Bayanin Fasaha na Photointerrupter LTH-872-N55T1 - Takardar Fasaha ta Turanci

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

LTH-872-N55T1 photointerrupter ne mai nunawa, nau'in kayan aikin gani wanda ya haɗu da diode mai haskakawa na infrared (LED) da phototransistor a cikin kunshin ɗaya mai ƙarami. Aikin sa na farko shine gano kasancewar ko rashin wani abu ba tare da taɓawa ta hanyar gano katsewar hasken da ke nunawa daga abu zuwa na'urar gano. An ƙera wannan na'urar don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ingantaccen gano abu ko gano matsayi cikin sauri, amintacce, kuma ba tare da kutsawa cikin jiki ba.

1.1 Fa'idodi na Asali

Fa'idodin mahimmanci na wannan photointerrupter sun samo asali ne daga ka'idar aiki da ƙirar sa na asali.Sauyawa ba tare da taɓawa ba, yana kawar da lalacewar injiniya, yana haɓaka rayuwar aiki da aminci sosai idan aka kwatanta da maɓallan injiniya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a aikace-aikacen da ke da zagayowar aiki mai yawa. Bugu da ƙari, yana ba dasaurin saurin sauyawa, tare da lokutan tashi da faɗuwa na al'ada a cikin kewayon microsecond, yana ba shi damar gano abubuwa masu motsi cikin sauri ko abubuwan da ke faruwa akai-akai. Kunshin da aka haɗa yana tabbatar da daidaitaccen jeri tsakanin mai fitarwa da mai gano, yana sauƙaƙe haɗawa da inganta daidaito.

1.2 Kasuwa da Aikace-aikace da Ake Nufi

Manyan kasuwannin da ake nufi don wannan ɓangaren sune sarrafa ofis da kayan aikin ma'auni. Babban aikace-aikacen da aka rubuta yana cikinscanners da na'urorin bugawa. A cikin waɗannan na'urori, ana amfani da photointerrupters akai-akai don ayyuka kamar gano kasancewar takarda (misali, gano gefen takarda), gano toshewar takarda, gano matsayin abin hawa ko kan bugawa, da gano matsayin gida na injinan motsi. Lokacin amsawa mai sauri yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye babban ƙimar fitarwa na kayan aikin sikanar da bugawa na zamani.

2. Bincike Mai Zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha

Fahimtar halayen lantarki da na gani yana da mahimmanci don daidaitaccen ƙirar da'ira da tabbatar da aiki mai aminci a cikin iyakokin da aka ƙayyade na na'urar.

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsayi

Waɗannan ƙimar suna ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su lalacewar dindindin na iya faruwa ga na'urar. Ba a nufin su don aiki na al'ada ba.

• Shigar da LED:
  • Rushewar Wutar Lantarki (P_D): Matsakaicin 75 mW.
  • Ci gaba da Gaba na Gaba (I_F): Matsakaicin 50 mA. Wannan shine matsakaicin ƙarfin halin yanzu da zai iya gudana ta cikin LED.
  • Ƙarfafawar Baya (V_R): Matsakaicin 5 V. Wuce wannan zai iya rushe haɗin LED.
• Fitar da Halayen Phototransistor:
  • Rushewar Wutar Lantarki (P_C): Matsakaicin 100 mW.
  • Ƙarfin Mai Tattara-Mai Fitarwa (V_CEO): Matsakaicin 30 V. Wannan shine matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki da za a iya amfani da shi a kan mai tattara da mai fitarwa na phototransistor lokacin da tushe ya buɗe (yanayin duhu).
  • Ƙarfin Mai Fitarwa-Mai Tattara (V_ECO): Matsakaicin 5 V (ƙimar ƙarfin baya).
  • Ƙarfin Mai Tattara (I_C): Matsakaicin 20 mA.
• Muhalli:
  • Zazzabi na Aiki (T_opr): -25°C zuwa +85°C.
  • Zazzabi na Ajiya (T_stg): -55°C zuwa +100°C.
  • Zazzabin Solder na Jagora (T_sol): 260°C na daƙiƙa 5 matsakaicin (don jagororin 1.6mm daga akwati).

2.2 Halaye na Lantarki da na Gani

An ƙayyade waɗannan ma'auni a zazzabin muhalli (T_A) na 25°C kuma suna ayyana aikin na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na al'ada.

• Halayen Shigar da LED:
  • Ƙarfin Gaba (V_F): Yawanci 1.2V zuwa 1.6V a ƙarfin halin yanzu na gaba (I_F) na 20 mA. Wannan shine raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a kan LED lokacin da aka haskaka shi.
  • Ƙarfin Baya (I_R): Matsakaicin 100 µA a ƙarfin baya (V_R) na 5V. Wannan shine ƙaramin ƙarfin halin yanzu na ɓarna lokacin da LED ke da baya.
• Halayen Fitar da Phototransistor:
  • Ƙarfin Mai Tattara-Mai Fitarwa na Duhu (I_CEO): Matsakaicin 100 nA a V_CE=10V. Wannan shine ƙarfin halin yanzu na ɓarna lokacin da phototransistor yana cikin duhu gaba ɗaya (babu haske daga LED). Ƙimar ƙasa tana da kyau don ingantaccen rabo na sigina zuwa amo.
  • Ƙarfin Cikakken Mai Tattara-Mai Fitarwa (V_CE(SAT)): Matsakaicin 0.4V a I_C=0.25mA da I_F=20mA. Wannan shine ƙarfin lantarki a kan transistor lokacin da yake cikakken "kunne" (cikakke). Ƙaramin ƙarfin cikakke yana rage asarar wutar lantarki a cikin ɓangaren sauyawa.
  • Ƙarfin Mai Tattara na Yanayin Kunna (I_C(ON)): Mafi ƙarancin 0.5 mA a V_CE=5V da I_F=20mA. Wannan yana ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin fitarwa lokacin da aka tuƙi LED kuma abu baya katse hasken (ana ɗaukan yanayin nunawa).
• Lokacin Amsa na Haɗin kai (Tsarin):
  • Lokacin Tashi (T_R): 3 µs (na al'ada) zuwa 15 µs (matsakaici). Wannan shine lokacin da fitarwa na phototransistor ya tashi daga 10% zuwa 90% na ƙimar sa ta ƙarshe lokacin da aka kunna LED.
  • Lokacin Faɗuwa (T_F): 4 µs (na al'ada) zuwa 20 µs (matsakaici). Wannan shine lokacin da fitarwa ya faɗi daga 90% zuwa 10% lokacin da aka kashe LED. Waɗannan lokutan sauri suna da mahimmanci ga fasalin da aka ambata na "saurin saurin sauyawa".
  • Yanayin Gwaji: V_CE=5V, I_C=2mA, R_L=100 Ω.

3. Bincike na Lanƙwan Aiki

Bayanin bayanin yana nuni zuwa lanƙwan halaye na lantarki/gani na al'ada. Duk da yake ba a ba da takamaiman jadawali a cikin rubutun ba, manufarsu ita ce kwatanta alaƙar tsakanin ma'auni masu mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban, wanda ke da mahimmanci don ƙirar ƙarfi.

3.1 Bayanan Lanƙwan da Ake Zato

Dangane da aikin al'ada don irin waɗannan ɓangarorin, lanƙwan na al'ada zai iya haɗawa da:

• Ƙarfin Gaba vs. Ƙarfin Gaba (I_F-V_F):Wannan lanƙwan yana nuna alaƙar da ba ta layi ba tsakanin halin yanzu ta hanyar LED da ƙarfin lantarki a cikinta. Yana taimakawa wajen tantance ƙimar resistor na jerin da ake buƙata don cimma ƙarfin tuƙi da ake so daga ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka bayar.
• Ƙarfin Mai Tattara vs. Ƙarfin Mai Tattara-Mai Fitarwa (I_C-V_CE):Ga phototransistor, za a tsara wannan dangin lanƙwan don matakan haske daban-daban (ko ƙarfin tuƙin LED daban-daban, I_F). Yana ayyana yankunan aikin transistor (yanke, mai aiki, cikakke) a ƙarƙashin yanayin haske.
• Matsakaicin Canja wurin Halin yanzu (CTR) vs. Ƙarfin Gaba:CTR shine rabo na ƙarfin fitarwa na mai tattara na phototransistor (I_C) zuwa ƙarfin shigar da gaba na LED (I_F), yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman kashi. Wannan lanƙwan yana nuna yadda ingancin ke canzawa tare da ƙarfin tuƙi kuma yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar da'irar mu'amala don tabbatar da isassun motsin siginar fitarwa.
• Dogaro da Zazzabi:Lanƙwan da ke nuna yadda ma'auni kamar ƙarfin gaba (V_F), ƙarfin duhu (I_CEO), da CTR suna bambanta da zazzabin muhalli. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da aiki mai tsayayye a cikin cikakken kewayon zazzabi da aka ƙayyade (-25°C zuwa +85°C).

4. Bayanan Injiniya da Kunshin

An yi nuni zuwa girman kunshin amma ba a yi cikakken bayani ba a cikin rubutun da aka bayar. Bayanan sun ƙayyade cewa duk ma'auni suna cikin milimita (tare da inci a cikin baka) kuma juzu'in gabaɗaya shine ±0.25mm sai dai idan an faɗi akasin haka. Lambar sashi LTH-872-N55T1 tana nuna takamaiman salon kunshin da ya zama ruwan dare ga photointerrupters masu nunawa, waɗanda galibi suna da jikin filastik da aka yi da rami. Mai fitarwa da mai gano suna fuskantar hanya ɗaya a wannan ramin, suna ba su damar gano abu wanda ke nunawa hasken da aka fitar.

4.1 Gano Polarity da Tsarin Pinout

Duk da yake ba a jera daidaitaccen pinout ba, kunshin photointerrupter na al'ada yana da fil 4: biyu don anode da cathode na infrared LED, da biyu don mai tattara da mai fitarwa na NPN phototransistor. Bayanin bayanin zai haɗa da zane wanda ke nuna ra'ayi na sama da lambar fil (misali, 1: Anode, 2: Cathode, 3: Mai Tattara, 4: Mai Fitarwa). Haɗin polarity daidai don LED ya zama dole don hana lalacewa.

5. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Bayanin bayanin yana ba da ma'auni mai mahimmanci don haɗawa: matsakaicin zazzabin solder na jagora. Don jagororin da aka sanya 1.6mm (0.063 inci) daga akwatin filastik, zazzabin bai kamata ya wuce260°C na daƙiƙa 5. Wannan shine ƙimar daidaitaccen ƙimar igiyar ruwa ko solder na hannu. Don sake sake solder, dole ne ɓangaren ya dace da takamaiman bayanin martaba da aka yi amfani da shi, wanda yawanci yana da matsakaicin zazzabi kusan 240-250°C. Wuce waɗannan iyakokin zafin jiki na iya haifar da lalacewar ciki ga haɗin semiconductor ko nakasar kunshin filastik, yana shafar daidaitawar gani da aiki.

6. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace da Abubuwan da Ake Yi la'akari da su a Zane

6.1 Da'irar Aikace-aikace ta Al'ada

Da'irar mu'amala ta asali ta ƙunshi manyan sassa guda biyu:

1. Direban LED:An haɗa resistor mai iyakancewa halin yanzu a jere tare da LED. Ƙimar resistor (R_series) an ƙididdige shi kamar haka: R_series= (V_CC- V_F) / I_F. Amfani da V na al'ada_Fna 1.4V da I da ake so_Fna 20mA tare da samar da wutar lantarki 5V yana ba R_series= (5 - 1.4) / 0.02 = 180 Ω. Daidaitaccen resistor 180Ω ko 220Ω zai dace. Tuƙi LED tare da halin yanzu na dindindin, maimakon ƙarfin lantarki na dindindin, yana ba da fitarwa mai haske mafi tsayayye.
2. Fitar da Phototransistor:Ana amfani da phototransistor yawanci a cikin tsarin mai fitarwa na gama-gari. An haɗa resistor na kaya (R_L) tsakanin mai tattara da samar da ingantacciyar wutar lantarki (V_CC). An haɗa mai fitarwa zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da haske ya faɗi akan transistor, yana kunna, yana ja ƙarfin lantarki mai tattara ƙasa (zuwa V_CE(SAT)). Lokacin duhu, transistor yana kashewa, kuma ƙarfin lantarki mai tattara yana ja sama zuwa V_CCta R_L. Ƙimar R_Lyana ƙayyade motsin ƙarfin fitarwa da sauri; ƙaramin R_Lyana ba da amsa mai sauri amma ƙaramin motsi. Bayanin bayanin yana gwaji tare da R_L=100Ω.

6.2 Abubuwan da Ake Yi la'akari da su a Zane

• Kariya daga Hasken Muhalli:A matsayin na'urar gano mai nunawa, tana iya zama mai saukin kamuwa da hasken muhalli (musamman hasken rana ko hasken cikin gida mai haske wanda ke ɗauke da infrared). Yin amfani da siginar tuƙin LED da aka daidaita da ganowa na aiki tare a cikin da'irar mai karɓa na iya inganta kariya daga irin wannan tsangwama sosai.
• Nunawa na Abu:Matsakaicin nisa na ganowa da ƙarfin sigina sun dogara sosai akan nunawa na abin da ake nufi. Filaye masu nunawa sosai (kamar farin takarda) suna aiki mafi kyau, yayin da duhu ko filaye marasa haske bazai iya nunawa isasshen haske ba.
• Daidaitawa da Tazara:Matsakaicin nisa na ganowa (tazarar tsakanin na'urar gano da abin nunawa) yawanci ana ƙayyade shi a cikin cikakken bayanin bayanin. Dole ne ƙirar injiniya ta tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye wannan tazara akai-akai.
• Ƙarar Lantarki:Don dogon gudanar da kebul ko yanayi mai hayaniya, mai yiwuwa ya zama dole a yi amfani da garkuwa da tacewa daidai na siginar fitarwa, saboda fitarwa na phototransistor shine kumburi mai ƙarfi lokacin da aka kashe kuma yana iya zama mai hankali ga ɗaukar hoto.

7. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Idan aka kwatanta da sauran fasahohin ganowa, wannan photointerrupter yana ba da fa'idodi na musamman:

• vs. Maɓallan Injiniya:Babu tsalle-tsalle na lamba, rayuwa mai tsawo sosai (miliyoyin vs. dubunnan zagayowar), amsa mai sauri, da aiki shiru.
• vs. Photointerrupters masu Watsawa (Slotted Optocouplers):Nau'in nunawa kamar LTH-872-N55T1 ba sa buƙatar abu ya wuce ta cikin rami; suna iya gano abubuwa a nesa. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe ƙirar injiniya don aikace-aikace kamar gano takarda inda takarda ke gudana tare da saman.
• vs. Na'urori na Gano Zamani (misali, Hall Effect, Ultrasonic):Photointerrupters gabaɗaya sun fi sauƙi kuma suna da ƙarancin farashi don ganin kasancewa/rashi na asali. Ba sa buƙatar maganadisu (kamar na'urori na Hall) kuma ba su da rikitarwa fiye da na'urori na ultrasonic, kodayake suna iya zama ƙasa da tasiri akan abubuwan da ba su nunawa ba.

8. Tambayoyin da Ake Yi Akai-akai (Dangane da Ma'auni na Fasaha)

Q: Menene manufar ƙayyadaddun ƙarfin duhu (I_CEO)?

A: Ƙarfin duhu shine ƙaramin ƙarfin halin yanzu na ɓarna wanda ke gudana ta cikin phototransistor lokacin da yake cikin duhu gaba ɗaya (babu haske daga LED kuma babu hasken muhalli). A cikin yanayin "kashe", wannan halin yanzu da ke gudana ta cikin resistor na kaya (R_L) yana haifar da ƙaramin raguwar ƙarfin lantarki. Babban ƙarfin duhu zai iya haifar da ƙarfin fitarwa wanda bai cika a matakin ma'ana na "babba" ba, wanda zai iya haifar da kuskuren fahimta ta hanyar da'irar da ke biye. Matsakaicin matsakaicin da aka ƙayyade na 100 nA yana da ƙasa sosai, yana tabbatar da siginar kashewa mai tsabta.

Q: Ta yaya zan zaɓi daidai ƙarfin tuƙin LED (I_F)?

A: Ƙarfin tuƙi yana shafar fitarwa mai haske, wanda kai tsaye yana shafar ƙarfin fitarwa na phototransistor (I_C(ON)) da hankalin na'urar. Yin aiki a yanayin gwaji na al'ada na 20mA shine kyakkyawan farawa. Kuna iya rage halin yanzu don adana wutar lantarki idan aikace-aikacen yana da babban nunawa da nisa gajere. Ƙara halin yanzu na iya inganta ƙarfin sigina don abubuwa masu wahala amma zai ƙara rushewar wutar lantarki kuma dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da matsakaicin matsakaicin 50mA. Dubi lanƙwan CTR vs. I na al'ada_Fdon jagora.

Q: Zan iya amfani da wannan na'urar gano a waje?

A: Kewayon zazzabin aiki (-25°C zuwa +85°C) yana ba da damar amfani a yawancin wurare. Duk da haka, hasken rana kai tsaye yana ɗauke da ƙaƙƙarfan radiyon infrared wanda zai iya cika phototransistor, yana haifar da ganowa na dindindin na "kunne". Don amfani a waje, ana ba da shawarar tacewa ta gani (tacewar IR wanda ke toshe hasken da ake iya gani amma yana wucewa tsawon zango na LED) da/ko dabarun daidaita siginar don ƙi hasken IR na muhalli.

9. Ka'idar Aiki

LTH-872-N55T1 yana aiki bisa ka'idar daidaitawar nunawa na ciki. Infrared LED yana fitar da haske. Idan babu abin nunawa a cikin filin ganowa, yawancin wannan hasken yana ɓacewa. Lokacin da wani abu mai nunawa ya shiga filin, wani ɓangare na hasken da aka fitar yana nunawa zuwa na'urar. Phototransistor da aka haɗa, wanda ke da hankali ga tsawon zango ɗaya na infrared, yana gano wannan hasken da aka nunawa. Photons masu faruwa suna haifar da nau'ikan lantarki-ramuka a cikin yankin tushe na phototransistor, yana ba da ƙarfin halin yanzu na tushe yadda ya kamata. Wannan yana sa transistor ya kunna, yana barin ƙarfin mai tattara (I_C) don gudana wanda ya dace da ƙarfin hasken da aka nunawa. Ana amfani da wannan canjin ƙarfin fitarwa/ƙarfin lantarki ta hanyar da'irar waje don nuna alamar kasancewar abu.

10. Trends na Masana'antu

Duk da yake fasahar photointerrupter ta asali ta balaga, trends suna mai da hankali kan ƙanƙanta, haɗawa, da ingantaccen aiki. Sabbin na'urori na iya fasalta:

- Kunshin Surface-Mount (SMD):Ƙananan sawun ƙafa don haɗa PCB mai yawa.

- Haɗaɗɗun ICs:Wasu photointerrupters na zamani sun haɗa da haɓakawa, masu faɗakarwa na Schmitt don hysteresis, har ma da fitarwa na dijital (misali, I2C) akan guntu, yana sauƙaƙe ƙirar mu'amala.

- Mafi Girman Sauri:Ci gaba yana ci gaba don ƙarin lokutan amsa masu sauri don ci gaba da saurin injin.

- Ingantacciyar Ƙin Hasken Muhalli:Ana amfani da ƙirar gani na ci gaba da tsare-tsaren daidaitawa don sanya na'urori masu gano su zama masu ƙarfi a cikin yanayin haske mai ƙalubale. Ka'idar ganowa ta asali ta nunawa, kamar yadda aka haɗa a cikin ɓangarori kamar LTH-872-N55T1, ta kasance ingantacciyar mafita mai tsada don ɗimbin ayyukan ganowa ba tare da taɓawa ba.