Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1. Taƙaitaccen Samfurin
- 1.1 Bayani na Gabaɗaya
- 1.2 Abubuwan da suka dace
- 1.3 Amfani
- 2. Sigogin Fasaha
- 2.1 Halayen Lantarki da na Gani
- 2.2 Mafi Girman Ƙididdiga Cikakku
- 2.3 Tsarin Rarrabewa
- 3. Lanƙwan Aiki
- 3.1 Ƙarfin Gaba da Na'urar Gaba
- 3.2 Na'urar Gaba da Ƙarfin Haske Mai Alaka
- 3.3 Zafin Ƙafuffuki da Ƙarfin Haske Mai Alaka
- 3.4 Zafin Ƙafuffuki da Na'urar Gaba
- 3.5 Na'urar Gaba da Tsawon Rakauman Haske Mai Mamaye
- 3.6 Ƙarfin Haske Mai Alaka da Tsawon Rakauman Haske
- 3.7 Halayen Haskawa
- 4. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshe
- 4.1 Girman Kunshe
- 4.2 Girman Tef ɗin ɗaukar Kaya da Juzu'i
- 4.3 Lakabi da Alama
- 5. Tattarawa da Kariya daga Danshi
- 5.1 Tattarawa Mai Jure Danshi
- 5.2 Akwatin Kwali
- 6. Jagororin Soƙe
- 6.1 Bayanin Bayanan Soƙe Reflow
- 6.2 Soƙe da Hannu da Gyara
- 6.3 Gargadi
- 7. Sarrafa da Adanawa
- 7.1 Ƙwarewa ga ESD
- 7.2 Daidaitawar Sinadarai
- 7.3 Yanayin Adanawa
- 8. Gwajin Amincewa
- 8.1 Abubuwan Gwaji da Yanayinsu
- 8.2 Ma'aunin Gazawa
- 9. Bayanan Aikace-aikace da Abubuwan Zane
- 9.1 Zane na Da'ira
- 9.2 Sarrafa Zafi
- 10. Kwatanta da Abubuwan Kasuwa
- Kalmomin Ƙayyadaddun LED
- Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki
- Ma'auni na Lantarki
- Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa
- Tufafi & Kayan Aiki
- Kula da Inganci & Rarraba
- Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida
1. Taƙaitaccen Samfurin
1.1 Bayani na Gabaɗaya
Ana kera LED mai launi ta hanyar amfani da guntu shuɗi. Girman kunshe: 2.0mm x 1.25mm x 0.7mm. An tsara shi don fasahar haɗa ta saman (SMT) kuma yana ba da kusurwar gani mai faɗi. Wannan LED yana ba da haske shuɗi mai tsayayye tare da amintacce mai girma.
1.2 Abubuwan da suka dace
- Kusurwar gani mai faɗi matuƙa (140° na yau da kullum)
- Ya dace da duk hanyoyin haɗa SMT da soƙe
- Mataki na ƙwarewa ga danshi: Mataki 3 (MSL 3)
- Ya bi ka'idodin RoHS, ba shi da abubuwa masu haɗari
1.3 Amfani
- Nuni na gani
- Nuni na maɓalli da alama
- Amfani gabaɗaya a cikin na'urorin lantarki daban-daban
2. Sigogin Fasaha
2.1 Halayen Lantarki da na Gani
Ana yin duk aunawa a Ts=25°C, IF=20mA sai dai in an lura.
| Siga | Alama | Mafi ƙarami | Na yau da kullum | Mafi girma | Raka'a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faɗin Rabi na Bakan | Δλ | – | 15 | – | nm |
| Ƙarfin Gaba (G1) | VF | 2.8 | – | 2.9 | V |
| Ƙarfin Gaba (G2) | VF | 2.9 | – | 3.0 | V |
| Ƙarfin Gaba (H1) | VF | 3.0 | – | 3.1 | V |
| Ƙarfin Gaba (H2) | VF | 3.1 | – | 3.2 | V |
| Ƙarfin Gaba (I1) | VF | 3.2 | – | 3.3 | V |
| Ƙarfin Gaba (I2) | VF | 3.3 | – | 3.4 | V |
| Ƙarfin Gaba (J1) | VF | 3.4 | – | 3.5 | V |
| Tsawon Rakauman Haske Mai Mamaye (D10) | λD | 465.0 | – | 467.5 | nm |
| Tsawon Rakauman Haske Mai Mamaye (D20) | λD | 467.5 | – | 470.0 | nm |
| Tsawon Rakauman Haske Mai Mamaye (E10) | λD | 470.0 | – | 472.5 | nm |
| Tsawon Rakauman Haske Mai Mamaye (E20) | λD | 472.5 | – | 475.0 | nm |
| Ƙarfin Haske (1AP) | IV | 90 | – | 120 | mcd |
| Ƙarfin Haske (G20) | IV | 120 | – | 150 | mcd |
| Ƙarfin Haske (1AW) | IV | 150 | – | 200 | mcd |
| Kusurwar Gani (2θ1/2) | 2θ1/2 | – | 140 | – | deg |
| Na'urar Juyawa (VR=5V) | IR | – | – | 10 | μA |
| Juriyar Zafi | RTHJ-S | – | – | 450 | °C/W |
Lura: Rukunin ƙarfin lantarki G1–J1, rukunin tsawon raƙuman haske D10–E20, da rukunin ƙarfin haske 1AP–1AW suna akwai don zaɓi bisa ga buƙatun aikace-aikace. Haƙurin aunawa: VF ±0.1V, λD ±2nm, IV ±10%.
2.2 Mafi Girman Ƙididdiga Cikakku
| Siga | Alama | Daraja | Raka'a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tarwatsa Wutar | Pd | 70 | mW |
| Na'urar Gaba | IF | 20 | mA |
| Kololuwar Na'urar Gaba (1/10 aiki, 0.1ms bugun jini) | IFP | 60 | mA |
| Fitar da Tsawan Lantarki (HBM) | ESD | 1000 | V |
| Zafin Aiki | Topr | -40 ~ +85 | °C |
| Zafin Adanawa | Tstg | -40 ~ +85 | °C |
| Zafin Haɗuwa | Tj | 95 | °C |
Waɗannan ƙididdiga ba za a wuce su ba ko da na ɗan lokaci. Yin aiki fiye da mafi girman ƙididdiga cikakku na iya haifar da lahani na dindindin.
2.3 Tsarin Rarrabewa
Ana rarraba LED ta ƙarfin gaba, tsawon raƙuman haske mai mamaye, da ƙarfin haske. Rukunin ƙarfin lantarki suna daga 2.8V zuwa 3.5V a matakan 0.1V. Rukunin tsawon raƙuman haske sun rufe 465.0–475.0nm a cikin karuwar 2.5nm. Rukunin ƙarfin haske suna ba da matakai uku daga 90 zuwa 200mcd. Wannan rarrabewa yana tabbatar da daidaito kuma yana bawa abokin ciniki damar zaɓi ainihin aikin da ake bukata don ƙirarsu.
3. Lanƙwan Aiki
3.1 Ƙarfin Gaba da Na'urar Gaba
Halayen I-V yana nuna karuwa kusan madaidaici a na'urar gaba daga 0 zuwa 30mA yayin da ƙarfi ya tashi daga 0 zuwa kimanin 3.3V. A yawan madaidaicin wurin aiki na 20mA, ƙarfin gaba yana kusan 3.0–3.3V dangane da rukuni.
3.2 Na'urar Gaba da Ƙarfin Haske Mai Alaka
Ƙarfin haske mai alaka yana ƙaruwa tare da na'urar gaba, yana kusantar jikewa a manyan na'urori. A 20mA, ƙarfin haske mai alaka yana kusan 1.0 (an daidaita shi).
3.3 Zafin Ƙafuffuki da Ƙarfin Haske Mai Alaka
Yayin da zafin ƙafuffuki ya tashi daga 25°C zuwa 100°C, ƙarfin haske mai alaka yana raguwa da kusan 20–30%. Sarrafa zafi yana da mahimmanci don kula da fitar haske mai tsayayye.
3.4 Zafin Ƙafuffuki da Na'urar Gaba
Mafi girman na'urar gaba da aka yarda yana raguwa yayin da zafin ƙafuffuki ya tashi. A 85°C, ana rage na'urar da aka ba da shawarar don hana zafi fiye da kima.
3.5 Na'urar Gaba da Tsawon Rakauman Haske Mai Mamaye
Tsawon raƙuman haske mai mamaye yana canzawa kaɗan tare da na'urar gaba. A kan kewayon 0–30mA, canjin bai kai 2nm ba, yana nuna kwanciyar hankali mai kyau na tsawon raƙuman haske.
3.6 Ƙarfin Haske Mai Alaka da Tsawon Rakauman Haske
Rarraba bakan ya kai kololuwa a kusan 470nm tare da faɗin rabi na 15nm. Fitarwa tana cikin yankin shuɗi, wanda ya dace da guntuwar InGaN.
3.7 Halayen Haskawa
Tsarin haskawa yana kama da Lambertian, tare da kusurwar gani mai faɗi na 140° (cikakken faɗi a rabin matsakaici). Wannan yana sa LED ta dace da aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar haske mai faɗi.
4. Bayanin Injiniya da Kunshe
4.1 Girman Kunshe
Kunshen yana da 2.0mm x 1.25mm x 0.7mm (Tsawon x Faɗi x Tsawo). Kallon sama yana nuna jiki mai siffar rectangular tare da ɓangarorin kusurwa biyu. Kallon ƙasa yana nuna lantarki biyu: tan 1 (cathode) da tan 2 (anode). Tsarin soƙe da aka ba da shawarar ya haɗa da tan na zafi na tsakiya mai girman 1.4mm x 0.8mm. Duk girma suna da haƙuri na ±0.2mm sai dai in an lura.
4.2 Girman Tef ɗin ɗaukar Kaya da Juzu'i
Ana tattara LEDs a cikin tef ɗin ɗaukar kaya mai faɗi 8.0mm, tazara 4.0mm, da zurfin rami 1.42mm. Tef ɗin ya haɗa da alamar polarity. Girman juzu'i: nisa na waje 178±1mm, nisa na ciki 60±1mm, ramin igiya 13.0±0.5mm, faɗin tef 8.0±0.1mm. Kowane juzu'i yana ɗauke da raka'a 4000.
4.3 Lakabi da Alama
Lakabin da ke kan juzu'i ya haɗa da lambar sashi, lambar bayanai, lambar kaya, lambar rarraba (don ƙarfin haske, chromaticity, ƙarfin gaba, tsawon raƙuman haske), adadi, da lambar kwanan wata. Wannan yana tabbatar da cikakken gano hanya.
5. Tattarawa da Kariya daga Danshi
5.1 Tattarawa Mai Jure Danshi
Ana sanya kowane juzu'i a cikin jaka mai hana danshi tare da mai bushewa. An rufe jakar da injin hura iska kuma an lakanta shi. Yanayin adanawa kafin buɗewa: ≤30°C, ≤75% RH, rayuwar shiryayye shekara 1 daga ranar rufewa. Bayan buɗewa: ≤30°C, ≤60% RH, amfani a cikin sa'o'i 168. Idan ya wuce, ana buƙatar gasa a 60±5°C na tsawon sa'o'i ≥24.
5.2 Akwatin Kwali
Ana tattara juzu'i da yawa a cikin akwatin kwali mai ƙarfi don jigilar kaya. An lakanta akwatin da bayanin samfurin da umarnin sarrafa.
6. Jagororin Soƙe
6.1 Bayanin Bayanan Soƙe Reflow
Bayanan reflow da aka ba da shawara: ƙimar hawan ≤3°C/s daga 25°C zuwa preheat. Preheat daga 150°C zuwa 200°C na 60–120s. Lokaci sama da 217°C (TL): 60–150s. Kololuwar zafin (TP): 260°C, matsakaicin lokaci a kololuwa: 10s. Ƙimar sanyaya ≤6°C/s. Jimlar lokaci daga 25°C zuwa kololuwa: ≤8 mintuna. Bai kamata soƙe reflow ya wuce sau biyu ba, kuma tazara tsakanin reflows ya kamata ya kasance a cikin sa'o'i 24 don guje wa lalacewar danshi.
6.2 Soƙe da Hannu da Gyara
Idan soƙe da hannu ya zama dole, yi amfani da ƙarfen soƙe mai zafin ≤300°C kuma lokacin hulɗa ≤3 seconds. Soƙe da hannu ɗaya kawai aka yarda. Don gyara, ana ba da shawarar ƙarfen soƙe mai kai biyu; tabbatar da cewa gyaran bai shafi halayen LED ba.
6.3 Gargadi
Kada a ɗora LEDs akan PCB mai lanƙwasa. Bayan soƙe, guje wa lanƙwasa allo. Kada a yi amfani da ƙarfi ko girgiza yayin sanyaya. Ya kamata a guji sanyaya da sauri bayan soƙe.
7. Sarrafa da Adanawa
7.1 Ƙwarewa ga ESD
Wannan LED yana da ƙwarewa ga ESD (HBM 1000V). Dole ne a ɗauki matakan kariya na ESD da suka dace yayin sarrafawa, haɗawa, da adanawa. Yi amfani da wuraren aiki da aka ƙasa, madauri na hannu, da kwantena masu ɗaukar lantarki.
7.2 Daidaitawar Sinadarai
Bai kamata a fallasa LED ga yanayin da ke da abun ciki na sulfur wanda ya wuce 100ppm ba. Bromine da chlorine a cikin kayan da ke kewaye dole ne kowanne ya zama ≤900ppm, kuma jimlar su ≤1500ppm. VOCs na iya canza launin rufin silicone; guje wa manne da ke fitar da iskar organic. Don tsaftacewa, ana ba da shawarar barasa isopropyl. Tsaftacewa ultrasonic na iya lalata LED; guje masa.
7.3 Yanayin Adanawa
Ajiye a cikin jaka mai hana danshi ta asali har sai an yi amfani. Idan jaka ta lalace ko ta kare, gasa kafin amfani. Ana ba da shawarar gasa: 60±5°C na >24 sa'o'i.
8. Gwajin Amincewa
8.1 Abubuwan Gwaji da Yanayinsu
An gwada LED a karkashin:
- Soƙe Reflow (JESD22-B106): Mafi girma 260°C, 10s, sau 2, 22 pcs, 0/1 karɓa/ƙi.
- Zagayen Zafin (JESD22-A104): -40°C (30min) ↔ 100°C (30min), 5min canji, 100 zagaye.
- Girgizar Zafin (JESD22-A106): -40°C (15min) ↔ 100°C (15min), 300 zagaye.
- Adanawa Babban Zafin (JESD22-A103): 100°C, 1000 hrs.
- Adanawa Ƙananan Zafin (JESD22-A119): -40°C, 1000 hrs.
- Gwajin Rayuwa (JESD22-A108): Ta=25°C, IF=20mA, 1000 hrs.
Duk gwaje-gwaje sun wuce tare da 0 gazawa daga cikin samfuran 22.
8.2 Ma'aunin Gazawa
Bayan gwajin amincewa, ana ɗaukar na'urar ta gaza idan: VF > U.S.L × 1.1, IR > U.S.L × 2.0, ko haske Don tabbatar da aiki mai aminci, na'urar da ke cikin kowane LED kada ta wuce 20mA. Ana buƙatar resistor mai jeri don taƙaita na'urar; canji kaɗan a cikin ƙarfi na iya haifar da babban canji a na'urar. Don LEDs da yawa a layi daya, ana ba da shawarar resistors masu daidaita na'urar ko rukunin da suka dace. Ya kamata a aiwatar da kariya daga jujjuya ƙarfi don hana lalacewa. Samar da zafi na iya rage fitar haske da canza launi. Dole ne zafin haɗuwa ya kasance ƙasa da 95°C. Ya kamata zanen PCB ya haɗa da isasshen yanki na jan ƙarfe don ɗaukar zafi. Juriyar zafi (haɗuwa zuwa wurin soƙe) shine mafi girma 450°C/W. Wannan LED yana ba da kusurwar gani mai faɗi na 140° da zaɓuɓɓukan rarrabewa da yawa, yana sa ya dace da aikace-aikacen nuni da nuni inda ake buƙatar launi mai daidaito da haske. Idan aka kwatanta da irin wannan kunshe na 2.0x1.25mm, juriyar zafi (450°C/W) yana da gasa. Yanayin masana'antar yana zuwa ga ƙananan kunshe, ingantacciyar aiki, da rarrabewa mai tsauri. Wannan samfurin ya dace da waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar bayar da ƙaramin sawu, amintacce mai girma, da tabbacin sigogi masu tsauri. Cikakken bayanin kalmomin fasaha na LED9. Bayanan Aikace-aikace da Abubuwan Zane
9.1 Zane na Da'ira
9.2 Sarrafa Zafi
10. Kwatanta da Abubuwan Kasuwa
Kalmomin Ƙayyadaddun LED
Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki
Kalma
Naúrar/Wakilci
Bayanin Sauri
Me yasa yake da muhimmanci
Ingancin Hasken Wuta
lm/W (lumen kowace watt)
Fitowar haske kowace watt na wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin mafi ingancin kuzari.
Kai tsaye yana ƙayyade matakin ingancin kuzari da farashin wutar lantarki.
Gudun Hasken Wuta
lm (lumen)
Jimillar hasken da tushe ke fitarwa, ana kiransa "haske".
Yana ƙayyade ko hasken yana da haske sosai.
Kusurwar Dubawa
° (digiri), misali 120°
Kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabi, yana ƙayyade faɗin haske.
Yana shafar kewar haskakawa da daidaito.
Zafin Launi (CCT)
K (Kelvin), misali 2700K/6500K
Zafi/sanyin haske, ƙananan ƙimomi rawaya/zafi, mafi girma fari/sanyi.
Yana ƙayyade yanayin haskakawa da yanayin da suka dace.
CI / Ra
Ba naúrar, 0–100
Ikon ba da launukan abubuwa daidai, Ra≥80 yana da kyau.
Yana shafar sahihancin launi, ana amfani dashi a wurare masu buƙatu kamar shaguna, gidajen tarihi.
SDCM
Matakan ellipse MacAdam, misali "5-mataki"
Ma'aunin daidaiton launi, ƙananan matakai suna nufin mafi daidaiton launi.
Yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin LED iri ɗaya.
Matsakaicin Tsawon Raɗaɗin Hasken
nm (nanomita), misali 620nm (ja)
Tsawon raɗaɗin haske daidai da launin LED masu launi.
Yana ƙayyade launin ja, rawaya, kore LED masu launi ɗaya.
Rarraba Bakan Hasken
Layin tsawon raɗaɗi da ƙarfi
Yana nuna rarraba ƙarfi a cikin tsawon raɗaɗin haske.
Yana shafar ba da launi da ingancin launi.
Ma'auni na Lantarki
Kalma
Alamar
Bayanin Sauri
Abubuwan ƙira
Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba
Vf
Mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki don kunna LED, kamar "maƙallan farawa".
Ƙarfin lantarki na injin dole ya zama ≥Vf, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙara don LED a jere.
Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba
If
Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki don aikin LED na yau da kullun.
Yawanci tuƙi mai ƙarfi akai-akai, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙayyade haske da tsawon rai.
Matsakaicin Ƙarfin lantarki na bugun jini
Ifp
Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai jurewa na ɗan lokaci, ana amfani dashi don duhu ko walƙiya.
Fadin bugun jini da sake zagayowar aiki dole ne a sarrafa su sosai don guje wa lalacewa.
Ƙarfin lantarki na baya
Vr
Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya da LED zai iya jurewa, wanda ya wuce zai iya haifar da rushewa.
Dangane dole ne ya hana haɗin baya ko ƙarfin lantarki.
Juriya na zafi
Rth (°C/W)
Juriya ga canja wurin zafi daga guntu zuwa solder, ƙasa yana da kyau.
Babban juriya na zafi yana buƙatar zubar da zafi mai ƙarfi.
Rigakafin ESD
V (HBM), misali 1000V
Ikon jurewa zubar da wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin ƙasa mai rauni.
Ana buƙatar matakan hana wutar lantarki a cikin samarwa, musamman ga LED masu hankali.
Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa
Kalma
Ma'aunin maɓalli
Bayanin Sauri
Tasiri
Zazzabin Haɗin gwiwa
Tj (°C)
Ainihin yanayin aiki a cikin guntun LED.
Kowane raguwa 10°C na iya ninka tsawon rai; yayi yawa yana haifar da lalacewar haske, canjin launi.
Ragewar Lumen
L70 / L80 (sa'o'i)
Lokacin da haske ya ragu zuwa 70% ko 80% na farko.
Kai tsaye yana ayyana "tsawon sabis" na LED.
Kula da Lumen
% (misali 70%)
Kashi na hasken da aka riƙe bayan lokaci.
Yana nuna riƙon haske akan amfani na dogon lokaci.
Canjin Launi
Δu′v′ ko ellipse MacAdam
Matsakaicin canjin launi yayin amfani.
Yana shafar daidaiton launi a cikin yanayin haskakawa.
Tsufa na Zafi
Lalacewar kayan aiki
Lalacewa saboda yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci.
Zai iya haifar da raguwar haske, canjin launi, ko gazawar buɗe kewaye.
Tufafi & Kayan Aiki
Kalma
Nau'ikan gama gari
Bayanin Sauri
Siffofi & Aikace-aikace
Nau'in Kunshin
EMC, PPA, Yumbu
Kayan gida masu kare guntu, samar da hanyar sadarwa ta gani/zafi.
EMC: juriya mai kyau na zafi, farashi mai rahusa; Yumbu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, tsawon rai.
Tsarin Guntu
Gaba, Guntu Juyawa
Tsarin na'urorin lantarki na guntu.
Juyawar guntu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, inganci mafi girma, don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.
Rufin Phosphor
YAG, Silicate, Nitride
Yana rufe guntu shuɗi, yana canza wasu zuwa rawaya/ja, yana haɗa su zuwa fari.
Phosphor daban-daban suna shafar inganci, CCT, da CRI.
Ruwan tabarau/Optics
Lefi, Microlens, TIR
Tsarin gani a saman yana sarrafa rarraba haske.
Yana ƙayyade kusurwar dubawa da layin rarraba haske.
Kula da Inganci & Rarraba
Kalma
Abun rarraba
Bayanin Sauri
Manufa
Kwalin Gudun Hasken
Lambar misali 2G, 2H
An tattara su ta hanyar haske, kowace ƙungiya tana da ƙananan/matsakaicin ƙimar lumen.
Yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin jeri ɗaya.
Kwalin Ƙarfin lantarki
Lambar misali 6W, 6X
An tattara su ta hanyar kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba.
Yana sauƙaƙe daidaitawar tuƙi, yana inganta ingancin tsarin.
Kwalin Launi
Ellipse MacAdam 5-mataki
An tattara su ta hanyar daidaitattun launi, yana tabbatar da ƙuntataccen kewayon.
Yana ba da garantin daidaiton launi, yana guje wa launi mara daidaituwa a cikin kayan aikin.
Kwalin CCT
2700K, 3000K da sauransu
An tattara su ta hanyar CCT, kowanne yana da madaidaicin kewayon daidaitawa.
Yana cika buƙatun CCT na yanayi daban-daban.
Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida
Kalma
Matsakaicin/Gwaji
Bayanin Sauri
Muhimmanci
LM-80
Gwajin kula da lumen
Haskakawa na dogon lokaci a yanayin zafi akai-akai, yana rikodin lalacewar haske.
Ana amfani dashi don kimanta rayuwar LED (tare da TM-21).
TM-21
Matsakaicin kimanta rayuwa
Yana kimanta rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na ainihi bisa bayanan LM-80.
Yana ba da hasashen kimiyya na rayuwa.
IESNA
Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Haskakawa
Yana rufe hanyoyin gwajin gani, lantarki, zafi.
Tushen gwaji da masana'antu suka amince.
RoHS / REACH
Tabbatarwar muhalli
Yana tabbatar da babu abubuwa masu cutarwa (darma, mercury).
Bukatar shiga kasuwa a duniya.
ENERGY STAR / DLC
Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari
Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari da aiki don samfuran haskakawa.
Ana amfani dashi a cikin sayayyan gwamnati, shirye-shiryen tallafi, yana haɓaka gasa.