Takardar Bayani na Fasaha na LTR-4206E Phototransistor - Kunshin T-1 - Ƙarfin Lantarki na Collector-Emitter 30V - Ruwan Tabarau Baƙi - Takardun Fasaha na Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

Jerin LTR-4206E phototransistor ne da aka sanya a cikin daidaitaccen kunshin T-1 (3mm). Wannan ɓangaren an ƙera shi musamman don aikace-aikacen gano infrared. Babban sifarsa shi ne wani rini mai duhu na musamman da aka haɗa a cikin ruwan tabarau, wanda ke toshe hasken da ake gani na yanayi yadda ya kamata. Wannan ƙirar ta sa ya zama abokin aiki mafi kyau don haɗawa da masu fitar da infrared a cikin tsarin na'urorin gani da haske daban-daban, yana haɓaka ingancin siginar ta hanyar rage tsangwama daga hasken muhalli.

1.1 Muhimman Siffofi da Fa'idodi

Na'urar tana ba da fa'idodi da yawa ga masu ƙira. Samfurin ba shi da gubar kuma ya bi ka'idojin muhalli na RoHS. Yana nuna babban hankali na haske a cikin bakan infrared. Aikin tace hasken rana da aka haɗa, wanda aka samu ta hanyar kayan ruwan tabarau baƙi, yana da mahimmanci don aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin yanayin haske daban-daban. Babban fa'idarsa ta ta'allaka ne da ikonsa na samar da ingantaccen gano siginar infrared yayin da yake ƙi ƙarar hasken da ake gani da ba'a so.

1.2 Aikace-aikace da Kasuwa da Ake Nufa

An ƙera LTR-4206E don kewayon aikace-aikacen gano matsayi da katsewa. Manyan aikace-aikacen sun haɗa da na'urori masu gano matsayi, masu katsewar gani (masu sauya gani masu tsaga), na'urori masu ɓoyewa don gano motsi na juyawa ko layi, da kuma masu sauya gani na gabaɗaya. Waɗannan aikace-aikacen sun zama ruwan dare a cikin kayan aikin sarrafa ofis, sarrafa masana'antu, na'urorin lantarki na masu amfani, da na'urorin tsaro inda ake buƙatar gano abu ba tare da taɓawa ba.

2. Ma'auni na Fasaha: Cikakken Fassarar Maƙasudi

Wannan sashe yana ba da cikakken bincike na ma'auni na lantarki da na gani da aka ƙayyade a cikin takardar bayanai, yana bayyana mahimmancinsu ga ƙirar da'ira.

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Ƙimar

Matsakaicin ƙimar ƙimar ƙarfi yana bayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su za a iya haifar da lalacewa na dindindin ga na'urar. Matsakaicin ɓarnawar wutar lantarki shine 100 mW, wanda ke ƙayyade iyakokin ƙirar zafin jiki. Ƙarfin lantarki na Collector-Emitter (Vce) zai iya jurewa har zuwa 30V, yayin da jujjuyawar ƙarfin lantarki na Emitter-Collector (Vec) yana da iyaka zuwa 5V, yana nuna rashin daidaituwar phototransistor da kuma mahimmancin daidaitaccen polarity. Kewayon zafin aiki daga -40°C zuwa +85°C ne, wanda ya dace da yanayin masana'antu da na masu amfani. An ƙayyade zafin gyaɗa na jagora a matsayin 260°C na matsakaicin dakika 5 a wani wuri mai nisan 1.6mm daga jikin, yana ba da cikakkun jagorori don hanyoyin haɗawa.

2.2 Halayen Lantarki da na Gani

An ayyana halaye a daidaitaccen zafin yanayi (Ta) na 25°C. Muhimman ma'auni sun haɗa da Halin yanzu na Duhu na Collector (I_CEO), tare da matsakaicin 100 nA a Vce=10V ba tare da haske ba. Wannan ƙaramin halin yanzu na duhu yana da mahimmanci don samun ingantaccen ma'auni na siginar zuwa ƙara. Halin yanzu na Collector a cikin Yanayin Kunna (I_CON) ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci da aka auna a Vce=5V tare da haske (Ee) na 1 mW/cm² daga tushen 940nm. Wannan halin yanzu ya bambanta sosai a cikin nau'ikan \"Bin\" daban-daban, wanda shine babban ɓangaren tsarin rarraba na'urar. Lokutan Tashi da Faɗuwa (t_r, t_f) yawanci kowannensu 10 µs ne a ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun yanayin gwaji (Vcc=5V, Ic=1mA, R_L=1kΩ), yana ayyana saurin sauyawa na na'urar. Kusan Rabin Hankali (θ½) shine ±20 digiri, yana bayyana bayanin karɓar kusurwa. Amsar bakan ta kai kololuwa a tsayin raƙuman ruwa (λ_{S MAX}) na 900 nm kuma yana da faɗin bakan (λ) daga 800 nm zuwa 1100 nm, yana tabbatar da ingantaccen sa don yankin kusa da infrared.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

LTR-4206E yana amfani da tsarin rarraba (binning) da farko don Halin yanzu na Collector a cikin Yanayin Kunna (I_CON). Wannan tsarin yana rarraba na'urori bisa ga ƙimar hankalinsu da aka auna a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun yanayin gwaji. Takardar bayanai ta jera kwandon da aka yiwa lakabi B zuwa F. Misali, na'urorin Bin B suna da kewayon I_CONna 0.4 mA (ƙarami) zuwa 1.2 mA (matsakaici), yayin da na'urorin Bin F suna kewayon daga 6.4 mA (ƙarami) zuwa sama. Wannan rarrabuwar yana ba masana'antun da masu ƙira damar zaɓar abubuwan da ke da daidaitaccen matakin aiki don takamaiman buƙatun aikace-aikacensu, yana tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na da'ira da kuma halin da ake iya hasashen. Dole ne masu ƙira su tuntubi takamaiman lambar kwandon lokacin zaɓa ko ƙayyade ɓangaren don samarwa.

4. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Aiki

Takardar bayanai ta haɗa da lanƙwasa halaye na yau da kullun waɗanda ke ba da haske game da halayen na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ba na daidaitaccen tsari ba.

4.1 Halin yanzu na Duhu na Collector daidai da Zafin Yanayi

Hoto na 1 yana nuna cewa Halin yanzu na Duhu na Collector (I_CEO) yana ƙaruwa da yawa tare da hawan zafin yanayi. Wannan shine ainihin halayyar semiconductor. Dole ne masu ƙira su yi la'akari da wannan ƙarin halin yanzu na ɓarna a cikin aikace-aikacen da ke da zafi sosai, saboda zai iya shafar matakin siginar \"kashe\" da ƙarar ƙasa.

4.2 Dangantakar Halin yanzu na Collector da Haske

Hoto na 4 yana kwatanta alaƙar da ke tsakanin halin yanzu na collector na fitarwa da hasken infrared da ke faruwa. Lanƙwasa gabaɗaya layi ne a kan babban kewayon, wanda ake so don aikace-aikacen gani na analog. Fahimtar wannan aikin canja wuri shine mabuɗin don daidaita firikwensin don takamaiman ma'aunin ƙarfin haske.

4.3 Dangantakar Hankalin Haske da Tsawon Raƙuman Ruwa

Hoto na 5 yana nuna lanƙwasa hankalin bakan. Ya nuna a fili kololuwar hankali a kusa da 900 nm da kuma ƙayyadaddun faɗuwa a duka raƙuman ruwa gajeru (da ake gani) da dogaye (infrared). Kayan ruwan tabarau baƙi suna ba da gudummawa ga rage amsa a cikin bakan da ake gani, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin lanƙwasa. Wannan jadawali yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da dacewa tsakanin mai gano da tsawon raƙuman ruwa na zaɓaɓɓen mai fitar da infrared (yawanci 850nm, 880nm, ko 940nm).

4.4 Halayen Matsugunin Kusurwa

Hoto na 6 yana nuna hankalin dangi a matsayin aiki na matsuguni na kusurwa daga axis na gani. Tsarin hankali yana kusan kamar cosine, tare da maki rabin hankali a ±20 digiri. Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci ga daidaitawar injiniya a cikin ƙira kamar masu katsewar gani masu tsaga ko na'urori masu nunin fuska, yana ayyana jurewa don rashin daidaituwa.

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshi

5.1 Girman Bayyanawa

Na'urar tana amfani da daidaitaccen kunshin T-1 (diamita 3mm). Muhimman girma sun haɗa da diamita na jiki, tazarar jagora, da tsayin gabaɗaya. Ana auna tazarar jagora a inda jagororin suka fito daga kunshin. Wani bayanin ya ƙayyade cewa matsakaicin tsinkaya na guduro a ƙarƙashin flange shine 1.5mm, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga shimfidar PCB da sharewa.

5.2 Shafin Gyaɗa da Shawarar Ganewa da Polarity

Hoto na 7 yana ba da shawarar shafin gyaɗa don ƙirar PCB. Shimfidar shafin ba ta da daidaituwa, tare da ƙayyade shafin ɗaya don cathode ɗaya kuma ɗayan don anode. Ana gano cathode yawanci ta hanyar dogon jagora ko wuri mai lebur a jikin kunshin. Bin wannan shafin yana tabbatar da ingantaccen gyaɗa da kwanciyar hankali na injiniya. An ƙayyade yankin tagulla da shawarar da aka ba da shawarar don cimma haɗin gyaɗa mai dogaro.

6. Jagororin Gyaɗa da Haɗawa

Daidaitaccen sarrafawa yana da mahimmanci ga dogaro. Yakamata a ƙirƙiri jagororin a wani wuri aƙalla 3mm daga gindin ruwan tabarau, kuma kada a yi amfani da gindin azaman fulcrum. Dole ne a yi ƙirƙira kafin gyaɗa a daidaitaccen zafin jiki. A lokacin haɗawar PCB, yakamata a yi amfani da ƙaramin ƙarfin kama. Don gyaɗa, dole ne a guji tsoma ruwan tabarau cikin gyaɗa, kuma kada a yi amfani da damuwa na waje ga jagororin yayin da na'urar ke da zafi. Yakamata a bi shawarar ƙirar shafin gyaɗa (duba sashe na 5.2). Don tsaftacewa, ana ba da shawarar kawai magungunan da ke da barasa kamar isopropyl alcohol.

7. Gargaɗin Ajiya da Sarrafawa

Yakamata a adana na'urori a cikin yanayi wanda bai wuce 30°C da 70% zafi ba. Idan an cire su daga ainihin kunshinsu na hana danshi, yakamata a yi amfani da su cikin watanni uku. Don ajiya mai tsawo a waje da ainihin kunshin, ana ba da shawarar akwati mai rufi tare da abin bushewa ko yanayin nitrogen. Babban abin damuwa na sarrafawa shine Fitowar Wutar Lantarki (ESD). Na'urar tana da hankali ga ESD. An ba da cikakkiyar saitin matakan rigakafin ESD, gami da amfani da igiyoyin wuyan hannu masu ƙasa, tashoshin aiki masu hana tashin hankali, masu ƙwayoyin ion, da ingantattun kwantena masu kariya yayin ajiya da sufuri. An haɗa cikakken lissafin bincike don duba sarrafawar ESD a cikin takardar bayanai, wanda ya haɗa da ƙasa da ma'aikata, saitin tashar aiki, da hanyoyin sarrafa na'ura.

8. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace da Abubuwan Ƙira

8.1 Da'irorin Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun

Ana amfani da phototransistor yawanci a cikin tsarin mai fitarwa na gama-gari. Ana haɗa resistor na kaya (R_L) tsakanin collector da wadataccen wadata (Vcc). An haɗa mai fitarwa zuwa ƙasa. Ana ɗaukar siginar fitarwa daga kumburin collector. Ƙimar R_Lta shafi duka motsin ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa da saurin sauyawa (kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3). Ƙananan R_Lyana ba da amsa mai sauri amma ƙaramin canjin ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa don takamaiman halin yanzu na haske. Dole ne masu ƙira su daidaita sauri da riba bisa ga takamaiman bukatunsu.

8.2 Haɗawa da Mai Fitar da Infrared

Don mafi kyawun aiki, yakamata a haɗa LTR-4206E tare da LED na infrared wanda kololuwar tsayin raƙuman fitarwarsa ya faɗo cikin kewayon hankali na mai gano (800-1100 nm, yana kololuwa a 900 nm). Zaɓuɓɓuka na gama gari sune masu fitarwa 850nm, 880nm, ko 940nm. Halin yanzu na tuƙi don mai fitarwa da daidaitawa tsakanin mai fitarwa da mai gano sune mahimman abubuwan da ke ƙayyade nisan gano tsarin da amincinsa.

8.3 Rage Tsangwamar Hasken Yanayi

Duk da yake ruwan tabarau baƙi yana ba da babban ƙin yarda da hasken da ake gani, ba cikakke ba ne. Don aikace-aikace a cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi ko canzawa na hasken yanayi (misali, hasken rana, fitilun fluorescent), ƙarin matakan na iya zama dole. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da kariyar gani (shinge), daidaita siginar mai fitar da infrared da kuma amfani da gano aiki tare a cikin da'irar mai karɓa, ko amfani da tacewa na lantarki don ƙin siginar a mitar babban wutar lantarki (50/60 Hz) na hasken wucin gadi.

9. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Bisa Ma'auni na Fasaha)

Q: Menene manufar ruwan tabarau baƙi?

A: Ruwan tabarau baƙi yana ɗauke da rini wanda ke aiki azaman tace hasken da ake gani. Yana rage hasken yanayi a cikin bakan da ake gani, yana barin phototransistor ya mayar da martani da farko ga hasken infrared, don haka yana inganta ma'auni na siginar zuwa ƙara a cikin yanayi tare da hasken bango.

Q: Ta yaya zan zaɓi daidaitaccen Bin don aikace-aikacena?

A: Zaɓin Bin ya dogara da hankalin da ake buƙata. Idan da'irarka tana buƙatar mafi girman halin yanzu na fitarwa don takamaiman matakin hasken infrared (misali, don nisan gano mai tsawo ko tare da masu fitarwa masu rauni), zaɓi mafi girman Bin (misali, D, E, F). Don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar daidaito a cikin raka'a da yawa, ƙayyade ƙuntataccen kewayon Bin. Tuntubi teburin I_CONa sashe na 2.2.

Q: Zan iya amfani da wannan don gano hasken da ake gani?

A: A'a. Amsar bakan na'urar da ruwan tabarau baƙi an ƙera su musamman don toshe hasken da ake gani. Hankalinsa ya yi ƙanƙanta a cikin kewayon da ake gani. Don gano hasken da ake gani, yakamata a zaɓi phototransistor tare da ruwan tabarau mai tsabta ko watsawa da kuma amsar bakan daban.

Q: Menene mahimmancin lokacin tashi/faɗuwa na 10 µs?

A: Wannan yana ƙayyade saurin sauyawa na na'urar. Ana iya amfani da shi a cikin aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar mitar daidaitawa har zuwa kusan dubunnan kilohertz. Don sadarwa mai sauri sosai (kewayon MHz), photodiode ko phototransistor mai sauri zai fi dacewa.

10. Ka'idar Aiki

Phototransistor transistor ne na haɗin gwiwa biyu inda yankin tushe ya fallasa ga haske. Photons masu faruwa tare da isasshen ƙarfi (wanda ya dace da tsayin raƙuman infrared a wannan yanayin) suna haifar da nau'ikan electron-ramuwa a cikin haɗin gwiwar tushe-collector. Waɗannan masu ɗaukar hoto suna aiki azaman halin yanzu na tushe, wanda aka ƙara haɓaka shi ta hanyar ribar halin yanzu na transistor (beta, β). Wannan yana haifar da halin yanzu na collector wanda ya fi girma fiye da ainihin halin yanzu na hoto. LTR-4206E yana aiki a cikin yanayin photoconductive, inda Vce bias da aka yi amfani da shi yana share masu ɗaukar hoto a kan haɗin gwiwa, yana ba da gudummawa ga hankalinsa da sauri.