LTR-3208 Phototransistor Datasheet - Girman Kunshin - Collector-Emitter Voltage 30V - Watsawar Wutar 100mW - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayanin Samfur

LTR-3208 shine silicon NPN phototransistor wanda aka tsara don aikace-aikacen gano infrared. An saka shi a cikin kunshin filastik mai arha wanda ke da na'urar ruwan tabarau da aka haɗa don ingantaccen hankali. An ƙera wannan kayan aiki don canza hasken infrared da ke faruwa zuwa madaidaicin wutar lantarki a tashar mai tattara, wanda ya sa ya dace da tsarin gano daban-daban inda ake buƙatar ingantaccen gano haske mai tsada.

1.1 Fa'idodi na Asali

Na'urar tana ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci ga masu ƙira. Babban fasalin sa shine faɗin kewayon aiki don igiyar mai tattara, yana ba da sassauci a cikin ƙirar da'ira a cikin matakan sigina daban-daban. Haɗa na'urar ruwan tabarau kai tsaye a cikin kunshin yana haɓaka hankalinsa ga radiation infrared mai shigowa, yana inganta rabon sigina zuwa amo da kewayon gano. Bugu da ƙari, amfani da kunshin filastik na yau da kullun yana ba da gudummawar ƙarancin farashin kayan aiki gaba ɗaya, yana mai da shi zaɓi mai ban sha'awa don aikace-aikace masu yawa ko masu hankali ga farashi.

1.2 Kasuwa da Aikace-aikace

Wannan phototransistor an yi niyya ne ga kasuwar gani da wutar lantarki mai faɗi, yana hidimar aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar gano ba tare da taɓawa ba. Misalan amfani sun haɗa da gano abu, gano matsayi, masu katsewa (misali, a cikin firinta da masu ƙira), maɓallai marasa taɓawa, da tsarin sarrafa masana'antu. Amintaccen sa da sauƙin mu'amala (yawanci yana buƙatar resistor mai ja da wutar lantarki) sun sa ya zama zaɓi na gama gari ga na'urorin lantarki na mabukaci da tsarin sarrafa masana'antu.

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Ma'auni na Fasaha

Ana siffanta aikin lantarki da na gani na LTR-3208 a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun (25°C). Fahimtar waɗannan ma'auni yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar da'ira daidai da tabbatar da aiki mai aminci a cikin iyakokin da aka ƙayyade na na'urar.

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsayi

Waɗannan ƙididdiga suna ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su lalacewar dindindin na na'urar na iya faruwa. Ba a ba da garantin aiki a ƙarƙashin ko a waɗannan iyakokin ba. Matsakaicin watsawar wutar lantarki shine 100 mW, wanda ke ƙayyade ƙirar zafi na aikace-aikace. Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki mai tattara-emitter (V_CEO) shine 30V, yayin da ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki mai fitarwa-mai tattara (V_ECO) shine 5V, yana nuna rashin daidaituwar na'urar. Kewayon zafin aiki daga -40°C zuwa +85°C, kuma ana iya adana shi a cikin yanayi daga -55°C zuwa +100°C. Don yin gini, igiyoyin za su iya jure 260°C na tsawon dakika 5 idan aka auna 1.6mm daga jikin kunshin.

2.2 Halayen Lantarki da na Gani

Ma'auni masu mahimmanci na aiki suna ayyana aikin na'urar a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayin gwaji. Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage (V_(BR)CEO) yawanci 30V ne a 1mA mai tattara igiyar ba tare da haske ba. Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage (V_CE(SAT)) yana da ƙasa sosai, daga 0.1V (ƙarami) zuwa 0.4V (matsakaici) lokacin da aka tuka na'urar da 100μA mai tattara igiyar a ƙarƙashin hasken haske na 1 mW/cm². Wannan ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki yana da kyau don aikace-aikacen sauyawa. Ana siffanta saurin sauyawa ta Hanyar Tashi (T_r) da Lokacin Faɗuwa (T_f), wanda aka ƙayyade a matsayin 10 μs da 15 μs bi da bi a ƙarƙashin yanayin gwaji na V_CC=5V, I_C=1mA, da R_L=1kΩ. Mai tattara duhu na yanzu (I_CEO), wanda shine igiyar zubewa ba tare da haske ba, yana da matsakaicin ƙimar 100 nA a V_CE=10V.

2.3 Mai tattara igiyar a kan-jihar da Binning

Ma'auni mai mahimmanci shine Mai tattara igiyar a kan-jihar (I_C(ON)), wanda shine fitarwar igiyar lokacin da aka haskaka na'urar. An rarraba wannan ma'auni, ma'ana ana rarraba na'urori zuwa ƙungiyoyin aiki. Yanayin gwaji shine V_CE= 5V tare da hasken haske na 1 mW/cm² a tsayin raƙuman ruwa na 940nm. Kwantena kamar haka ne: Kwandon C: 0.8 zuwa 2.4 mA; Kwandon D: 1.6 zuwa 4.8 mA; Kwandon E: 3.2 zuwa 9.6 mA; Kwandon F: 6.4 mA (mafi ƙanƙanta). Wannan binning yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar na'urar tare da kewayon hankali wanda ya dace da takamaiman aikace-aikacen su, yana tabbatar da daidaiton aikin tsarin.

3. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Aiki

Takardar bayanai tana ba da lanƙwasa halaye da yawa waɗanda ke nuna yadda ma'auni masu mahimmanci ke bambanta da abubuwan muhalli da na aiki. Waɗannan jadawali suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar halayen na'urar fiye da ƙayyadaddun ma'auni guda ɗaya da aka bayar a cikin tebur.

3.1 Dogaro da Zazzabi

Hoto na 1 yana nuna alaƙa tsakanin Mai tattara duhu na yanzu (I_CEO) da Yanayin Yanayi (T_a). Duhu na yanzu yana ƙaruwa da yawa tare da zafin jiki, wanda shine ainihin kaddarorin haɗin semiconductor. Dole ne masu ƙira su yi la'akari da wannan ƙarin zubewa a cikin yanayin zafi mai girma, saboda yana iya shafar matakin sigina na kashe-jihar da ƙasan amo. Hoto na 2 yana nuna raguwar matsakaicin Matsakaicin Watsawar Wutar Lantarki mai tattara (P_C) yayin da yanayin yanayi ya tashi. Ƙimar 100 mW tana aiki ne kawai a ko ƙasa da 25°C; sama da wannan zafin jiki, dole ne a rage matsakaicin wutar lantarki a layi don hana damuwa mai zafi.

3.2 Halaye masu Ƙarfi da Amsawa

Hoto na 3 yana nuna yadda Lokacin Tashi da Faɗuwa (T_r, T_f) ke shafar juriya na Load (R_L). Lokutan sauyawa suna ƙaruwa tare da manyan juriya na kaya. Wannan abu ne mai mahimmanci don ƙirar da'irar gano sauri, inda ƙaramin resistor na kaya zai iya zama dole don cimma bandwidth da ake so, ko da yake a farashin mafi girman amfani da wutar lantarki. Hoto na 4 yana nuna Mai tattara na yanzu na Dangantaka a matsayin aikin Irradiance (E_e). Dangantakar gabaɗaya layi ne a cikin yankin aiki, yana tabbatar da cewa fitarwar igiyar yana daidai da ƙarfin hasken da ke faruwa, wanda ya dace da aikace-aikacen gano analog.

3.3 Amsa na Spectral

Hotuna na 5 da 6 suna da alaƙa da hankalin spectral na na'urar. Hoto na 5 zane ne na polar wanda ke nuna dogaro da kusurwa na hankali, yana nuna yadda fitarwa ke bambanta da kusurwar hasken da ke faruwa dangane da axis na na'urar. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don daidaitawa a cikin tsarin gani. Hoto na 6, lanƙwasa Rarraba Spectral, yana nuna cewa LTR-3208 yana da mafi hankali ga hasken infrared, tare da kololuwar amsa da ke faruwa a takamaiman tsayin raƙuman ruwa (ana nufin a cikin yankin kusa-infrared, na yau da kullun don phototransistors silicon). Yana da amsa maras mahimmanci ga hasken da ake iya gani, yana mai da shi ba shi da lahani ga hasken dakin yanayi a yawancin lokuta.

4. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshin

4.1 Girman Kunshin

LTR-3208 yana amfani da kunshin filastik na yau da kullun tare da igiyoyi uku. Kunshin ya haɗa da na'urar ruwan tabarau da aka gyara a saman don mayar da hankali ga hasken da ke shigowa zuwa yankin semiconductor mai hankali. Mahimman girma sun haɗa da girman jiki, tazarar jagora, da tsawaita resin a ƙarƙashin flange, wanda aka ƙayyade a matsayin matsakaicin 1.5mm. Ana auna tazarar jagora a wurin da igiyoyin suka fita daga jikin kunshin. Ana ba da duk girma a cikin millimeters tare da jurewar daidaitaccen ±0.25mm sai dai idan an lura da haka. Zane na zahiri da girma suna da mahimmanci don ƙirar sawun PCB da tabbatar da dacewa daidai a cikin taron.

4.2 Gano Polarity da Pinout

Na'urar tana da fil uku: Mai tattara, Mai fitarwa, da Tushe (sau da yawa ana barin shi ba a haɗa shi ba ko kuma ana amfani da shi don biasing a wasu tsari). Pinout na yau da kullun don phototransistor a cikin wannan kunshin shine: lokacin kallon na'urar daga sama (gefen ruwan tabarau) tare da gefe mai lebur ko notch yana fuskantar takamaiman hanya, fil ɗin daga hagu zuwa dama yawanci sune Mai fitarwa, Mai tattara, da Tushe. Koyaya, dole ne masu ƙira koyaushe su tabbatar da pinout daga zanen injiniya a cikin takardar bayanai don guje wa kurakuran haɗawa. Kunshin na iya samun alama ko shigar don gane fil ɗin 1.

5. Jagororin Gini da Taro

5.1 Ma'auni na Reflow Solder

Duk da yake ba a bayar da cikakkun bayanan bayanan sake zagayowar a cikin wannan ɓangaren ba, Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsayi yana ba da takurawa mai mahimmanci: igiyoyin za su iya jure zafin gini na 260°C na matsakaicin dakika 5 lokacin da aka auna 1.6mm daga jikin kunshin. Wannan yana nuna cewa daidaitattun bayanan sake zagayowar marasa gubar (waɗanda galibi sukan kai kusan 245-260°C) suna karɓuwa, amma dole ne a sarrafa lokacin sama da ruwa don hana lalacewar kunshin. Ana ba da shawarar bin ka'idojin JEDEC ko IPC don gini na na'urar da aka lulluɓe da filastik.

5.2 Kulawa da Adana Kariya

Ya kamata a sarrafa na'urar tare da matakan kariya na ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) na yau da kullun, saboda haɗin semiconductor na iya lalacewa ta hanyar wutar lantarki. Ya kamata a adana shi a cikin ƙayyadadden kewayon zafin jiki daga -55°C zuwa +100°C a cikin yanayi mai ƙarancin zafi. Ya kamata a kiyaye ruwan tabarau a tsafta kuma ba tare da karce, gurɓataccen abu, ko zubar da epoxy ba yayin haɗawa, saboda waɗannan na iya shafar aikin gani da hankali sosai.

6. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

6.1 Da'irar Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

Mafi yawan tsarin da'ira shine "yanayin sauyawa." An haɗa mai tattara phototransistor zuwa wutar lantarki mai kyau (V_CC) ta hanyar resistor mai ja (R_L). An haɗa mai fitarwa zuwa ƙasa. Ana ɗaukar siginar fitarwa daga kumburin mai tattara. Lokacin da babu haske, na'urar tana kashe, kuma ana fitar da fitarwa zuwa sama zuwa V_CC. Lokacin da isasshen hasken infrared ya bugi na'urar, sai ta kunna, ta ja ƙarfin fitarwa ƙasa zuwa V_CE(SAT). Ƙimar R_Lyana ƙayyade girgizar fitarwa, amfani da wutar lantarki, da saurin sauyawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin lanƙwasa aiki.

6.2 Abubuwan Ƙira

Mahimman abubuwan ƙira sun haɗa da:Biasing:Tabbatar da V na aiki_CEyana cikin matsakaicin ƙima (30V).Zaɓin Resistor Load:Zaɓi R_Ldangane da saurin sauyawa da ake buƙata (duba Hoto na 3), girgizar ƙarfin fitarwa, da amfani da wutar lantarki. Karamin R_Lyana ba da sauri amma mafi girma na yanzu.Daidaitawar Gani:Yi la'akari da zanen hankali na kusurwa (Hoto na 5) lokacin ƙirar hanyar gani tsakanin mai fitarwa na IR da mai gano.Kariya daga Hasken Yanayi:Duk da yake na'urar tana da hankali ga IR, manyan tushen IR na yanayi (kamar hasken rana ko kwan fitila) na iya haifar da faɗuwar ƙarya. Yin amfani da siginar IR da aka daidaita da gano aiki tare zai iya inganta kariya daga amo sosai.Tasirin Zazzabi:Yi la'akari da ƙaruwar duhu na yanzu tare da zafin jiki, wanda zai iya buƙatar daidaita bakin kofa a cikin da'irar gano.

7. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Idan aka kwatanta da photodiode mai sauƙi, phototransistor yana ba da riba na ciki, yana haifar da mafi girman fitarwar igiyar don shigar da haske iri ɗaya, sau da yawa yana kawar da buƙatar ƙarin mataki na amplifier. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran phototransistors, bambancin LTR-3208 yana cikin haɗin kai na takamaiman kunshin (tare da haɗaɗɗen ruwan tabarau don mafi girman hankali), ƙayyadaddun kwantena na yanzu da ke ba da damar zaɓin hankali, da daidaitattun ƙididdiga na lantarki (30V V_CEO, 100mW P_D). Low V_CE(SAT)shi ma halaye ne masu kyau don sauyawar lambobi masu tsabta.

8. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Dangane da Ma'auni na Fasaha)

Q: Menene manufar kwantena daban-daban (C, D, E, F) don I_C(ON)?

A: Binning yana rarraba na'urori ta hankalinsu. Na'urorin Kwandon F suna da mafi girman mafi ƙarancin fitarwar igiyar (mafi hankali), yayin da na'urorin Kwandon C suna da mafi ƙanƙanta. Wannan yana ba ku damar zaɓar wani ɓangare wanda ya dace da matakin siginar da ake buƙata na tsarin ku, yana tabbatar da daidaito kuma yana iya sauƙaƙa ƙirar da'ira ta hanyar samar da kewayon siginar da ake iya hasashen.

Q: Zan iya amfani da wannan firikwensin a cikin hasken rana?

A: Hasken rana kai tsaye yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na radiation infrared kuma zai iya cika firikwensin, yana haifar da yanayin "kunna" akai-akai. Don amfani a waje ko a cikin wurare masu haske, ana ba da shawarar tace gani (tace IR wanda ke toshe hasken da ake iya gani) da/ko dabarun daidaita siginar don bambanta siginar IR da aka yi niyya daga amo na IR na yanayi.

Q: Ta yaya zan fassara Lokacin Tashi da Faɗuwa?

A: Waɗannan suna ƙayyade saurin da fitarwa zai iya canza jiha. Lokacin tashi na 10μs yana nufin yana ɗaukar kusan microseconds 10 don fitarwa ya tashi daga 10% zuwa 90% na ƙimar sa ta ƙarshe lokacin da aka yi amfani da haske. Wannan yana iyakance matsakaicin mitar hasken da aka daidaita wanda za'a iya gano daidai. Don sauƙin gano abu, wannan saurin ya fi isa. Don sadarwa mai sauri, yana iya zama abu mai iyakancewa.

9. Misalin Amfani na Aiki

Yanayi: Gano Takarda a cikin Firinta.An sanya LTR-3208 (daga kwandon hankali da ya dace) da LED infrared a ɓangarorin daban-daban na hanyar takarda, an daidaita su don takarda ta karya katako. An saita phototransistor a cikin da'irar sauyawa tare da resistor mai ja na 10kΩ zuwa 5V. Lokacin da babu takarda, hasken IR ya bugi firikwensin, yana kunna shi kuma yana ja fil ɗin fitarwa zuwa ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki (~0.2V). Lokacin da takarda ta wuce, tana toshe hasken, tana kashe phototransistor kuma tana barin fil ɗin fitarwa ya ja sama zuwa 5V. Ana ciyar da wannan siginar lamba zuwa microcontroller don bin diddigin kasancewar takarda da gano gefe. Ruwan tabarau akan LTR-3208 yana taimakawa mayar da hankali ga katakon IR, yana inganta aminci kuma yana ba da damar ɗan girman rata tsakanin mai fitarwa da mai gano.

10. Ka'idar Aiki

Phototransistor shine transistor haɗin gwiwa bipolar inda yankin tushe ya fallasa ga haske. Photons masu faruwa tare da makamashi mafi girma fiye da bandgap na semiconductor suna haifar da nau'ikan electron-ramuwa a cikin haɗin tushe-mai tattara. Waɗannan masu ɗaukar hoto suna daidai da igiyar tushe. Saboda haɓakar wutar lantarki na transistor (beta ko h_FE), ana ninka wannan ƙaramin photocurrent, yana haifar da mafi girman igiyar mai tattara. Ainihin na'urar tana haɗa gano haske na photodiode tare da ribar wutar lantarki na transistor a cikin kunshin guda ɗaya. Ruwan tabarau da aka haɗa yana aiki don mayar da hankali ga ƙarin haske a kan yankin semiconductor mai aiki, yana ƙara "igiyar tushe" mai aiki don haka siginar fitarwa.

11. Trends na Fasaha

Gabaɗayan yanayin a cikin abubuwan gani da wutar lantarki kamar phototransistors yana zuwa ga ƙanƙanta, mafi girman haɗin kai, da ingantaccen aiki. Wannan ya haɗa da haɓakar kunshin-mount na saman tare da ƙananan sawun ƙafa da ƙananan bayanan martaba don biyan buƙatun zamani, ƙirar PCB mai yawa. Hakanan akwai motsi zuwa ga na'urori tare da ingantaccen bayyana da mafi daidaitattun ma'auni na aiki, yana rage buƙatar daidaitawa a cikin aikace-aikacen ƙarshe. A wasu aikace-aikace masu ci gaba, ana haɗa phototransistors tare da haɓakawa akan-chip da da'irar daidaita siginar don ƙirƙirar mafi cikakkiyar mafita na "firikwensin-a-cikin-kunshin", ko da yake abubuwa masu ban sha'awa kamar LTR-3208 sun kasance masu dacewa sosai don sauƙinsu, aminci, da ingancin farashi a cikin ɗimbin ayyukan gano na yau da kullun.