lantarki/gani na al'ada. Duk da yake ba a ba da takamaiman jadawali a cikin rubutun ba, ana iya bayyana manufarsu gabaɗaya da fahimtar da suke bayarwa.

Waɗannan lankwasan yawanci suna tsara mahimman ma'auni akan masu canji kamar zafin jiki ko halin yanzu na tuƙi. Misali, lankwasa da ke nuna I_C(KUNA)da I_F(halin yanzu na gaba na LED) zai taimaka mai zane ya fahimci alaƙa tsakanin ƙarfin shigarwa da ƙarfin siginar fitarwa, yana ba da damar inganta tuƙin LED don hankali da amfani da wutar lantarki. Wani lankwasa na gama gari shine I_C(KUNA)da zafin yanayi, wanda yake da mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda aikin mai gano ke raguwa ko bambanta a matsanancin zafin jiki, yana tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki a cikin ƙayyadadden kewayon -25°C zuwa +85°C. Waɗannan jadawalin suna da mahimmanci don ƙirar tsarin ƙarfi fiye da ƙayyadaddun ma'auni na maki 25°C na al'ada.

4. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshewa

An tsara LTH-309-08 don haɗawa cikin ƙanƙanta. An ba da girman fakiti a cikin takardun bayanai tare da duk ma'auni a cikin milimita (da inci a cikin baka). Muhimman bayanan injiniya sun haɗa da:

• Tolerance na gabaɗaya na ±0.25mm (±0.010") ya shafi sai dai idan an ƙayyade in ba haka ba.
• Ana auna tazarar jagora a wurin da igiyoyi suka fita daga jikin fakitin filastik, wanda ke da mahimmanci don ƙirar sawun PCB.
• Fakitin nau'in rami ne na al'ada, yana sauƙaƙa hanyoyin solder na hannu da na igiyar ruwa.

An nuna ingantaccen ganewar polarity ta hanyar daidaitaccen pinout don irin waɗannan na'urori: anode da cathode na LED suna gefe ɗaya, kuma tara da emitter na phototransistor suna ɗayan gefen. Dole ne masu zane su tuntubi zanen girma don tabbatar da ainihin tsari da alkiblar fil don daidaitaccen shimfidar PCB.

5. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Takardun bayanai ta ƙayyade iyakar zafin jiki na solder na jagora na 260°C na dakika 5, wanda aka auna 1.6mm (0.063 inci) daga jikin fakiti. Wannan ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci don sarrafa tsari yayin solder na igiyar ruwa ko solder na hannu.

• Solder na Komawa:Duk da yake babban na'urar rami ne, idan an yi amfani da shi a cikin allon fasaha mai gauraye, dole ne a yi taka tsantsan yayin komawa. Fakitin filastik yana da ƙarancin juriya na zafi fiye da abubuwan hawa saman. Gabaɗaya ba a ba da shawarar don daidaitattun bayanan komawar infrared ko iska sai dai idan an cancanta musamman.
• Solder na Hannu:Yi amfani da ƙarfe mai sarrafa zafin jiki. Aiwatar da zafi zuwa haɗin jagora/pad da sauri da inganci don rage canja wurin zafi zuwa ga matattarar semiconductor mai hankali a cikin fakiti. Kada ku shafa solder kai tsaye zuwa ƙarshen ƙarfe akan jagorar ɓangaren na tsawon lokaci.
• Tsaftacewa:Yi amfani da kaushi na tsaftacewa waɗanda suka dace da filastik ɗin fakiti don guje wa fashewa ko lalacewa.
• Yanayin Ajiya:Ajiye a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, anti-static a cikin ƙayyadadden kewayon zafin jiki na -55°C zuwa +100°C don hana shan danshi (wanda zai iya haifar da "popcorning" yayin solder) da lalacewar fitarwa na electrostatic.

6. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

6.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

• Gano Takarda a cikin Firintoci/Kwafi:Gano matsalolin takarda, yanayin fanko na tire, ko kasancewar takarda a takamaiman wurare tare da hanyar takarda.
• Ƙidaya Abubuwa akan Masu Jigilar Kaya:Ƙidaya samfura, kwalabe, ko sassa yayin da suke wucewa wani wuri da aka ƙayyade.
• Gano Matsayi:Detecting the home position of a moving carriage (like in a scanner or plotter) or the open/closed state of a door or lid.
• Rotary Encoder Disk Sensing:Used in conjunction with a slotted wheel to create a low-resolution optical encoder for speed or position feedback.

.2 Design Considerations

• LED Current Drive:Use a constant current source or a current-limiting resistor in series with the LED to maintain a stable I_F, typically around 20 mA as per test conditions, for consistent output. Pulsing the LED at a higher current can increase sensing distance but must stay within absolute maximum ratings.
• Phototransistor Biasing:A pull-up resistor (R_L) is connected between the collector and the supply voltage (V_CC). Ƙimar R_Lta shafi duka motsin ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa da lokacin amsawa. Ƙaramin R_Lyana ba da saurin amsawa amma ƙaramin canjin ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa. Yawanci ana haɗa emitter zuwa ƙasa.
• Haɗin Fitarwa:Ana iya ciyar da fitarwar phototransistor kai tsaye cikin shigarwar Schmitt-trigger na microcontroller don gano dijital, ko cikin shigarwar analog don auna ƙarfin hasken da aka nuna. Don yanayi masu hayaniya, ƙara ƙaramin capacitor a kan tara da emitter na phototransistor zai iya taimakawa tace hayaniyar mitar girma.
• Samar da Manufa:Aikin gano nunawa ya dogara sosai akan nunawa na manufa, launi, da nisa. Don aiki mai daidaito, daidaita bakin kofa na ganowa dangane da takamaiman kayan manufa. Ya kamata a rage tazarar ganowa don mafi kyawun ƙarfin sigina.
• Kariya daga Hasken Yanayi:Kamar yadda mai gano ke amfani da hasken infrared, yana da ɗan kariya daga hasken yanayi da ake iya gani. Duk da haka, tushe mai ƙarfi na hasken infrared (kamar hasken rana ko kwan fitila) na iya haifar da faɗakarwa na ƙarya. Yin amfani da siginar LED da aka daidaita da ganowa na aiki tare a cikin da'irar mai karɓa na iya ƙara kariya daga hasken yanayi sosai.

7. Kwatanta Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Idan aka kwatanta da masu sauya iyaka na injiniya, LTH-309-08 yana ba da fa'idodi bayyananne: babu sassa masu motsi, mafi ingantaccen aminci, saurin amsawa, da aikin shiru. A cikin rukunin mai katse haske, manyan bambance-bambancensa sun samo asali ne daga ƙayyadaddun ma'auninsa. Saurin sauyawa (lokacin tashi 3-15 µs) ya sa ya dace da aikace-aikacen mafi girma fiye da phototransistors masu jinkiri. Ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki na cikakke (0.4V) yana ba da damar dacewa mafi kyau tare da tsarin dabaru na zamani na 3.3V idan aka kwatanta da na'urori masu mafi girman V_CE(CIKAKKE). Daidaitaccen fakitin DIP na rami yana ba da ƙarfi da sauƙin ƙirar samfuri, ko da yake yana ɗaukar ƙarin sararin allo fiye da madadin hawa saman. Masu zane za su zaɓi wannan ɓangaren don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar daidaita sauri, hankali, da ingantaccen aminci a cikin daidaitaccen tsarin fakiti.

8. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Dangane da Ma'auni na Fasaha)

• Q: Zan iya tuƙa LED tare da dabaru 3.3V?A: Ee, amma dole ne ku lissafa resistor na jerin a hankali. Tare da V na al'ada_Fna 1.6V a 20mA, ƙimar resistor zata zama (3.3V - 1.6V) / 0.02A = 85Ω. Yi amfani da matsakaicin V_Fdaga takardun bayanai don zane mai aminci.
• Q: Menene matsakaicin nisan ganowa?A: Takardun bayanai bai ƙayyade nisa ba. Wannan ya dogara da halin yanzu na tuƙi na LED, nunawa na manufa, da buƙatun I_C(KUNA). Yana da kyau a ƙaddara ta hanyar gwaji don takamaiman manufar ku. Gabaɗaya, masu gano nunawa suna aiki mafi kyau a tazara gajere (ƴan milimita).
• Q: Ta yaya zan kare phototransistor daga ƙararrakin ƙarfin lantarki?A: Ko da yake yana da 30V V_(BR)CEO, don inganci a cikin yanayi mai jan hankali, ana iya ƙara ƙaramin diode mai kawar da ƙarfin lantarki na wucin gadi (TVS) ko diode na al'ada a cikin juyawa a kan tara-emitter.
• Q: Zan iya amfani da wannan a cikin yanayi mai ƙura?A: Tarin ƙura akan ruwan tabarau zai rage ƙarfin hasken, yana rage hankali kuma yana iya haifar da gazawa. Ba a rufe na'urar ba. Don yanayi mai tsanani, yi la'akari da na'urar mai rami da aka rufe ko samar da kariya ta waje.

9. Nazarin Lamarin Aikace-aikace na Aiki

Yanayi: Mai Gano Ba Takarda a cikin Firinta na Tebur.LTH-309-08 an hawa shi akan babban PCB kusa da tiren ciyar da takarda. Tutar filastik fari, wacce ke haɗe da injin tiren takarda, tana shiga cikin tazarar ganowa na mai gano lokacin da tarin takarda ya ƙare. A cikin yanayin "takarda ta kasance," tutar tana cikin tazarar, yana barin hasken infrared daga LED ya nuna daga wani saman da aka ƙayyade a cikin firinta ya koma phototransistor, yana haifar da babban I_C(KUNA)da ƙananan fitarwar dabaru a tara (tare da resistor mai jan hankali). Lokacin da takarda ta ƙare, tutar tana shiga cikin tazarar, tana toshe hanyar haske. Phototransistor yana kashewa, yana haifar da ƙarfin lantarki na tara ya zama HIGH ta hanyar resistor. Microcontroller na firinta yana gano wannan siginar HIGH kuma yana haifar da gargaɗin "Ba Takarda" akan nuni. Saurin lokacin amsawa yana tabbatar da ganowa nan da nan, yayin da yanayin rashin taɓawa yana garantin cewa mai gano ba zai lalace ba a tsawon rayuwar firinta.

10. Gabatarwa kan Ka'idar Aiki

Mai katse haske yana aiki akan ka'idar gano hasken da aka daidaita. Infrared LED na ciki yana fitar da haske lokacin da aka yi masa bambanci gaba. A gaban LED akwai phototransistor. A cikin nau'in nunawa kamar LTH-309-08, duka abubuwan suna fuskantar hanya ɗaya. Hasken da aka fitar yana tafiya daga fakiti, yana buga saman manufa, kuma wasu ɓangarori suna nunawa zuwa fakiti inda suka faru akan phototransistor. Phototransistor yana aiki azaman mai sauya haske. Lokacin da photons suka bugi yankin tushensa, suna haifar da nau'ikan electron-ramuwa, yana samar da halin yanzu na tushe. Wannan yana sa transistor ya "kunna," yana barin halin yanzu na tara (I_C) ya gudana wanda ya yi daidai da ƙarfin hasken da aka karɓa. Lokacin da aka toshe hanyar haske (misali, ta wani abu), phototransistor yana "kashewa," kuma ƙananan halin yanzu na duhu kawai ke gudana. Ana amfani da wannan canjin kunna/kashe a cikin halin yanzu na tara don samar da siginar dijital da ke nuna kasancewar ko rashin abin da ke katse hanyar haske.

11. Trends na Fasaha

Trend a cikin masu gano haske kamar masu katse haske yana zuwa ga ƙanƙanta, haɗin kai mafi girma, da ingantaccen aiki. Fakiti na hawa saman (SMD) suna zama al'ada don adana sararin PCB da ba da damar haɗawa ta atomatik. Har ila yau, akwai motsi zuwa haɗa mai gano tare da da'irar daidaita siginar (masu ƙara ƙarfi, masu faɗakarwa na Schmitt, fitarwa na dabaru) akan guntu guda ɗaya, ƙirƙirar masu gano fitarwa na dijital waɗanda ke da sauƙin haɗawa kai tsaye tare da microcontrollers. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun ci gaba a cikin inganta ƙin hasken yanayi ta hanyar tace gani da dabarun daidaitawa masu wayo. Duk da yake ainihin ka'idar ta kasance ba ta canzawa, waɗannan trends suna mai da hankali kan sanya masu gano ƙanana, masu wayo, mafi inganci, da sauƙin aiwatarwa a cikin ƙirar lantarki na zamani.