Takardar Bayani na LTH-301-27P1 Photointerrupter - Sauyin Rashin Lamba - Takardar Fasaha ta Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

LTH-301-27P1 shine mai katse haske mai nunawa, nau'in na'urar gano haske. Babban aikinsa shine gano kasancewar ko rashin wani abu ba tare da lamba ta jiki ba. Yana cimma wannan ta hanyar haɗa diode mai fitar da hasken infrared (IR LED) da phototransistor a cikin gida ɗaya, ƙanƙanta. Lokacin da wani abu ya shiga tazarar da ke tsakanin mai fitarwa da mai gano, yana katse katangar hasken infrared, yana haifar da canji a cikin yanayin fitarwa na phototransistor. Wannan ya sa ya dace da aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ingantaccen gano ba tare da injina ba kamar gano matsayi, sauya iyaka, da ƙidaya abubuwa.

An ƙera na'urar don hawa kai tsaye akan allunan da'ira da aka buga (PCBs) ko cikin soket ɗin layi biyu na al'ada, yana sauƙaƙe haɗawa cikin sauƙi a cikin tarukan lantarki. Babban fa'idodinsa sun haɗa da rashin lafiya ga tashin lamba, dogon rayuwar aiki saboda rashin sassan motsi, da saurin sauyawa da suka dace da aikace-aikacen ƙidaya ko lokaci mai sauri.

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Sigogi na Fasaha

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici

Waɗannan ƙididdiga suna ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su lalacewar dindindin na na'urar na iya faruwa. Ba a ba da garantin aiki a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi ba.

• Ci gaba da Halin yanzu na Gaba na Diode IR (I_F):50 mA. Wannan shine matsakaicin halin yanzu na tsayayye wanda za'a iya amfani da shi ga LED na infrared.
• Juyin Juyi na Diode IR (V_R):5 V. Wuce wannan ƙarfin juyawa a kan LED na iya haifar da rushewa.
• Halin yanzu na Mai Tattara Phototransistor (I_C):40 mA. Matsakaicin halin yanzu da mai tattara phototransistor zai iya ɗauka.
• Ƙarfin Mai Tattara-Mai Fitowa na Phototransistor (V_CEO):30 V. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da za'a iya amfani da shi tsakanin mai tattara da mai fitarwa na phototransistor.
• Kewayon Zazzabi na Aiki:-35°C zuwa +65°C. Kewayon yanayin yanayi don ingantaccen aiki.
• Zazzabin Solder na Jagora:Bayanin Rage Ƙarfi:

Dukansu ɓarnar ƙarfin transistor (100 mW) da ɓarnar ƙarfin diode (75 mW) dole ne a rage su a layi a ƙimar 1.33 mW/°C don yanayin yanayi sama da 25°C. Wannan yana nufin ƙarfin da aka halatta yana raguwa yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa don hana yin zafi.2.2 Halaye na Lantarki da na Gani

Ana auna waɗannan sigogi a 25°C kuma suna ayyana aikin na'urar na yau da kullun a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayin gwaji.

2.2.1 Halayen LED na Infrared na Shigarwa

Ƙarfin Gaba (V

• ):_FYawanci 1.6V (matsakaici 1.6V) a halin yanzu na gaba (I) na 20 mA. Ana amfani da wannan don ƙididdige ƙimar resistor mai iyakance halin yanzu: R = (V_Fwadata_{- V}) / I_FHalin yanzu na Juyawa (I_F.
• ):_RMatsakaicin 100 µA a ƙarfin juyawa (V) na 5V. Wannan yana nuna halin yanzu na ɓarna na LED lokacin da aka juyar da shi._R2.2.2 Halayen Phototransistor na Fitowa

Ƙarfin Rushewar Mai Tattara-Mai Fitowa (V

• (BR)CEO_):Mafi ƙarancin 30V. Wannan shine ƙarfin lantarki da phototransistor ke rushewa lokacin da tushe ya buɗe.Halin yanzu na Duhu na Mai Tattara-Mai Fitowa (I
• ):_CEOMatsakaicin 100 nA a V=10V. Wannan shine halin yanzu na ɓarna lokacin da phototransistor yake cikin yanayin "kashe" (babu haske da ya faru). Ƙimar ƙasa tana da kyau don ingantaccen rabo na sigina zuwa amo._CE2.2.3 Halayen Haɗaɗɗiyar (Tsarin)

Waɗannan sigogi suna bayyana aikin haɗin gwiwar LED-phototransistor.

Ƙarfin Jikewa na Mai Tattara-Mai Fitowa (V

• CE(SAT)_):Matsakaicin 0.4V lokacin da aka kori phototransistor zuwa jikewa (I=0.25mA, I_C=20mA). Ƙaramin ƙarfin jikewa shine mabuɗi don hulɗa tare da da'irorin dabaru._FHalin yanzu na Mai Tattara a Yanayin Kunna (I
• C(ON)_):Mafi ƙarancin 1.5 mA lokacin da phototransistor yana haskakawa (V=5V, I_CE=20mA). Wannan shine halin yanzu na hoto da aka samar kuma yana ayyana hankalin mai gano. Ainihin halin yanzu na iya zama mafi girma dangane da nunin abin da ke katsewa da daidaitawa._F3. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

LTH-301-27P1 yana zaune a cikin kunshin layi biyu mai ƙafafu 4 na al'ada. An ba da ainihin girmomin a cikin zanen kunshin a cikin takardar bayani. Muhimman bayanan injiniya sun haɗa da:

Duk girmomin suna cikin milimita, tare da ƙimar haƙuri na al'ada na ±0.25mm sai dai idan an faɗi.

• Kunshin yana da rami ko tazara tsakanin mai fitar da IR da mai gano hoto. Abin da za a gano yana wucewa ta wannan tazarar.
• An yiwa polarity alama a sarari. An gano sandunan anode da cathode na LED IR, kamar yadda aka gano sandunan mai tattara da mai fitarwa na phototransistor. Daidaitaccen yanayin yanayin hawan PCB yana da mahimmanci.
• Na'urar ta dace da hawan PCB da hawan soket, yana ba da sassauci a cikin haɗawa da yuwuwar maye gurbin filin.
• 4. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Daidaitaccen sarrafawa yana da mahimmanci don dogaro.

Solder:

• Jagororin za su iya jure zafin jiki na 260°C na iyakar dakika 5, wanda aka auna 1.6mm daga jikin akwatin filastik. Wannan jagora yana da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin solder na igiyar ruwa. Don sake karkatar da solder, ana ba da shawarar bayanin martaba na al'ada tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki ƙasa da 260°C.Tsaftacewa:
• Yi amfani da magungunan tsaftacewa masu laushi waɗanda suka dace da gidan filastik. Guji tsaftacewa ta ultrasonic tare da ƙarfi mai yawa, saboda yana iya lalata abubuwan ciki.Ajiya:
• Ajiye a cikin yanayi a cikin ƙayyadadden kewayon zafin ajiya na -40°C zuwa +100°C, zai fi dacewa a cikin yanayin ƙarancin zafi don hana ɗaukar danshi.Hatsarin ESD:
• Ko da yake ba a bayyana a fili a matsayin mai hankali ba, yakamata a bi tsarin sarrafa ESD (Fitarwa na Electrostatic) na al'ada don na'urorin semiconductor yayin haɗawa.5. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

5.1 Da'irorin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Mafi yawan tsarin shine haɗa LED IR a jere tare da resistor mai iyakance halin yanzu zuwa tushen ƙarfin lantarki (misali, 5V). Ana haɗa phototransistor yawanci a cikin tsarin mai fitarwa na gama-gari: ana jawo mai tattara zuwa ƙarfin wadata (misali, 5V) ta hanyar resistor na kaya (R

), kuma an haɗa mai fitarwa zuwa ƙasa. Ana ɗaukar siginar fitarwa daga kumburin mai tattara._LLokacin da katangar ba ta toshe ba, haske ya faɗi akan phototransistor, yana sa shi ya gudanar da aiki kuma ya ja ƙarfin lantarki mai tattara ƙasa (kusa da V

• CE(SAT)_).Lokacin da wani abu ya toshe katangar, phototransistor yana kashewa, kuma resistor na kaya yana jawo ƙarfin lantarki mai tattara sama.
• Ƙimar resistor na kaya (R
• ) yana ƙayyade saurin sauyawa da amfani da halin yanzu. Ƙananan R_Lyana ba da damar saurin sauyawa amma yana jawo ƙarin halin yanzu lokacin da transistor yake kunna._L5.2 Abubuwan Tunani na Ƙira

Daidaitawa:

• Daidaitaccen daidaitawar hanyar abu tare da tazarar mai gano yana da mahimmanci don ingantaccen aiki.Hasken Yanayi:
• Kamar yadda mai gano yake amfani da hasken infrared, yana iya zama mai saukin kutsawa daga tushen IR mai ƙarfi na yanayi (misali, hasken rana, ƙwan fitila). Yin amfani da siginar IR da aka daidaita da da'irar mai gano mai aiki tare zai iya inganta kariya sosai.Halayen Abu:
• Tasirin mai gano ya dogara da ikon abin nunawa ko ɗaukar katangar IR. Abubuwa masu duhu, waɗanda ba su nunawa ba ƙila ba za a gano su da aminci kamar waɗanda masu launin haske ba. Ana ba da shawarar gwaji tare da ainihin kayan manufa.Debouncing:
• Duk da yake mai gano da kansa ba shi da tashin lamba, fitarwar lantarki na iya samun amo. Software ko debouncing na kayan aiki (misali, tace RC mai sauƙi ko shigarwar mai faɗakarwa Schmitt) na iya zama dole don tsaftataccen siginar dijital.6. Ka'idar Aiki

Mai katse hoto yana aiki akan ka'idar katsewar katangar haske. A ciki, LED na infrared yana fitar da haske a tsayin daka yawanci kusan 940nm, wanda ba a iya gani ga idon ɗan adam. Kai tsaye akasin haka, an sanya phototransistor silicon don karɓar wannan haske. Phototransistor yana aiki azaman maɓalli mai sarrafa haske. Lokacin da photons daga LED IR suka bugi yankin tushensa, suna haifar da nau'ikan rami na electron, waɗanda suka bi da baya suna ba da damar babban halin yanzu na mai tattara ya gudana—wannan shine tasirin hoto. Girman wannan halin yanzu na mai tattara yana daidai da ƙarfin hasken da ya faru. Lokacin da wani abu marar kyau ya shiga tazarar da ke tsakanin LED da phototransistor, hanyar haske ta toshe. Ƙarfin haske akan phototransistor ya ragu sosai, yana sa halin yanzu na mai tattara ya faɗi zuwa ƙima mai ƙasa sosai (ainihin halin yanzu na duhu). Wannan saurin canjin halin yanzu (ko daidaitaccen canjin ƙarfin lantarki a kan resistor na kaya) ana gano shi ta hanyar da'irar waje kuma ana fassara shi azaman abin sauyawa.

7. Lanƙwasa na Aiki da Bincike

Takardar bayani ta haɗa da lanƙwasa na halaye na al'ada waɗanda ke ba da haske mai mahimmanci fiye da ƙididdiga na ƙananan/na al'ada/matsakaici.

Halayen Canja wuri (I

• vs. I_C):_FWannan lanƙwasa yana nuna yadda halin yanzu na fitarwa na phototransistor (I) ya bambanta da halin yanzu na shigarwa na LED (I_C) a ƙayyadadden ƙarfin mai tattara-mai fitarwa. Yana nuna alaƙar layi tsakanin tuƙi na shigarwa da amsawar fitarwa a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi, yana taimakawa wajen inganta halin yanzu na tuƙin LED don hankalin da ake so._FHalayen Fitowa (I
• vs. V_C):_CEWaɗannan lanƙwasa, waɗanda aka zana don matakan haske daban-daban (ko I daban-daban), suna nuna yadda phototransistor ke nuna halayen kamar tushen halin yanzu. Halin yanzu na mai tattara ya kasance daidai gwargwado a cikin kewayon V_Fhar sai ya kai jikewa._CEDogaro da Zazzabi:
• Lanƙwasa da ke nuna bambancin sigogi kamar ƙarfin gaba (V) ko halin yanzu na duhu na mai tattara (I_F) tare da zafin jiki suna da mahimmanci don ƙira tsarin da ke aiki a cikin cikakken kewayon zafin jiki da aka ƙayyade. Misali, V_CEOyawanci yana raguwa tare da ƙara zafin jiki, wanda zai iya ɗan shafar fitowar hasken LED idan tushen ƙarfin lantarki mai dindindin ya motsa shi._F8. Tambayoyi da Amsoshi na Gama-gari

Q: Menene lokacin amsawa na al'ada na wannan mai gano?

A: Duk da yake ba a bayyana a fili a cikin bayanan da aka bayar ba, masu katse hoto irin wannan yawanci suna da lokutan amsawa a cikin kewayon microsecond, suna sa su dace da ƙidaya mai sauri. Ainihin saurin yana iyakance ta hanyar lokacin tashi/faɗuwar phototransistor da ƙayyadadden lokacin RC na da'irar waje.

Q: Zan iya amfani da wannan mai gano a waje?

A: Tare da taka tsantsan. Hasken rana kai tsaye yana ɗauke da abubuwan infrared masu ƙarfi waɗanda zasu iya jikewa phototransistor, suna haifar da faɗakarwa na ƙarya. Garkuwar jiki ko gida don toshe hasken yanayi, tare da tacewa ta gani ko dabarun daidaita siginar, yana da mahimmanci don amintaccen amfani da waje.

Q: Ta yaya zan zaɓi ƙimar resistor mai iyakance halin yanzu na LED?

A: Yi amfani da dabara: R = (V

- V_CC) / I_F. Misali, tare da wadata 5V (V_F), V na al'ada_CCna 1.6V, da I da ake so_Fna 20 mA: R = (5 - 1.6) / 0.02 = 170 Ω. Resistor na al'ada 180 Ω zai dace, yana haifar da I_F≈ 18.9 mA._FQ: Menene manufar Ƙimar Ƙarfin Rushewar Mai Fitowa-Mai Tattara (V

(BR)ECO_{) rating?}A> Wannan ƙima (5V) yana da alaƙa idan an haɗa phototransistor a cikin tsari da aka jujjuya (mai fitarwa a mafi girman yuwuwa fiye da mai tattara), wanda ba a saba gani ba. Yana tabbatar da cewa na'urar za ta iya jure ƙaramin ƙarfin juyawa a kan haɗin C-E ba tare da lalacewa ba.

9. Misalin Amfani na Aiki

Aikace-aikace: Gano Takarda a cikin Printer

Ana iya amfani da LTH-301-27P1 don gano gefen gaba na takarda a cikin printer ko na'urar kwafi. Ana hawa mai gano don takarda ta wuce ta tazararsa. Tutar nunawa ko takarda da kanta tana katse katangar. Lokacin da katangar ba ta toshe ba (babu takarda), phototransistor yana kunna, yana fitar da ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki. Lokacin da takarda ta shiga tazarar, an toshe katangar, phototransistor yana kashewa, kuma ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa yana tashi sama. Wannan siginar gefen tashi ana iya ciyar da shi zuwa microcontroller don fara jerin bugu, tabbatar da kasancewar takarda, ko ƙidaya shafuka. Yanayin rashin lamba yana tabbatar da babu lalacewa akan takarda ko mai gano, kuma saurin amsawa yana ba da damar ganowa ko da a cikin saurin ciyar da takarda mai girma. Abubuwan tunani na ƙira za su haɗa da tabbatar da cewa hanyar takarda ta yi daidai da tazarar mai gano da zaɓin resistor na kaya wanda ke ba da tsaftataccen motsi mai sauri na ƙarfin lantarki don filin shigarwa na microcontroller.

10. Trends na Fasaha

Masu katse hoto sun kasance fasahar gano asali saboda sauƙinsu, dogaro, da ƙarancin farashi. Trends na yanzu suna mai da hankali kan ƙananan ƙira, suna haifar da kunshin na'urar hawa saman (SMD) waɗanda ke adana sararin allo a cikin na'urorin lantarki na zamani. Haka nan akwai haɗaɗɗiyar da'irar ƙari, kamar ingantattun faɗakarwar Schmitt don hysteresis da tsaftataccen fitarwa na dijital, ko ma cikakkun mafita masu haɗaka tare da direban IR da aka daidaita da da'irar mai gano mai aiki tare akan guntu ɗaya don mafi girman ƙin hasken yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba a cikin kayan aiki da kunshin suna ƙaddamar da kewayon zafin jiki na aiki da inganta dogon lokaci na dogaro don aikace-aikacen mota da masana'antu. Duk da yake sabbin fasahohi kamar masu gano lokacin tashi (ToF) suna ba da ma'aunin nisa, ainihin rawar mai katse hoto don sauƙin gano kasancewar binary a cikin aikace-aikacen masu kula da farashi ya kasance tabbatacce.

Photointerrupters remain a fundamental sensing technology due to their simplicity, reliability, and low cost. Current trends focus on miniaturization, leading to surface-mount device (SMD) packages that save board space in modern electronics. There is also integration of additional circuitry, such as built-in Schmitt triggers for hysteresis and clean digital output, or even fully integrated solutions with a modulated IR driver and a synchronized detector IC on a single chip for superior ambient light rejection. Furthermore, advancements in materials and packaging are extending the operating temperature ranges and improving long-term reliability for automotive and industrial applications. While newer technologies like time-of-flight (ToF) sensors offer distance measurement, the basic photointerrupter's role for simple, binary presence detection in cost-sensitive applications remains firmly established.