Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1. Bayanin Samfur
- 2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Sigogi na Fasaha
- 2.1 Halayen Haske da Na Gani
- 2.2 Sigogi na Lantarki da Zafi
- 3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)
- 3.1 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske
- 3.2 Rarraba Tsawon Tsinkaya (Dominant Wavelength)
- 3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki Gaba (Forward Voltage)
- 4. Binciken Lanƙwasa Ayyuka
- 4.1 Lanƙwasa IV da Ƙarfin Haske Dangane
- 4.2 Dogaro da Zafin Jiki
- 4.3 Rarraba Tsinkaya (Spectral Distribution) da Rage Ƙarfi (Derating)
- 5. Bayanin Injiniya, Kunshawa, da Haɗawa
- 5.1 Girman Injiniya da Polarity
- 5.2 Ƙirar Gindin Solder da Bayanin Yanayin Reflow
- 5.3 Kunshawa da Matakan Kula da Hannu
- 6. Jagororin Aikace-aikace da Abubuwan Ƙira
- 6.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Yau da Kullun
- 6.2 Muhimman Abubuwan Ƙira
- 7. Bayanin Oda da Fassara Lambar Sashe
- 8. Kwatanta Fasaha da Bambance-bambance
- 9. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (FAQ)
- 10. Nazarin Ƙira da Amfani
- 11. Gabatarwa da Ka'idar Aiki
- 12. Trends da Ci gaban Fasaha
1. Bayanin Samfur
Wannan takarda ta yi cikakken bayani game da ƙayyadaddun bayanai na babban aiki, LED ja mai hawa a saman (surface-mount) wanda aka kunsa a cikin kunshin PLCC-2 (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier). An ƙera na'urar da farko don yanayin da ake buƙata na lantarki na mota, tana ba da haɗin babban fitar haske, faɗin kusurwar kallo, da ƙwararrun takaddun amincin ƙarfi.
Babban fa'idodin wannan sashi sun haɗa da cancantar sa zuwa ma'aunin AEC-Q102 don na'urorin haske masu keɓewa, wanda ke tabbatar da dacewarsa don aikace-aikacen mota. Yana da ƙarfin sulfur wanda aka rarraba a matsayin A1, yana mai sa shi ya jure yanayin lalata. Bugu da ƙari, samfurin ya bi ka'idojin RoHS, REACH, da ka'idojin marasa halogen, yana daidaitawa da ka'idojin muhalli da aminci na duniya. Kasuwowar sa na farko sune tsarin hasken ciki da waje na mota, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga gungun dashboard, fitilun nuni, da ayyukan haske daban-daban a cikin motar.
2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Sigogi na Fasaha
2.1 Halayen Haske da Na Gani
Babban aikin haske na LED an ayyana shi a ƙarƙashin yanayin yau da kullun na ƙarfin lantarki gaba (IF) na 20mA. Ƙarfin haske na yau da kullun (IV) shine 1400 millicandelas (mcd), tare da ƙayyadaddun kewayon daga mafi ƙanƙanta na 900 mcd zuwa matsakaicin 2240 mcd dangane da zaɓin rarrabuwa (binning). Ana samun wannan babban haske yayin da ake kiyaye faɗin kusurwar kallo (φ) na digiri 120, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin kusurwar da ba ta kan axis ba inda ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabin ƙimar kololuwar sa. Tsawon tsinkaya mai rinjaye (λd) yana cikin bakan ja, yana kewayo daga 612 nm zuwa 627 nm, wanda ke ƙayyade launin hasken da ake fitarwa.
2.2 Sigogi na Lantarki da Zafi
Halayen lantarki suna tsakiya a kusa da ƙarfin lantarki gaba na yau da kullun (VF) na 2.00 volts a 20mA, tare da iyakokin da aka halatta tsakanin 1.75V da 2.75V. Matsakaicin ƙimar ƙididdiga suna ayyana iyakokin aiki: matsakaicin ci gaba na ƙarfin lantarki gaba (IF) na 50 mA, matsakaicin raguwar ƙarfi (Pd) na 137 mW, da ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi (IFM) na 100 mA don bugun jini ≤ 10 µs. Ba a ƙera na'urar don aikin bias na baya ba.
Gudanar da zafi yana da mahimmanci ga aikin LED da tsawon rai. Ana ƙayyade juriyar zafi daga haɗin gwiwa zuwa wurin solder ta hanyoyi biyu: ma'auni na ainihi (Rth JS real) tare da ƙimar yau da kullun na 120 K/W (matsakaici 160 K/W) da ma'aunin lantarki (Rth JS el) tare da ƙimar yau da kullun na 100 K/W (matsakaici 120 K/W). Matsakaicin zafin haɗin gwiwa da aka halatta (TJ) shine 125°C, tare da kewayon zafin aiki (Topr) daga -40°C zuwa +110°C.
3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)
Don tabbatar da daidaito a cikin ƙirar aikace-aikace, ana rarraba LEDs zuwa kwandon aiki bisa mahimman sigogi. Wannan yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar abubuwan da suka dace da takamaiman buƙatun tolerance don da'irar su.
3.1 Rarraba Ƙarfin Haske
Ƙarfin haske an rarraba shi zuwa manyan kwandon aiki huɗu: V2 (900-1120 mcd), AA (1120-1400 mcd), AB (1400-1800 mcd), da BA (1800-2240 mcd). Hakanan ana ba da kewayon ƙarfin haske mai dacewa don tunani, wanda aka auna tare da tolerance na ±8%.
3.2 Rarraba Tsawon Tsinkaya (Dominant Wavelength)
Tsawon tsinkaya mai rinjaye, wanda ke ayyana wurin launi, ana rarraba shi cikin matakai na 3-nanometer. Ana yiwa kwandon aiki lakabi 1215 (612-615 nm), 1518 (615-618 nm), 1821 (618-621 nm), 2124 (621-624 nm), da 2427 (624-627 nm), tare da ma'aunin tolerance na ±1 nm.
3.3 Rarraba Ƙarfin Lantarki Gaba (Forward Voltage)
An rarraba ƙarfin lantarki gaba zuwa kwandon aiki huɗu don taimakawa wajen ƙirar direba da daidaita ƙarfin lantarki a cikin jerin LED masu yawa: 1720 (1.75-2.00V), 2022 (2.00-2.25V), 2225 (2.25-2.50V), da 2527 (2.50-2.75V). Ma'aunin tolerance shine ±0.05V.
4. Binciken Lanƙwasa Ayyuka
Takardar bayanai tana ba da jadawali da yawa masu mahimmanci don fahimtar halayen LED a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki daban-daban.
4.1 Lanƙwasa IV da Ƙarfin Haske Dangane
Jadawalin Ƙarfin Lantarki Gaba da Ƙarfin Lantarki Gaba yana nuna alaƙar exponential na yau da kullun na diodes. Lanƙwasa Ƙarfin Haske Dangane da Ƙarfin Lantarki Gaba yana nuna cewa fitar haske yana ƙaruwa da ƙarfi tare da ƙarfin lantarki kafin yuwuwar cikawa, yana mai da hankali kan mahimmanci na direba mai ƙarfin lantarki akai-akai.
4.2 Dogaro da Zafin Jiki
Mahimman jadawali suna nuna hankalin LED ga zafin jiki. Lanƙwasa Ƙarfin Haske Dangane da Zafin Haɗin gwiwa yana nuna raguwar fitar haske yayin da zafin jiki ya ƙaru. Akasin haka, jadawalin Ƙarfin Lantarki Gaba Dangane da Zafin Haɗin gwiwa yana nuna ƙimar zafin jiki mara kyau, inda VFya ragu da layi tare da hawan zafin jiki. Wannan dukiya na iya amfani da ita wani lokaci don jin zafin jiki. Jadawalin Canjin Tsawon Tsinkaya Mai Rinjaye da Zafin Haɗin gwiwa yana nuna canzawa zuwa tsayin tsinkaya mafi tsayi (ja canzawa) yayin da zafin jiki ya ƙaru.
4.3 Rarraba Tsinkaya (Spectral Distribution) da Rage Ƙarfi (Derating)
Jadawalin Rarraba Tsinkaya Dangane yana tabbatar da fitarwar ja mai launi ɗaya tare da kololuwa a yankin ~625 nm. Lanƙwasa Rage Ƙarfin Lantarki Gaba yana da mahimmanci don ƙirar zafi, yana nuna matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba da aka halatta a matsayin aikin zafin gindin solder. Misali, a matsakaicin zafin gindin solder na 110°C, dole ne a rage ƙarfin lantarki gaba zuwa 34 mA. 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. Mechanical, Packaging, and Assembly Information
.1 Mechanical Dimensions and Polarity
The component uses a standard PLCC-2 surface-mount package. The specific mechanical drawing (implied by section reference) would detail the length, width, height, and lead spacing. The part number includes an "R" indicating reverse polarity configuration; the cathode is typically indicated by a notch or a marked corner on the package. Designers must consult the detailed dimension drawing for exact measurements and footprint.
.2 Soldering Pad Design and Reflow Profile
A recommended soldering pad layout is provided to ensure proper solder joint formation, thermal relief, and mechanical stability. The reflow soldering profile is specified with a peak temperature of 260°C for 30 seconds, which is consistent with standard lead-free (Pb-free) soldering processes. Adherence to this profile is necessary to prevent thermal damage to the LED package or the die attach.
.3 Packaging and Handling Precautions
The device has a Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) of 2. This means the component can be stored for up to one year at ≤ 30°C / 60% relative humidity before requiring baking prior to reflow soldering. Standard ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) precautions must be observed, as the device is rated for 2 kV Human Body Model (HBM). Packaging information details the reel and tape specifications for automated assembly.
. Application Guidelines and Design Considerations
.1 Typical Application Scenarios
This LED is explicitly designed for automotive applications:
Interior Lighting:Dashboard backlighting, switch illumination, ambient lighting, and infotainment system indicators.
Exterior Lighting:Center High-Mount Stop Lights (CHMSL), side marker lights, and other signal functions where high brightness and wide angle are beneficial.
Clusters:Warning lights, tell-tale indicators, and gauge illumination.
.2 Critical Design Considerations
- Current Drive:Always use a constant-current driver or a current-limiting resistor. The typical operating point is 20mA, but the design must ensure the current never exceeds the absolute maximum of 50mA under any condition, considering derating for temperature.
- Thermal Management:The thermal resistance path is through the solder pads. Ensure the PCB has adequate copper pour or thermal vias to dissipate heat, especially when operating at high ambient temperatures or currents.
- ESD Protection:Implement standard ESD control measures during handling and assembly. While rated for 2kV HBM, additional protection on the PCB may be necessary if the LED is exposed to user-accessible interfaces.
- Optical Design:The 120-degree viewing angle provides a very wide beam. For applications requiring a more focused beam, secondary optics (lenses) will be required.
. Ordering Information and Part Number Decoding
The part number follows a specific structure:-21R-UR0201H-AM.
-21:Product family.
R:Reverse polarity.
UR:Color code (Red).
:Test current (20 mA).
:Lead frame type.
H:Brightness level (High). Other levels include M (Medium) and L (Low).
AM:Designates automotive application grade.
When ordering, specific bin codes for luminous intensity, wavelength, and forward voltage may need to be specified to obtain the desired performance characteristics.
. Technical Comparison and Differentiation
Compared to standard commercial-grade PLCC-2 LEDs, this device's key differentiators are its automotive qualifications. The AEC-Q102 certification involves rigorous stress testing for temperature cycling, humidity, high-temperature operating life, and other conditions specific to automotive environments. The sulfur robustness (Class A1) is another critical feature for automotive use, where exposure to sulfur-containing gases from tires, fuels, or atmospheric pollution can corrode silver-plated components and lead to failure. The wide operating temperature range (-40°C to +110°C) also exceeds typical commercial specifications.
. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q: What is the minimum forward current for this LED?
A: The datasheet specifies a minimum forward current of 5 mA. Operation below this current is not recommended in the derating graph.
Q: Can I drive this LED with a 3.3V supply without a resistor?
A: No. With a typical VFof 2.0V, connecting it directly to 3.3V would cause excessive current flow, likely exceeding the maximum rating and destroying the LED. A series current-limiting resistor or constant-current driver is always required.
Q: How does the luminous intensity change with temperature?
A: As shown in the performance graphs, luminous intensity decreases as junction temperature increases. At the maximum junction temperature of 125°C, the relative luminous intensity is significantly lower than at 25°C. Thermal design is crucial to maintain brightness.
Q: What does "MSL: 2" mean for my production process?
A: MSL 2 means the components are packaged in a moisture-barrier bag with a humidity indicator card. Once the bag is opened, the components must be soldered within 1 year if stored at ≤ 30°C/60% RH. If exposed to higher humidity or exceeded the floor life, baking is required before reflow to prevent "popcorning" damage during soldering.
. Design and Usage Case Study
Scenario: Designing a High-Reliability Dashboard Warning Indicator.
A designer needs a red "Engine Check" warning light that is clearly visible from a wide range of driver positions, operates reliably over the vehicle's 15-year lifespan, and functions in extreme climates.
Component Selection:This AEC-Q102 qualified LED is chosen for its reliability, wide 120° viewing angle ensuring visibility, and robust construction.
Circuit Design:The LED is driven by the vehicle's 12V system via a constant-current driver IC set to 20mA. The driver provides protection against load dump transients and reverse polarity events common in automotive electrical systems.
Thermal Design:The PCB is designed with a thermal pad connected to a large copper plane to dissipate heat, keeping the solder pad temperature well below 110°C even in a hot cabin environment.
Optical Design:A simple diffuser lens is placed over the LED to soften the light point and integrate it aesthetically into the cluster panel.
This approach leverages the LED's key specifications to create a durable, high-performance solution meeting automotive standards.
. Operating Principle Introduction
This device is a Light Emitting Diode (LED), a semiconductor p-n junction diode. When a forward voltage exceeding the diode's threshold is applied, electrons from the n-type region recombine with holes from the p-type region within the active layer. This recombination process releases energy in the form of photons (light). The specific material composition of the semiconductor (typically based on Aluminum Gallium Indium Phosphide - AlGaInP for red LEDs) determines the wavelength, and thus the color, of the emitted light. The PLCC-2 package houses the semiconductor die, provides electrical connections via lead frames, and includes a molded epoxy lens that shapes the light output and protects the die.
. Technology Trends and Developments
The trend in automotive LED lighting continues towards higher efficiency (more lumens per watt), increased power density, and greater integration. While this component is a discrete device, there is a growing use of multi-die packages and LED modules that integrate driver electronics and optics. Furthermore, advancements in phosphor technology and direct-emitting semiconductors are expanding color gamuts and improving color rendering for interior ambient lighting. The demand for enhanced reliability, longer lifetimes, and performance under higher temperature hoods (for exterior applications) continues to drive material science and packaging innovation in automotive-grade LEDs.
Kalmomin Ƙayyadaddun LED
Cikakken bayanin kalmomin fasaha na LED
Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki
| Kalma | Naúrar/Wakilci | Bayanin Sauri | Me yasa yake da muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ingancin Hasken Wuta | lm/W (lumen kowace watt) | Fitowar haske kowace watt na wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin mafi ingancin kuzari. | Kai tsaye yana ƙayyade matakin ingancin kuzari da farashin wutar lantarki. |
| Gudun Hasken Wuta | lm (lumen) | Jimillar hasken da tushe ke fitarwa, ana kiransa "haske". | Yana ƙayyade ko hasken yana da haske sosai. |
| Kusurwar Dubawa | ° (digiri), misali 120° | Kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabi, yana ƙayyade faɗin haske. | Yana shafar kewar haskakawa da daidaito. |
| Zafin Launi (CCT) | K (Kelvin), misali 2700K/6500K | Zafi/sanyin haske, ƙananan ƙimomi rawaya/zafi, mafi girma fari/sanyi. | Yana ƙayyade yanayin haskakawa da yanayin da suka dace. |
| CI / Ra | Ba naúrar, 0–100 | Ikon ba da launukan abubuwa daidai, Ra≥80 yana da kyau. | Yana shafar sahihancin launi, ana amfani dashi a wurare masu buƙatu kamar shaguna, gidajen tarihi. |
| SDCM | Matakan ellipse MacAdam, misali "5-mataki" | Ma'aunin daidaiton launi, ƙananan matakai suna nufin mafi daidaiton launi. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin LED iri ɗaya. |
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Raɗaɗin Hasken | nm (nanomita), misali 620nm (ja) | Tsawon raɗaɗin haske daidai da launin LED masu launi. | Yana ƙayyade launin ja, rawaya, kore LED masu launi ɗaya. |
| Rarraba Bakan Hasken | Layin tsawon raɗaɗi da ƙarfi | Yana nuna rarraba ƙarfi a cikin tsawon raɗaɗin haske. | Yana shafar ba da launi da ingancin launi. |
Ma'auni na Lantarki
| Kalma | Alamar | Bayanin Sauri | Abubuwan ƙira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | Vf | Mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki don kunna LED, kamar "maƙallan farawa". | Ƙarfin lantarki na injin dole ya zama ≥Vf, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙara don LED a jere. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | If | Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki don aikin LED na yau da kullun. | Yawanci tuƙi mai ƙarfi akai-akai, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙayyade haske da tsawon rai. |
| Matsakaicin Ƙarfin lantarki na bugun jini | Ifp | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai jurewa na ɗan lokaci, ana amfani dashi don duhu ko walƙiya. | Fadin bugun jini da sake zagayowar aiki dole ne a sarrafa su sosai don guje wa lalacewa. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na baya | Vr | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya da LED zai iya jurewa, wanda ya wuce zai iya haifar da rushewa. | Dangane dole ne ya hana haɗin baya ko ƙarfin lantarki. |
| Juriya na zafi | Rth (°C/W) | Juriya ga canja wurin zafi daga guntu zuwa solder, ƙasa yana da kyau. | Babban juriya na zafi yana buƙatar zubar da zafi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rigakafin ESD | V (HBM), misali 1000V | Ikon jurewa zubar da wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin ƙasa mai rauni. | Ana buƙatar matakan hana wutar lantarki a cikin samarwa, musamman ga LED masu hankali. |
Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa
| Kalma | Ma'aunin maɓalli | Bayanin Sauri | Tasiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zazzabin Haɗin gwiwa | Tj (°C) | Ainihin yanayin aiki a cikin guntun LED. | Kowane raguwa 10°C na iya ninka tsawon rai; yayi yawa yana haifar da lalacewar haske, canjin launi. |
| Ragewar Lumen | L70 / L80 (sa'o'i) | Lokacin da haske ya ragu zuwa 70% ko 80% na farko. | Kai tsaye yana ayyana "tsawon sabis" na LED. |
| Kula da Lumen | % (misali 70%) | Kashi na hasken da aka riƙe bayan lokaci. | Yana nuna riƙon haske akan amfani na dogon lokaci. |
| Canjin Launi | Δu′v′ ko ellipse MacAdam | Matsakaicin canjin launi yayin amfani. | Yana shafar daidaiton launi a cikin yanayin haskakawa. |
| Tsufa na Zafi | Lalacewar kayan aiki | Lalacewa saboda yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci. | Zai iya haifar da raguwar haske, canjin launi, ko gazawar buɗe kewaye. |
Tufafi & Kayan Aiki
| Kalma | Nau'ikan gama gari | Bayanin Sauri | Siffofi & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nau'in Kunshin | EMC, PPA, Yumbu | Kayan gida masu kare guntu, samar da hanyar sadarwa ta gani/zafi. | EMC: juriya mai kyau na zafi, farashi mai rahusa; Yumbu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, tsawon rai. |
| Tsarin Guntu | Gaba, Guntu Juyawa | Tsarin na'urorin lantarki na guntu. | Juyawar guntu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, inganci mafi girma, don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rufin Phosphor | YAG, Silicate, Nitride | Yana rufe guntu shuɗi, yana canza wasu zuwa rawaya/ja, yana haɗa su zuwa fari. | Phosphor daban-daban suna shafar inganci, CCT, da CRI. |
| Ruwan tabarau/Optics | Lefi, Microlens, TIR | Tsarin gani a saman yana sarrafa rarraba haske. | Yana ƙayyade kusurwar dubawa da layin rarraba haske. |
Kula da Inganci & Rarraba
| Kalma | Abun rarraba | Bayanin Sauri | Manufa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kwalin Gudun Hasken | Lambar misali 2G, 2H | An tattara su ta hanyar haske, kowace ƙungiya tana da ƙananan/matsakaicin ƙimar lumen. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin jeri ɗaya. |
| Kwalin Ƙarfin lantarki | Lambar misali 6W, 6X | An tattara su ta hanyar kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. | Yana sauƙaƙe daidaitawar tuƙi, yana inganta ingancin tsarin. |
| Kwalin Launi | Ellipse MacAdam 5-mataki | An tattara su ta hanyar daidaitattun launi, yana tabbatar da ƙuntataccen kewayon. | Yana ba da garantin daidaiton launi, yana guje wa launi mara daidaituwa a cikin kayan aikin. |
| Kwalin CCT | 2700K, 3000K da sauransu | An tattara su ta hanyar CCT, kowanne yana da madaidaicin kewayon daidaitawa. | Yana cika buƙatun CCT na yanayi daban-daban. |
Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida
| Kalma | Matsakaicin/Gwaji | Bayanin Sauri | Muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| LM-80 | Gwajin kula da lumen | Haskakawa na dogon lokaci a yanayin zafi akai-akai, yana rikodin lalacewar haske. | Ana amfani dashi don kimanta rayuwar LED (tare da TM-21). |
| TM-21 | Matsakaicin kimanta rayuwa | Yana kimanta rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na ainihi bisa bayanan LM-80. | Yana ba da hasashen kimiyya na rayuwa. |
| IESNA | Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Haskakawa | Yana rufe hanyoyin gwajin gani, lantarki, zafi. | Tushen gwaji da masana'antu suka amince. |
| RoHS / REACH | Tabbatarwar muhalli | Yana tabbatar da babu abubuwa masu cutarwa (darma, mercury). | Bukatar shiga kasuwa a duniya. |
| ENERGY STAR / DLC | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari da aiki don samfuran haskakawa. | Ana amfani dashi a cikin sayayyan gwamnati, shirye-shiryen tallafi, yana haɓaka gasa. |