ELS-315SYGWA/S530-E2 Takardar Bayanin Fasaha - Girman Lamba 9.14mm - Launi Rai-Rai-Kore - Ƙarfin Wutar Gaba 2.0V - Takardar Fasaha ta Hausa

1. Bayyani Game da Samfur

ELS-315SYGWA/S530-E2 wani nau'in nunin lambobi bakwai ne da ake saka ta cikin rami (through-hole) wanda aka tsara don bayyana lambobi da haruffa a sarari. Yana da girman daidaitaccen masana'antu tare da tsayin lamba na 9.14mm (0.36 inci). An gina na'urar da sassan fitar da haske fari a kan farfajiyar bango mai launin toka, wanda ke ba da bambanci mai girma (high contrast) da ingantaccen karantawa ko da a cikin yanayin haske mai ƙarfi. An rarraba wannan nuni bisa ga ƙarfin haske kuma ya bi ka'idojin muhalli na "Pb-free" da "RoHS", wanda ya sa ya dace da aikace-aikacen lantarki na zamani.

1.1 Fa'idodi na Asali da Kasuwar da Ake Nufi

Babban fa'idodin wannan nuni sun haɗa da ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki, daidaitaccen ƙirar ƙafa don sauƙin haɗawa cikin ƙirar da aka riga aka tsara, da ingantaccen aiki. An yi niyya musamman ga aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar nuni mai ƙarfi, mai iya karantawa na lambobi ko ƴan haruffa. Manyan kasuwannin da ake nufi sun haɗa da kayan amfani na gida (consumer home appliances), allunan kayan aikin masana'antu (industrial instrument panels), da kuma daban-daban tsarin nunin lambobi (digital readout display systems) inda aminci da bayyanawa a sarari suka fi muhimmanci.

2. Zurfin Bincike Kan Sigogin Fasaha

Wannan sashe yana ba da cikakken bincike na gaskiya game da mahimman sigogi na lantarki da na gani na na'urar kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin takardar bayanin.

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Ƙididdiga (Absolute Maximum Ratings)

Matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙididdiga (Absolute Maximum Ratings) suna ayyana iyakokin matsin lamba wanda idan aka wuce su, na iya haifar da lalacewa ta dindindin ga na'urar. Waɗannan ba yanayi ba ne don aiki na yau da kullun.

• Ƙarfin Wuta Mai Koma Baya (V_R60 mW. Matsakaicin wutar lantarki da na'urar za ta iya watsawa a matsayin zafi.5 V. Wuce wannan ƙarfin wuta a cikin koma baya (reverse bias) na iya haifar da rushewar haɗin gwiwa (junction breakdown).
• Ci gaba da Ƙarfin Wuta Na Gaba (I_F):25 mA. Matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar DC da za a iya ci gaba da amfani da shi.
• Kololuwar Ƙarfin Wuta Na Gaba (I_FP):60 mA. Wannan yana halatta ne kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayin bugun jini (pulsed conditions) (duty cycle 1/10, mitar 1 kHz) don cimma haske mafi girma a taƙaice.
• Rushewar Wutar Lantarki (P_d): mW. The maximum power the device can dissipate as heat.
• Yanayin Zafin Aiki (T_opr):-40°C zuwa +85°C. Kewayon yanayin zafin muhalli don aiki mai aminci.
• Yanayin Zafin Ajiya (T_stg):-40°C zuwa +100°C.
• Yanayin Zafin Solder (T_sol):260°C na matsakaicin tsawon lokaci na dakika 5, na al'ada don hanyoyin solder na igiyar ruwa (wave) ko na hannu.

2.2 Halayen Lantarki-Gani (Electro-Optical Characteristics)

Ana auna waɗannan sigogi a daidaitaccen yanayin zafin muhalli na 25°C kuma suna ayyana aikin na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na al'ada.

• Ƙarfin Hasken (I_v):Matsakaicin ƙima shine 3.2 mcd a kowane sashe a ƙarfin wuta na gaba (I_F) na 10 mA, tare da mafi ƙanƙanta na 2.0 mcd. Takardar bayanin ta lura da juzu'i na ±10% akan wannan ƙimar. Wannan ƙarfin shine matsakaicin da aka auna akan sashe ɗaya.
• Matsakaicin Tsawon Zango (λ_p):Yawanci 575 nm. Wannan shine tsawon zango inda ƙarfin hasken da aka fitar ya fi girma.
• Babban Tsawon Zango (λ_d):Yawanci 573 nm. Wannan shine tsawon zango da idon ɗan adam ke gani, yana ayyana launi (rai-rai-kore a wannan yanayin).
• Faɗin Bakan Hasken Rana (Δλ):Yawanci 20 nm. Wannan yana nuna tsaftar bakan ko faɗin hasken da aka fitar.
• Ƙarfin Wuta Na Gaba (V_F):Yawanci 2.0 V, tare da matsakaicin 2.4 V a I_F=20 mA. Juzu'in shine ±0.1V. Wannan siga ce mai mahimmanci don ƙirar da'irar iyakancewar ƙarfin wuta (current-limiting circuitry).
• Ƙarfin Wuta Mai Koma Baya (I_R):Matsakaicin 100 µA a ƙarfin wuta mai koma baya (V_R) na 5 V, yana nuna ƙarfin wutar da ke ɓoyewa (leakage current) a yanayin kashewa.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning System)

Takardar bayanin ta nuna cewa na'urorin "An Rarraba Su Bisa Ga Ƙarfin Hasken." Wannan yana nufin tsarin rarraba ko tsarawa (binning or sorting process).

• Rarraba Ƙarfin Hasken:Ana auna LED daga rukunin samarwa kuma a raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban (bins) bisa ga ƙarfin hasken da aka auna a ƙayyadadden gwajin ƙarfin wuta. Wannan yana tabbatar da daidaito a cikin haske don samfuran ƙarshe. Matsakaicin ƙimar shine 3.2 mcd, amma ana rarraba na'urori don tabbatar da mafi ƙanƙanta na 2.0 mcd, tare da ainihin lambar rarrabuwar da wataƙila aka nuna akan lakabin marufi (filin "CAT").
• Launi/Tsawon Zango:An ƙayyade kayan guntu (chip material) a matsayin AlGaInP, wanda yawanci ke samar da launuka a cikin bakan ja zuwa rai-rai-kore. An sarrafa babban tsawon zango sosai (yawanci 573 nm), amma ana iya sarrafa ƙananan bambance-bambance ta hanyar rarrabawa don kiyaye daidaiton launi, musamman mahimmanci a cikin nunin lambobi da yawa.

4. Bincike Kan Lankwasa Aiki (Performance Curve Analysis)

Takardar bayanin tana nuni zuwa lankwasan aiki na al'ada waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don fahimtar halayen na'urar a ƙarƙashin yanayi marasa daidaito.

4.1 Rarraba Bakan Hasken Rana (Spectrum Distribution)

Wannan lankwasa tana zana ƙarfin haske mai alaƙa da tsawon zango. Ta zahiri tana tabbatar da matsakaicin tsawon zango (λ_p~575 nm) da faɗin bakan hasken rana (Δλ ~20 nm). Lankwasa mafi kunkuntar tana nuna launi mafi tsafta a cikin bakan.

4.2 Ƙarfin Wuta Na Gaba vs. Ƙarfin Wuta Na Gaba (Lankwasa I-V)

Wannan jadawali yana nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙarfin wuta da ke gudana ta cikin LED da raguwar ƙarfin wuta a cikinta. Ba ta da layi (non-linear). Masu ƙira suna amfani da wannan lankwasa don tantance ƙarfin wutar tuƙi da ake buƙata don ƙarfin wutar aiki da ake so, wanda ke da mahimmanci don zaɓar masu jurewa na jerin da suka dace (appropriate series resistors) ko ƙirar masu tuƙi na ƙarfin wuta mai tsayi (constant-current drivers).

4.3 Lankwasa Rage Ƙimar Ƙarfin Wuta Na Gaba (Forward Current Derating Curve)

Wannan ɗaya ne daga cikin mafi mahimmancin jadawali don aminci. Yana nuna yadda dole ne a rage matsakaicin ƙarfin wuta na gaba mai ci gaba (I_F) yayin da yanayin zafin muhalli ya ƙaru sama da 25°C. Yin amfani da LED a cikin ƙarfin wuta mai girma a cikin yanayi mai zafi ba tare da rage ƙimar da ya dace ba zai rage rayuwarsa sosai saboda yawan zafin haɗin gwiwa (excessive junction temperature).

5. Bayanin Injiniya da Marufi (Mechanical and Package Information)

Na'urar tana amfani da daidaitaccen tsarin saka ta cikin rami DIP (Dual In-line Package).

5.1 Zanen Girma (Dimension Drawing)

Zanen marufi yana ba da mahimman girmomin injiniya waɗanda suka haɗa da tsayin gabaɗaya, faɗi, girman lamba, tazarar jagora (lead spacing/pitch), da diamita na jagora. Bayanin ya ƙayyade cewa juzu'i (tolerances) shine ±0.25mm sai dai idan an faɗi akasin haka. Injiniyoyi suna amfani da wannan zanen don ƙirar ƙafar PCB da kuma tabbatar da dacewar dacewa a cikin akwati.

5.2 Tsarin Ƙafafun (Pinout) da Gano Polarity

Zanen da'irar ciki yana da mahimmanci. Dole ne a gano tsarin gama-anode ko gama-cathode daga wannan zanen. Yana nuna yadda aka haɗa anodes da cathodes na duk sassan ɗaya ɗaya (a-g) da ma'aunin goma (dp, idan akwai) a ciki. Dole ne a gano daidai don haɗin da'irar da ya dace. An kuma ayyana lambar ƙafafun (pin numbering) a nan.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Takardar bayanin tana ba da takamaiman sigogi don hanyoyin solder na hannu.

• Zafin Solder:Matsakaicin zafin ƙarshen guntun solder da aka ba da shawarar shine 260°C.
• Lokacin Solder:Jagoran bai kamata ya taɓa guntun solder fiye da dakika 5 ba don hana lalacewar zafi ga ciki na mutuwa (internal die) da haɗin waya (wire bonds).
• Kariya daga Watsawar Lantarki Mai Tsanani (ESD Protection):Na'urar tana da hankali ga ESD. Ƙwararrun shawarwari sun haɗa da amfani da abin wuya na ƙasa (grounded wrist straps), tashoshin aiki masu aminci daga ESD (ESD-safe workstations), tabarmi na ƙasa mai ɗaukar wutar lantarki (conductive floor mats), da na'urori masu ƙwayar ions (ionizers). Dole ne duk kayan aiki da ma'aikata su kasance a ƙasa daidai yayin sarrafawa da haɗawa.

7. Bayanin Marufi da Oda

7.1 Ƙayyadaddun Marufi

Ana tattara na'urar a cikin bututu da akwatuna. Tsarin tattarawa na al'ada shine: guda 35 a kowane bututu, bututu 140 a kowane akwati, da akwatuna 4 a kowane akwatin babba (carton).

7.2 Bayanin Lakabi

Lakabin marufi yana ƙunshe da lambobi da yawa: CPN (Lambar Sashen Abokin Ciniki), P/N (Lambar Samfur), QTY (Yawa), CAT (Rukunin Ƙarfin Hasken/Bin), HUE (Maganin Launi), REF (Maganin), LOT No. (Lambar Rukunin Samarwa), da lambar lakabin ƙara REFERENCE. Ana amfani da waɗannan don bin diddigin (traceability) da sarrafa kaya (inventory management).

8. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace

8.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

• Kayan Amfani na Gida:Na'urorin ƙidayar lokaci akan microwave/oven, nunin zafin jiki akan na'urorin kula da zafin jiki (thermostats) ko masu dumama, alamomin zagayawa akan injunan wanki.
• Allunan Kayan Aiki (Instrument Panels):Nunin ƙarfin wuta (voltage), ƙarfin wuta (current), mitar (frequency), ko RPM akan kayan gwaji, sarrafawa na masana'antu, da ma'aunin motoci na bayan kasuwa (automotive aftermarket gauges).
• Nunin Lambobi na Gabaɗaya:Duk wata na'urar da ke buƙatar nuni mai sauƙi, mai aminci na lambobi, kamar agogo, ƙidaya, ko na'urorin aunawa na asali.

8.2 Abubuwan da Ya Kamata A Yi La'akari da su a Ƙira

• Iyakancewar Ƙarfin Wuta:Koyaushe yi amfani da mai jurewa na jerin (series resistor) ko mai tuƙi na ƙarfin wuta mai tsayi (constant-current driver) don iyakance I_Fzuwa 25 mA ko ƙasa da haka (an rage ƙimar don zafin jiki). Lissafa ƙimar mai jurewa ta amfani da R = (V_supply- V_F) / I_F.
• Haɗa Yawa (Multiplexing):Don nunin lambobi da yawa, tsarin haɗawa da yawa (multiplexing scheme) ya zama ruwan dare don sarrafa sassa da yawa tare da ƙananan ƙafafun I/O. Tabbatar cewa kololuwar ƙarfin wuta a cikin ƙirar da aka haɗa ba ta wuce I_FP(60mA) ba kuma matsakaicin ƙarfin wuta a kowane sashe ya kasance cikin iyaka.
• Kusurwar Kallo da Bambanci (Contrast):Bango mai launin toka yana inganta bambanci. Yi la'akari da buƙatun kusurwar kallo na samfurin ƙarshe.
• Sarrafa Zafi:Ku bi lankwasa rage ƙimar ƙarfin wuta. A cikin yanayi mai zafi, rage ƙarfin wutar aiki ko inganta iska.

9. Kwatancen Fasaha da Bambance-bambance

Idan aka kwatanta da nunin lambobi bakwai na gabaɗaya, ELS-315SYGWA/S530-E2 yana ba da takamaiman fa'idodi:

• Daidaitaccen Girman Masana'antu:Yana tabbatar da dacewar shiga cikin saukin saukowa (drop-in compatibility) tare da yawancin tsararrun PCB da yankewar allon gaba da aka riga aka yi.
• Rarraba Ƙarfin Hasken:Yana ba da tabbataccen matakan haske mafi ƙanƙanta, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar daidaito a cikin aikace-aikacen lambobi da yawa idan aka kwatanta da nunin da ba a rarraba ba.
• Bin Ka'idojin Muhalli:Kasancewa maras gubar (Pb-free) da bin ka'idojin RoHS yana da mahimmanci ga samfuran da ake sayar da su a yawancin kasuwannin duniya.
• Ƙaƙƙarfan Ƙayyadaddun Bayani:Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙididdiga (absolute maximum ratings) da lankwasan rage ƙima suna ba da damar ƙira mafi aminci da dadewa idan aka kwatanta da sassan da ba a rubuta iyakokinsu da kyau ba.

10. Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (Bisa Sigogin Fasaha)

Tambaya: Shin zan iya tuƙa wannan nuni kai tsaye daga ƙafar microcontroller na 5V?

A: A'a. Tare da V_Fna al'ada na 2.0V, haɗa shi kai tsaye zuwa 5V zai haifar da ƙarfin wuta mai yawa, wanda zai lalata LED. Dole ne ka yi amfani da mai jurewa na iyakancewar ƙarfin wuta (current-limiting resistor). Misali, don tuƙi na 10mA daga tushen 5V: R = (5V - 2.0V) / 0.01A = 300 Ω.

Tambaya: Me "Kololuwar Ƙarfin Wuta Na Gaba (I_FP) na 60 mA" ke nufi ga ƙirata?

A: Wannan ƙimar tana ba da izinin ɗigon bugun jini na ɗan lokaci na ƙarfin wuta mafi girma, wanda ke da amfani a cikin nunin da aka haɗa (multiplexed displays) inda kowane lamba ke samun wutar lantarki ne kawai na ɗan lokaci. Matsakaicin ƙarfin wuta a cikin cikakken zagaye dole ne har yanzu ya kasance cikin ƙimar ci gaba na 25mA. Duty cycle 1/10 a 1kHz yanayi ne na gwaji na musamman; sauran tsare-tsaren bugun jini suna buƙatar bincike mai kyau.

Tambaya: Ta yaya zan fassara lambar "CAT" akan lakabi?

A: Lambar "CAT" tana ƙayyade rukunin ƙarfin haske (luminous intensity bin). Yayin da takardar bayanin ta ba da ƙimomin mafi ƙanƙanta/na al'ada, ainihin rarrabawar yana tabbatar da cewa duk na'urorin da ke cikin rukuni suna da fitarwa iri ɗaya. Don daidaiton haske a duk lambobi a cikin samfuri, yi amfani da nunai daga lambar CAT ɗaya.

11. Misalin Ƙira da Amfani na Aiki

Misali: Ƙirar Nunin Ma'aunin Ƙarfin Wuta Mai Lamba 4 da Aka Haɗa (4-Digit Multiplexed Voltmeter Display)

Mai ƙira yana ƙirƙirar ma'aunin ƙarfin wuta na DC mai sauƙi na 0-30V. Microcontroller yana da ƙananan ƙafafun I/O. Sun zaɓi yin amfani da nunin ELS-315SYGWA/S530-E2 guda huɗu a cikin tsarin da aka haɗa (multiplexed configuration).

1. Ƙirar Da'ira:An haɗa gama-anode (ko cathode) na kowane lamba zuwa ƙafar microcontroller ta hanyar maɓallin transistor. Layukan sassa (a-g) an haɗa su zuwa ƙafafun microcontroller ta hanyar masu jurewa na iyakancewar ƙarfin wuta, waɗanda aka raba a duk lambobi.

2. Software:Firmware yana zagayawa ta kowane lamba da sauri (misali, a 200Hz), yana kunna ƙafar gama ɗaya na lamba ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya yayin saita tsarin sashe da ya dace don wannan lambar. Dagewar hangen nesa (Persistence of vision) yana sa duk lambobi su bayyana a kunne lokaci ɗaya.

3. Lissafin Ƙarfin Wuta:Don cimma haske mai kyau, mai ƙira zai iya nufin kololuwar ƙarfin wutar sashe na 15mA a lokacin lokacin aikinsa. Tare da lambobi 4, duty cycle na kowane lamba shine 1/4. Matsakaicin ƙarfin wuta a kowane sashe shine 15mA / 4 = 3.75mA, wanda yake cikin ƙimar ci gaba na 25mA sosai. Kololuwar 15mA kuma yana cikin aminci ƙasa da 60mA I_FP rating.

4. Ƙimar Mai Jurewa:Yin amfani da wadata na 5V don sassa: R = (5V - 2.0V) / 0.015A ≈ 200 Ω.

12. Gabatarwa Kan Ƙa'idar Aiki

Nunin LED na lambobi bakwai tarin LED da yawa ne da aka tsara a cikin tsarin siffar takwas (figure-eight pattern). Kowane sashe (mai lakabin a har zuwa g) LED ne na mutum. Ta hanyar zaɓin samar da wutar lantarki ga haɗuwa daban-daban na waɗannan sassan, ana iya ƙirƙirar lambobi daga 0 zuwa 9 da wasu haruffa. Na'urar da aka kwatanta tana amfani da kayan semiconductor na AlGaInP (Aluminum Gallium Indium Phosphide). Lokacin da aka yi wa gaba-biased (ƙarfin wuta mai kyau aka yi amfani da shi ga anode dangane da cathode), electrons da ramuka suna sake haɗuwa a cikin yankin aiki na semiconductor, suna sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons (haske). Takamaiman abun da ke cikin gami na AlGaInP yana ƙayyade makamashin bandgap, wanda kuma yana ayyana tsawon zango (launi) na hasken da aka fitar—a wannan yanayin, rai-rai-kore (~573 nm). Hasken daga guntun yana fitowa ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na epoxy wanda kuma ya zama siffar sashe.

13. Trends na Fasaha da Mahallin

Nunin LED na lambobi bakwai suna wakiltar fasahar nuni mai girma kuma mai ingantaccen aminci. Yayin da sabbin fasahohi kamar OLEDs ko LCDs na dot-matrix ke ba da sassauci mafi girma don zane-zane da haruffa da lambobi, LED na lambobi bakwai suna riƙe da fa'idodi masu ƙarfi a wasu fage na musamman:Ƙarfin Karantawa Mai Ƙarfi:Sassansu masu sauƙi, masu bambanci mai girma suna da sauƙin karantawa daga nesa da kuma a cikin yanayin haske iri-iri, gami da hasken rana kai tsaye.Ƙarfi da Tsawon Rayuwa:Su ne na'urori masu ƙarfi ba su da sassa masu motsi, masu jure wa girgiza da rawar jiki, kuma suna ba da tsawon rayuwar aiki (sau da yawa dubunnan sa'o'i).Sauƙi da Tasirin Kuɗi:Suna buƙatar lantarki mai sauƙi na tuƙi idan aka kwatanta da nunin da suka fi rikitarwa, wanda ya sa su zama mafita mai tasirin kuɗi don aikace-aikacen da kawai ke buƙatar nuna lambobi ko ƙayyadadden haruffa. Trend don sassa kamar ELS-315SYGWA/S530-E2 shine zuwa ci gaba da ingantawa don aminci, ƙarin rage amfani da wutar lantarki, da bin ka'idojin muhalli masu tasowa (kamar RoHS), maimakon canjin fasaha mai tsauri. Sun kasance zaɓin da za a je gare shi don aikace-aikacen inda bayyanawa a sarari, ƙarfi, da sauƙi suke manyan abubuwan ƙira.