LTH-301-23 Photointerrupter Datasheet - Girman 4.0x3.2x2.5mm - Ƙarfin Gaba 1.6V - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayanin Samfur

LTH-301-23 wani ƙaramin na'ura ne na photointerrupter mai rami, wanda aka ƙera don aikace-aikacen sauyawa ba tare da taɓawa ba. Ya haɗa diode mai fitar da hasken infrared (IR LED) da phototransistor a cikin gida ɗaya, an raba su da tazara ta zahiri. Babban ƙa'idar aiki ta ƙunshi katsewar hasken infrared tsakanin mai fitarwa da mai gano, wanda ke haifar da canjin daidai a cikin yanayin fitarwa na phototransistor. Wannan ya sa ya dace sosai don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar firikwensin matsayi, gano abu, ko sauyawa iyaka ba tare da taɓawa ba, don haka yana kawar da lalacewar injina kuma yana ba da damar dogon rayuwa da saurin sauyawa.

Babban fa'idodinsa sun haɗa da aiki ba tare da taɓawa ba, wanda ke ba da dogon rayuwar aiki, saurin amsawa da ya dace don ƙidaya ko gano gudu, da ƙira mai dacewa da haɗawa kai tsaye na PCB ko soket na dual-in-line na yau da kullun don sauƙin haɗawa. Kasuwanni da aikace-aikacen da aka yi niyya suna da faɗi, sun haɗa da kayan aikin sarrafa ofis (firintoci, kwafin), sarrafa kai na masana'antu (gano abu na bel ɗin jigilar kaya, firikwensin matsayi), na'urorin lantarki na masu amfani, da tsarin kula da kayan aiki daban-daban.

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Sigogi na Fasaha

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici

Waɗannan ƙididdiga suna ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su lalacewar dindindin na na'urar na iya faruwa. Ba a ba da garantin aiki a ƙarƙashin waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba. Manyan iyakoki sun haɗa da:

• Ci gaba na Gaba na Diode na IR (I_F): 60 mA. Wannan shine matsakaicin ƙarfin halin yanzu na tsayayye wanda za'a iya wucewa ta hanyar LED na infrared.
• Matsakaicin Ƙarfin Gaba na Diode na IR: 1 A don bugun jini na faɗin 10 μs a 300 bugun jini a kowace dakika. Wannan yana ba da damar ɗan gajeren lokaci, ƙaƙƙarfan bugun jini don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfin sigina.
• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Mai Tattara-Mai Fitarwa na Phototransistor (V_CEO): 30 V. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da za'a iya amfani da shi a cikin mai tattara da mai fitarwa na transistor na fitarwa.
• Kewayon Yanayin Zafin Aiki: -25°C zuwa +85°C. Wannan yana ayyana kewayon zafin yanayi don amintaccen aikin na'urar.
• Zafin Solder na Jagora: 260°C na tsawon dakika 5 a nisan 1.6mm daga akwati. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa tsarin haɗawa don hana lalacewar zafi.

2.2 Halaye na Lantarki & Na Gani

Waɗannan sigogi an ƙayyade su a zafin yanayi (T_A) na 25°C kuma suna ayyana yanayin aiki na yau da kullun.

2.2.1 Halayen Shigarwa (IR LED)

• Ƙarfin Gaba (V_F): Yawanci 1.2V zuwa 1.6V a ƙarfin gaba (I_F) na 20 mA. Ana amfani da wannan don ƙididdige ƙimar resistor mai iyakancewa don da'irar LED.
• Ƙarfin Juyawa (I_R): Matsakaicin 100 μA a ƙarfin juyawa (V_R) na 5V. Wannan yana nuna ƙarfin ɗigon LED lokacin da aka juyar da shi, wanda yake da ƙasa sosai.

2.2.2 Halayen Fitarwa (Phototransistor)

• Ƙarfin Rushewar Mai Tattara-Mai Fitarwa (V_(BR)CEO): Mafi ƙarancin 30V. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa transistor zai iya jure ƙarfin lantarki na yau da kullun.
• Ƙarfin Duhu na Mai Tattara-Mai Fitarwa (I_CEO): Matsakaicin 100 nA a V_CE=10V. Wannan shine ƙarfin ɗigon lokacin da LED ya kashe (babu haske), yana ƙayyade matakin sigina na "kashe".
• Ƙarfin Jikewa na Mai Tattara-Mai Fitarwa (V_CE(SAT)): Matsakaicin 0.4V a I_C=0.2mA da I_F=20mA. Wannan shine faɗuwar ƙarfin lantarki a cikin transistor lokacin da yake cikakken "kunna", yana da mahimmanci don haɗa matakin dabaru.
• Ƙarfin Mai Tattara na Yanayin Kunna (I_C(ON)): Mafi ƙarancin 0.4 mA a V_CE=5V da I_F=20mA. Wannan yana ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin fitarwa da ake samu lokacin da katako ba a toshe ba, yana ayyana hankalin firikwensin.

2.2.3 Halayen Mai Haɗawa (Tsarin)

• Lokacin Tashi (t_r): 3 μs (Na yau da kullun) zuwa 15 μs (Matsakaici) a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan gwaji na V_CE=5V, I_C=2mA, da R_L=100Ω.
• Lokacin Faɗuwa (t_f): 4 μs (Na yau da kullun) zuwa 20 μs (Matsakaici) a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayin.

Waɗannan lokutan amsawa suna ayyana yadda sauri fitarwa zai iya canzawa daga kashe zuwa kunna (tashi) da kunna zuwa kashe (faɗuwa). Saurin sauyawa (kewayon microsecond) yana ba da damar gano abubuwa masu saurin motsi ko aikace-aikacen ƙidaya mai sauri.

3. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Aiki

Takardar bayanai tana nuni zuwa lanƙwasa halaye na lantarki/na gani na yau da kullun. Duk da yake ba a cikakken bayanin zane-zanen da aka bayar a cikin rubutun ba, lanƙwasa na yau da kullun don irin wannan na'ura zai ƙunshi:

• Ƙarfin Gaba vs. Ƙarfin Gaba (I_F-V_F) don IR LED: Yana nuna alaƙar da ba ta layi ba, mai mahimmanci don ƙirar da'irar tuƙi.
• Ƙarfin Mai Tattara vs. Ƙarfin Lantarki na Mai Tattara-Mai Fitarwa (I_C-V_CE) don Phototransistor: A matakan daban-daban na haske (ƙarfin LED), waɗannan lanƙwasa fitarwa suna nuna yankunan aiki na transistor (yanke, aiki, jikewa).
• Matsakaicin Canja wurin Ƙarfin Lantarki (CTR) vs. Ƙarfin Gaba: CTR shine rabo na ƙarfin tattara phototransistor (I_C) zuwa ƙarfin gaba na LED (I_F). Wannan lanƙwasa yana nuna ingancin haɗin gani da yadda yake bambanta da ƙarfin tuƙi.
• Dogaro da Zafin Jiki na Ƙarfin Duhu (I_CEO) da Ƙarfin Yanayin Kunna (I_C(ON)): Waɗannan lanƙwasa suna nuna yadda aikin ke raguwa a matsanancin zafin jiki, wanda yake da mahimmanci don ƙirar ingantattun tsarin da ke aiki a cikin kewayon zafin jiki da aka ƙayyade.

Waɗannan lanƙwasa suna ba masu ƙira damar inganta wuraren aiki, fahimtar ciniki na aiki, da tabbatar da aiki mai aminci a ƙarƙashin duk ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗan.

4. Bayanin Injiniya & Kunshin

4.1 Girman Kunshin

LTH-301-23 yana cikin kunshin mai rami na yau da kullun. Muhimman bayanan girma daga takardar bayanai:

• Duk girma ana bayar da su a cikin milimita, tare da inci a cikin baka.
• Matsakaicin haƙuri shine ±0.25mm (±0.010") sai dai idan wani bayanin fasali ya faɗi akasin haka.
• An ƙera kunshin don haɗawa kai tsaye na PCB ko shigar da shi cikin soket na dual-in-line na yau da kullun, yana ba da sassauci a cikin haɗawa da ƙirar samfuri.

Tazarar zahiri tsakanin mai fitarwa da mai gano an kafa ta a cikin gida, yana ayyana ramin da abin da ke katsewa ke wucewa. Daidai faɗin wannan tazara shine mahimmin ƙayyadaddun injiniya da aka samo a cikin zanen girma.

4.2 Gano Polarity & Pinout

Don aiki mai kyau, gano fil daidai yana da mahimmanci. Na'urar tana da jagora huɗu. Yawanci, jagororin biyu a gefe ɗaya suna cikin LED na infrared (anode da cathode), kuma biyun a ɗayan gefen suna cikin phototransistor (mai tattara da mai fitarwa). Zanen kunshin na takardar bayanai zai nuna fil 1 a sarari, sau da yawa tare da tsaga, ɗigo, ko gefen da aka yi da shi a kan akwati. Teburin halayen lantarki ya tabbatar da cewa anode yana da inganci ga LED, kuma mai tattara yana da inganci ga phototransistor na NPN lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin mai fitarwa na gama-gari.

5. Jagororin Solder & Haɗawa

Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici yana ba da babban jagora don solder: zafin solder na jagora bai kamata ya wuce 260°C ba na tsawon dakika 5, wanda aka auna a wuri 1.6mm (0.063") nesa da akwatin filastik. Wannan shine taka tsantsa na yau da kullun don hana epoxy na ciki ko guda na semiconductor daga lalacewa ta hanyar zafi mai yawa yayin aikin solder na igiyar ruwa ko solder na hannu.

Shawarwari:

• Yi amfani da guntun ƙarfe mai sarrafa zafin jiki.
• Rage lokacin tuntuɓar tsakanin ƙarfe da jagora.
• Don solder na igiyar ruwa, tabbatar da bayanin martaba (dumi-dumi, jiƙa, matsakaicin zafin jiki, lokacin da ya wuce ruwa) an sarrafa shi don cika wannan buƙatar.
• Kauce wa amfani da damuwa na injiniya ga jagororin yayin ko bayan solder.

Yanayin Ajiya:Ya kamata a adana na'urar a cikin ƙayyadadden kewayon zafin ajiya na -40°C zuwa +100°C, zai fi dacewa a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, maras lantarki don hana shan danshi (wanda zai iya haifar da "popcorning" yayin sake kwarara) da lalacewar fitar da lantarki.

6. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace

6.1 Da'irori na Aikace-aikacen Yau da Kullun

Mafi yawan tsarin shinesauya mai fitarwa na gama-gari. Ana sarrafa IR LED ta hanyar resistor mai iyakancewa (R_iyaka) wanda aka haɗa zuwa tushen ƙarfin lantarki. Ƙimar an ƙididdige ta kamar R_iyaka= (V_CC- V_F) / I_F. Mai tattara na phototransistor an haɗa shi da resistor na ja sama (R_{ja sama}) da ƙarfin lantarki, yayin da mai fitarwa ya kasance a ƙasa. Ana ɗaukar siginar fitarwa daga kumburin mai tattara. Lokacin da katako ba a katse ba, transistor yana kunna, yana ja ƙarfin fitarwa ƙasa (kusa da V_CE(SAT)). Lokacin da aka toshe katako, transistor yana kashewa, kuma resistor na ja sama yana ja ƙarfin fitarwa sama (zuwa V_CC).

6.2 Abubuwan Tunani na Ƙira

• Saitin Ƙarfin Lantarki: Zaɓi I_Fbisa ga buƙatun hankali da amfani da wutar lantarki. Mafi girma I_Fyana ba da mafi girma I_C(ON)amma yana ƙara zubar da wutar lantarki.
• Resistor na Lodi na Fitarwa (R_{ja sama}): Ƙimarsa tana tasiri saurin sauyawa da ikon fitarwa. Ƙaramin resistor yana ba da saurin tashi (gajeren lokaci na RC) da mafi girma ƙarfin nutsewa amma yana cinye ƙarin wutar lantarki lokacin da transistor yake kunna.
• Kariya daga Hasken Yanayi: Tunda yana amfani da hasken infrared da aka daidaita, yana da kyakkyawar kariya ga yawancin hasken gani na yanayi. Duk da haka, manyan tushen hasken infrared (misali, hasken rana, kwan fitila) na iya haifar da faɗuwar ƙarya. Yin amfani da siginar tuƙi na LED da aka daidaita da da'irar mai gano da aka daidaita lokaci zai iya haɓaka kariya daga amo sosai.
• Halayen Abu: Firikwensin yana gano kowane abu marar ganuwa ga tsawon raƙuman infrared. Girman abu, gudu, da kayan abu zasu shafi ingancin siginar.
• Daidaituwa: Daidaitaccen daidaitawar injiniya na abin da ke katsewa tare da ramin firikwensin yana da mahimmanci don aiki mai aminci.

7. Kwatancen Fasaha & Bambance-bambance

Idan aka kwatanta da micro-switches na injiniya, LTH-301-23 yana ba da mafi girman tsammanin rayuwa (miliyoyin vs. dubunnan zagayowar), saurin amsawa, da aiki shiru. Idan aka kwatanta da firikwensin gani mai nunawa, masu katsewa na photointerrupter kamar wannan gabaɗaya sun fi aminci kuma ba su da hankali ga bambance-bambance a cikin launi ko nunin abin da aka yi niyya, saboda sun dogara da katsewar katako maimakon tunani. Babban bambance-bambancensa a cikin rukunin photointerrupter shine takamaiman haɗin girmansa na kunshin, faɗin rami, hankalin lantarki (I_C(ON)), da saurin sauyawa, yana sa ya dace da aikace-aikacen da ke da ƙarancin sarari, mai sauri.

8. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)

Q1: Menene yanayin aiki na yau da kullun don IR LED?

A1: Takardar bayanai tana amfani da I_F= 20 mA don yawancin yanayin gwaji, wanda shine wurin aiki na gama-gari kuma mai aminci. Za'a iya tuƙa shi ƙasa don adana wutar lantarki ko ɗan gajeren lokaci sama (a cikin iyakoki) don ƙara ƙarfin sigina.

Q2: Ta yaya zan haɗa fitarwa da microcontroller?

A2: Za'a iya haɗa fitarwa na dijital (ƙasa lokacin da katako ya kasance, sama lokacin da aka toshe) kai tsaye zuwa filin shigarwa na dijital na microcontroller. Tabbatar da matakan ƙarfin fitarwa (V_CCdon sama, V_CE(SAT)don ƙasa) sun dace da matakan dabaru na MCU. Yawanci ana buƙatar resistor na ja sama.

Q3: Shin zai iya gano abubuwa masu gani?

A3: Photointerrupters na yau da kullun waɗanda ke amfani da hasken infrared bazai iya gano abubuwa masu gani ga tsawon raƙuman infrared (misali, wasu robobi) ba. Don irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen, ana iya buƙatar firikwensin tare da tsawon raƙuman daban ko ƙa'idar firikwensin daban.

Q4: Menene mahimmancin lokutan tashi da faɗuwa?

A4: Waɗannan lokutan suna iyakance matsakaicin mitar sauyawa. Matsakaicin mitar ka'idar shine kusan 1/(t_r+ t_f). Tare da lokuta na yau da kullun na 3μs da 4μs, na'urar na iya ɗaukar mitoci har zuwa dubunnan kHz, wanda ya dace da ƙidaya mai sauri ko aikace-aikacen encoder.

9. Ƙa'idar Aiki

Photointerrupter na'urar gani ce mai watsawa. Ya ƙunshi tushen hasken infrared (LED) da mai gano haske (phototransistor) suna fuskantar juna a cikin gida tare da daidaitaccen tazara tsakanin su. Lokacin da wutar lantarki ta gudana ta hanyar LED, tana fitar da hasken infrared. Wannan haske yana ratsa tazarar kuma ya bugi yankin tushe na phototransistor. Photons suna haifar da nau'i-nau'i na electron-rami a cikin tushe, wanda ke aiki yadda ya kamata azaman ƙarfin tushe, yana kunna transistor kuma yana ba da damar ƙarfin tattara ya gudana. Lokacin da wani abu marar ganuwa ya shiga tazarar, yana toshe hanyar haske. Ƙarfin tushe na hoto ya daina, yana kashe transistor, kuma ƙarfin tattara ya faɗi zuwa ƙima mai ƙasa sosai (ƙarfin duhu). Ana amfani da wannan canjin kunna/kashe a cikin ƙarfin fitarwa azaman siginar sauyawa.

10. Trends na Masana'antu

Trend a cikin firikwensin gani yana zuwa ga ƙananan ƙira, haɗin kai mafi girma, da ingantaccen aiki. Nau'ikan na'urar haɗawa ta saman (SMD) suna ƙara shahara don haɗawa ta atomatik da adana sarari. Hakanan akwai motsi zuwa na'urori tare da daidaita siginar da aka gina a ciki, kamar masu faɗakarwa na Schmitt don fitarwa mai tsabta ta dijital, ko masu ƙara ƙarfi na analog don firikwensin nisa/kusanci. Bugu da ƙari, ana ƙara ba da fifiko ga samun mafi girman kariya daga tsangwama na lantarki (EMI) da hasken yanayi, da kuma faɗad da kewayon zafin aiki don aikace-aikacen mota da masana'antu. Duk da yake na'urori na asali kamar LTH-301-23 suna ci gaba da amfani da su sosai saboda sauƙinsu da ingancin farashi, sabbin ƙira sau da yawa sun haɗa waɗannan fasalulluka na ci gaba don ƙarin aikace-aikace masu wahala.