Bayanin Fasaha na Photointerrupter LTH-872-N55H - Nau'in Rami - Girman 4.0mm - Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki 5V - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Duba Samfurin

LTH-872-N55H wani nau'in mai katse haske ne mai rami, wani muhimmin kayan aikin haske da ake amfani da shi don gano abubuwa ba tare da taɓawa ba da kuma aikace-aikacen sauyawa. Ya haɗa diode mai fitar da hasken infrared (LED) da phototransistor a cikin gida ɗaya, wanda aka raba su da tazara ko rami. Ka'idar aikin ta ta'allaka ne: idan wani abu ya ratsa wannan ramin, yana katse hasken infrared da ke tafiya daga mai fitarwa zuwa mai gano, wanda ke haifar da canji a cikin yanayin fitarwa na phototransistor. Wannan tsari mai sauƙi amma abin dogaro ya sa ya zama mafita mai kyau don gano kasancewar abu, rashi, matsayi, ko saurin abubuwa ba tare da taɓawa ba.

An ƙera na'urar don hawa kai tsaye akan PCB (Allon Kewayawa da aka Buga) ko saka cikin soket mai layi biyu na yau da kullun, yana ba da sassauci a cikin haɗawa da ƙirar samfuri. Babban fa'idodinsa sun haɗa da dogaro mai girma, saurin sauyawa, da tsawon rayuwar aiki saboda rashin lambobin injina waɗanda zasu iya lalacewa. Aikace-aikacen yau da kullun sun ƙunshi kayan aikin ofis da masana'antu iri-iri, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga na'urorin bugawa, kwafin, na'urorin sikan, na'urorin fax, da tsarin sarrafa kansa iri-iri inda ake buƙatar gano abu daidai.

1.1 Siffofi na Asali

• Sauyawa Ba tare da Taɓawa ba:Yana kawar da lalacewar injina, yana tabbatar da dogaro mai girma da tsawon rayuwar aiki.
• Hawawa iri-iri:Yana dacewa da haɗa kai tsaye akan PCB ko soket mai layi biyu na yau da kullun, yana sauƙaƙa haɗawa cikin ƙirar kewayawa daban-daban.
• Saurin Lokacin Amsa:Yana ba da damar gano abubuwan da ke da sauri, ya dace da aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar gano sauri, kamar gano takarda a cikin na'urorin bugawa ko tsarin maɓalli na juyawa.

2. Ma'auni na Fasaha: Fassarar Manufa Mai zurfi

Takardun bayanin yana ba da muhimman ma'auni waɗanda ke ayyana iyakokin aikin na'urar da aikin ta a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun. Fahimtar waɗannan ma'auni yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar kewayawa daidai da kuma tabbatar da dogaron dogon lokaci.

2.1 Iyakar Ƙididdiga

Waɗannan ƙididdiga suna ƙayyade iyakokin damuwa waɗanda, idan an wuce su, na iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin ga na'urar. Ba yanayi ba ne don aiki na yau da kullun.

• Shigar da LED:
  • Rushewar Wutar Lantarki (P_D):Matsakaicin 75 mW. Wannan shine jimillar wutar lantarki da LED zai iya watsawa cikin aminci a matsayin zafi.
  • Ci gaba da Gaba Ci gaba (I_F):Matsakaicin 50 mA. Kada a tuka LED tare da ci gaba da gudana wanda ya wuce wannan ƙimar.
  • Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki na Baya (V_R):Matsakaicin 5 V. Yin amfani da ƙarfin wutar lantarki na baya mafi girma fiye da wannan na iya rushe haɗin LED.
• Fitar da Phototransistor:
  • Rushewar Wutar Lantarki (P_D):Matsakaicin 100 mW don phototransistor.
  • Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki Mai Tattarawa-Mai Fitarwa (V_CEO):Matsakaicin 30 V. Wannan shine matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki da za a iya amfani da shi tsakanin mai tattarawa da mai fitarwa lokacin da tushe (shigar da haske) ya buɗe.
  • Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki Mai Fitarwa-Mai Tattarawa (V_ECO):Matsakaicin 5 V, wanda shine ƙimar ƙarfin wutar lantarki na baya don haɗin mai tattarawa-mai fitarwa.
  • Gudun Mai Tattarawa (I_C):Matsakaicin 20 mA. Gudun lodi ta hanyar phototransistor dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da wannan iyaka.
• Muhalli:
  • Kewayon Yanayin Zafin Aiki (T_A):-25°C zuwa +85°C. An tabbatar da cewa na'urar za ta yi aiki cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai a cikin wannan kewayon zafin muhalli.
  • Kewayon Yanayin Zafin Ajiya (T_stg):-40°C zuwa +100°C.
  • Zafin Solder na Jagora:260°C na daƙiƙa 5 matsakaici, an ƙayyade don hali na jagora na 1.6mm (0.063 inci). Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga hanyoyin solder na karkaro ko igiyar ruwa.

2.2 Halaye na Lantarki da Haske

Waɗannan ma'auni suna ayyana aikin na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun a zafin muhalli (T_A) na 25°C.

• Halayen Shigar da LED:
  • Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki na Gaba (V_F):Yawanci 1.2V, tare da matsakaicin 1.6V a gudun gaba (I_F) na 20 mA. Ana amfani da wannan ma'auni don ƙididdige ƙimar resistor mai iyakancewa don kewayen tukin LED: R = (V_CC- V_F) / I_F.
  • Gudun Baya (I_R):Matsakaicin 100 µA a ƙarfin wutar lantarki na baya (V_R) na 5V, yana nuna gudun ɗigon LED lokacin da aka karkata shi.
• Halayen Fitar da Phototransistor:
  • Gudun Duhu na Mai Tattarawa-Mai Fitarwa (I_CEO):Matsakaicin 100 nA a V_CE= 10V. Wannan shine gudun ɗigon lokacin da LED ya kashe (babu hasken da ya faɗo akan phototransistor). Gudun duhu mai ƙasa yana da kyau don kyakkyawan rabo na sigina zuwa amo, musamman a cikin aikace-aikacen ƙarancin haske ko riba mai girma.
• Halayen Mai Haɗawa (Tsarin):
  • Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki Mai Cikewa na Mai Tattarawa-Mai Fitarwa (V_CE(SAT)):Matsakaicin 0.4V lokacin da phototransistor ya kasance cikakke (I_C= 0.25 mA, I_F= 20 mA). Ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai cikewa ƙasa yana da mahimmanci lokacin da ake amfani da fitarwa don tuka shigarwar dabaru ko wasu kewayawa masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki, kamar yadda yake ayyana matakin \"ƘASA\" na dabaru.
  • Gudun Mai Tattarawa a Yanayin Kunna (I_C(ON)):Mafi ƙarancin 2.0 mA a V_CE= 5V da I_F= 20 mA. Wannan shine mafi ƙarancin fitar da fitarwa da aka tabbatar lokacin da aka tuka LED a gudunsa na yau da kullun kuma hasken bai toshe ba. Wannan ma'auni, wanda sau da yawa ake kira \"rabo na canja wurin gudun\" (CTR) lokacin da aka bayyana shi azaman rabo I_C/I_F, yana ayyana hankalin mai haɗawa. A nan, mafi ƙarancin CTR shine (2.0 mA / 20 mA) = 0.1 ko 10%.
  • Lokacin Amsa:
    • Lokacin Tashi (T_r):Yawanci 3 µs, matsakaicin 15 µs. Wannan shine lokacin da fitarwa zai canza daga 10% zuwa 90% na ƙimar sa na ƙarshe lokacin da aka kunna LED na shigarwa.
    • Lokacin Faɗuwa (T_f):Yawanci 4 µs, matsakaicin 20 µs. Wannan shine lokacin da fitarwa zai canza daga 90% zuwa 10% na ƙimar sa na ƙarshe lokacin da aka kashe LED na shigarwa. Waɗannan saurin sauyawa yana ba da damar gano abubuwan da ke motsawa cikin sauri.

3. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

LTH-872-N55H yana da kunshin rami na yau da kullun wanda aka ƙera don sauƙaƙe haɗawa da PCB.

3.1 Girman Siffa

Takardun bayanin yana ba da cikakken zanen injiniya. Muhimman girma sun haɗa da faɗin rami gabaɗaya, wanda ke ayyana girman abin da za a iya gano, da tazarar fil don shimfidar PCB. Duk girma an ƙayyade su a cikin milimita (mm) tare da juzu'i na yau da kullun na ±0.25 mm sai dai idan an lura da haka. Zanen yawanci yana nuna duban sama, duban gefe, da gano fil (anode mai fitarwa, cathode mai fitarwa, mai tattarawa, mai fitarwa).

3.2 Gano Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki da Pinout

Daidaitaccen ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana da mahimmanci don aikin na'urar. Kunshin yana da alama ko takamaiman siffar fil (sau da yawa gefe mai lebur ko tsaga) don gano Fil 1. Pinout na yau da kullun don mai katse haske mai fil 4 shine: Fil 1 - Anode na IR LED, Fil 2 - Cathode na IR LED, Fil 3 - Mai Fitarwa na Phototransistor, Fil 4 - Mai Tattarawa na Phototransistor. Koyaushe koma zuwa zanen takardun bayanin don tabbatar da takamaiman aikin fil don LTH-872-N55H kafin ƙirar shafin ƙafar PCB.

4. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

4.1 Tsarin Solder

An ƙididdige na'urar don matsakaicin zafin solder na jagora na 260°C na daƙiƙa 5. Wannan ƙayyadaddun yana da mahimmanci ga solder na igiyar ruwa ko hanyoyin karkaro. Wuce wannan zafin ko lokaci na iya lalata haɗin semiconductor na ciki ko gidan filastik. Ana ba da shawarar bin jagororin IPC na yau da kullun don solder ɓangaren rami.

4.2 Sarrafawa da Ajiya

Duk da yake ba a cikakken bayani a cikin abin da aka fitar ba, mafi kyawun ayyuka na gabaɗaya sun shafi: adana abubuwan a cikin yanayi mai bushewa, maras tashin hankali a cikin kewayon zafin ajiya da aka ƙayyade (-40°C zuwa +100°C). Guji fallasa na'urar ga yawan danshi kafin solder don hana \"popcorning\" yayin karkaro, ko da yake wannan ya fi mahimmanci ga na'urorin hawa saman.

5. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace da La'akari da Ƙira

5.1 Kewayen Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

Mafi yawan tsari shine amfani da mai katse haske azaman sauyi na dijital. Kewayawa mai sauƙi ya ƙunshi:
1. Tukin LED:Haɗa resistor mai iyakancewa a jere tare da LED infrared zuwa tushen wutar lantarki (misali, 5V). Saita ƙimar resistor don cimma I_Fda ake so (misali, 20 mA). Misali: R_limit= (5V - 1.2V) / 0.02A = 190Ω (yi amfani da resistor na yau da kullun 200Ω).
2. Fitar da Phototransistor:Haɗa resistor na ja sama (R_L) daga mai tattarawa na phototransistor zuwa tushen wutar lantarki (misali, 5V). An haɗa mai fitarwa zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da hanyar haske ta bayyana, phototransistor yana gudana, yana ja ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai tattarawa (fitarwa) ƙasa. Lokacin da aka toshe hasken, phototransistor yana kashewa, kuma resistor na ja sama yana ja fitarwa sama. Ƙimar R_Lyana shafar saurin sauyawa da amfani da gudun; ƙimar ƙasa tana ba da sauri mafi girma amma mafi girman watsawar wutar lantarki. Yanayin gwaji a cikin takardun bayanin yana amfani da R_L= 100Ω.

5.2 La'akari da Ƙira

• Kariya daga Hasken Muhalli:Tun da na'urar tana amfani da hasken infrared, tana da ɗan kariya daga hasken muhalli da ake iya gani. Duk da haka, tushen infrared mai ƙarfi (hasken rana, wasu fitilu) na iya haifar da tsangwama. Yin amfani da siginar LED da aka daidaita da kewayen daidaitawa na iya ƙara ƙarfin kariya daga amo sosai.
• Daidaituwa:Dole ne a daidaita mai fitarwa da mai gano daidai a fadin ramin. Gidan injiniya yana tabbatar da wannan daidaitawa, amma ƙirar PCB dole ne ta sanya kayan aikin daidai.
• Halayen Abu:Abun da ke katse hasken ya kamata ya zama marar ganuwa ga hasken infrared. Kayan da ba su da ganuwa ko masu haske sosai baz a iya gano su cikin aminci ba.
• Debouncing:A cikin tsarin injiniya (misali, gano dabaran yankakke), siginar fitarwa na iya yin hira yayin da wani abu ya shiga ko barin ramin. Ya kamata a yi amfani da dabarun debouncing na software ko na'ura don tsaftataccen siginar dijital.

6. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Aiki

Takardun bayanin ya ambaci \"Lanƙwasa Halaye na Lantarki/Haske na Yau da Kullun.\" Duk da yake ba a ba da takamaiman lanƙwasa a cikin abin da aka fitar ba, zane-zane na yau da kullun don irin waɗannan na'urori sun haɗa da:

• Gudun Gaba vs. Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki na Gaba (I_F-V_F):Yana nuna alaƙar da ba ta layi ba don IR LED, mai mahimmanci don ƙirar tukin.
• Gudun Mai Tattarawa vs. Ƙarfin Wutar Lantarki Mai Tattarawa-Mai Fitarwa (I_C-V_CE):Iyalin lanƙwasa tare da ƙarfin hasken da ya faru (ko I_F) a matsayin ma'auni, kama da halayen fitarwa na transistor.
• Rabo na Canja wurin Gudun (CTR) vs. Gudun Gaba (I_F):Yana nuna yadda hankali ke canzawa tare da gudun tukin LED.
• Rabo na Canja wurin Gudun (CTR) vs. Yanayin Zafin Muhalli:Wani muhimmin lanƙwasa da ke nuna cewa CTR yawanci yana raguwa yayin da zafin yake ƙaruwa. Masu ƙira dole ne su tabbatar da isasshen gefe a mafi girman zafin aiki don tabbatar da mafi ƙarancin I_C(ON).
• Lokacin Amsa vs. Resistance na Lodi (R_L):Yana kwatanta ciniki tsakanin saurin sauyawa da amfani da wutar lantarki.

7. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambanci

Idan aka kwatanta da sauyawan micro-switch na injiniya, LTH-872-N55H yana ba da mafi kyawun tsammanin rayuwa da dogaro saboda aikin ba tare da taɓawa ba. Ba shi da kariya daga billa lamba. Idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin gano mai haskakawa, masu katse haske irin na rami suna ba da gano madaidaici da daidaito saboda ba su da hankali ga launi, tsari, ko haske na abin da ake nufi; kawai suna gano katsewar haske ta jiki. Babban abin da ya bambanta tsakanin masu katse haske da kansu sau da yawa shine girman rami, hankali (CTR), saurin amsa, da nau'in kunshin (rami vs. hawa saman).

8. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Dangane da Ma'auni na Fasaha)

Q: Me zai faru idan na tuka LED tare da fiye da 50 mA?
A: Wuce Iyakar Ƙididdiga don ci gaba da gudun gaba na iya haifar da zafi mai yawa, wanda zai haifar da lalacewar fitar da hasken LED cikin sauri ko gazawar bala'i. Koyaushe yi amfani da resistor mai iyakancewa.

Q: Siginar fitarwa na yana da amo. Menene zai iya zama dalili?
A: Dalilai masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da amo na lantarki akan layukan wutar lantarki, tsangwama daga hasken muhalli (musamman fitilun fluorescent da ke aiki a 50/60 Hz), ko ƙimar resistor na lodi wacce ta yi yawa, yana mai da kumburi mai ƙarfi kuma mai saukin kamuwa da amo. Tabbatar da wutar lantarki mai tsayi, yi la'akari da garkuwa, yi amfani da resistor na ja sama ƙasa, ko aiwatar da daidaita siginar/demodulation.

Q: Na'urar tana aiki a zafin daki amma ta kasa lokacin da tsarina ya yi zafi. Me ya sa?
A: Hankalin phototransistor (CTR) yana raguwa tare da ƙara zafin jiki. Wataƙila kuna aiki tare da mafi ƙarancin gefe a 25°C. Sake kimanta ƙirar ku ta amfani da mafi ƙarancin I_C(ON)ƙayyadaddun bayanai kuma ku yi la'akari da lanƙwasa na CTR vs. Zafin jiki na yau da kullun. Wataƙila kuna buƙatar ƙara gudun tukin LED (a cikin iyakoki) ko amfani da phototransistor tare da mafi girman tabbataccen CTR a manyan yanayin zafi.

Q: Zan iya amfani da wannan don gano abu marar ganuwa?
A: Gabaɗaya, a'a. Masu katse haske na infrared na yau da kullun suna buƙatar abu ya zama marar ganuwa ga tsawon raƙuman infrared da aka fitar (yawanci kusan 940 nm). Filastik marasa ganuwa ko gilashi na iya ba da damar isasshen hasken IR ya wuce, yana hana gano abin dogaro. Ana buƙatar na'urori na musamman tare da tsayin raƙuman ruwa daban-daban ko ka'idojin gano don kayan da ba su da ganuwa.

9. Misalin Amfani na Aiki

Aikace-aikace:Gano Matsalar Takarda a cikin Na'urar Buga na Tebur.
Aiwa:An haura LTH-872-N55H tare da hanyar takarda tare da ciyar da takarda ta cikin raminsa. Filin GPIO na microcontroller yana tuka LED ta hanyar resistor mai iyakancewa. Wani filin GPIO, wanda aka tsara tare da resistor na ja sama na ciki, yana karanta yanayin mai tattarawa na phototransistor. A lokacin aiki na yau da kullun, takarda tana katse hasken, kuma fitarwa yana cikin yanayin dabaru ɗaya (misali, SAMA). Idan matsalar takarda ta faru, takarda ko dai ta tsaya cak (ta ci gaba da katse hasken) ko kuma ta kasa isa ga na'urar gano (ta bar hasken ba a karye ba), wanda ke haifar da fitarwa ya kasance cikin yanayin da ba a zata ba na dogon lokaci. Firmware na microcontroller yana sa ido kan wannan siginar kuma yana haifar da saƙon kuskure na \"Matsalar Takarda\" idan an keta jerin lokacin da ake tsammani. Saurin lokacin amsa na na'urar gano yana tabbatar da cewa har ma ƙananan tazara tsakanin takardu za a iya gano su don sa ido kan ciyar da takarda daidai.

10. Gabatarwar Ka'idar Aiki

Mai katse haske yana aiki bisa ka'idar canza haske da katsewa. A ciki, yana da abubuwa biyu daban-daban a daidaitawa: diode mai fitar da hasken infrared (IR LED) da phototransistor na silicon. IR LED yana aiki azaman tushen haske. Lokacin da wani gudu na waje ya karkata shi, yana fitar da photons infrared da ba a iya gani ba. Phototransistor yana aiki azaman mai gano haske. Yankin tushensa yana da hankali ga haske. Lokacin da photons daga LED suka bugi tushe, suna haifar da nau'ikan lantarki-ramuka, waɗanda ke aiki azaman gudun tushe, suna kunna transistor kuma suna ba da damar mafi girman gudun mai tattarawa ya gudana. Wannan gudun mai tattarawa yana daidai da ƙarfin hasken da ya faru. Ramin ya raba waɗannan abubuwa biyu ta jiki. Wani abu da aka sanya a cikin ramin yana toshe hanyar haske, yana rage hasken da ke faruwa akan phototransistor sosai, wanda kuma yana kashe shi (ko rage gudunsa). Wannan canjin a cikin gudun fitarwa/ƙarfin wutar lantarki ana gano shi ta hanyar kewayawa na waje don yin rajista da \"katsewa.\"

11. Trends da Ci gaba na Masana'antu

Trend a cikin na'urori masu gano haske, gami da masu katse haske, yana zuwa ga ƙananan ƙira, haɗin kai mafi girma, da kunshin fasahar hawa saman (SMT) don ɗaukar ƙananan ƙira da ƙirar PCB masu yawa. Haka nan akwai motsi zuwa na'urori masu gano fitarwa na dijital tare da daidaita siginar da aka gina a ciki, waɗanda ke ba da fitarwa mai tsabta, mai buffer na matakin dabaru, yana sauƙaƙe mu'amala tare da microcontrollers. Wasu ci-gaba na sigar sun haɗa da masu faɗakarwa na Schmitt don hysteresis don inganta kariya daga amo. Bugu da ƙari, buƙatar mafi girman daidaito da sauri a cikin sarrafa kansa yana motsa ci gaban na'urori tare da ƙunƙuntaccen ramuka, saurin amsa mafi sauri, da ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali na zafin jiki. Asalin mai katse haske irin na rami, kamar yadda LTH-872-N55H ke wakilta, ya kasance mafita mai tsada kuma mai dogaro sosai don ɗimbin aikace-aikacen gano na yau da kullun inda sauƙinsa da ƙarfin sa suke manyan fa'idodi.