Takardar Bayanin LTR-306 Phototransistor - Kayan Aiki Mai Duban Gefe - Ƙarfin Kolekta Har zuwa 2.4mA - Ƙarfin Lantarki 30V - Takardar Fasaha ta Hausa

1. Bayanin Samfur

LTR-306 phototransistor ne na silicon NPN wanda aka sanya a cikin kayan aikin filastik mai duban gefe. An ƙera wannan ɓangaren don gano radiyon infrared, yana canza hasken da ya faɗo zuwa ƙarfin lantarki a tashar kolektansa. Aikin sa na farko shi ne a matsayin mai gano haske a cikin da'irori na lantarki daban-daban, inda yake aiki azaman mai sarrafa haske ko mai auna ƙarfin haske na analog. Yanayin kayan aikin mai duban gefe wata muhimmin fasali ce, ma'ana wurin da ke da hankali yana fuskantar daidai da alkiblar igiyoyin, wanda ya fi dacewa da aikace-aikacen da aka sanya tushen haske a gefen PCB.

Babban fa'idodin wannan na'urar sun haɗa da faɗin kewayon aikin ƙarfin kolekta, wanda ke ba da sassauci na ƙira a cikin buƙatun hankali daban-daban. An ƙera ruwan tabarau da aka haɗa don haɓaka hankali ta hanyar mai da hankali kan hasken infrared mai shigowa zuwa yankin semiconductor mai aiki. Bugu da ƙari, amfani da kayan aikin filastik mai arha ya sa ya zama zaɓi mai tattalin arziki ga aikace-aikacen masu amfani da masana'antu masu yawa inda ingancin farashi ke da mahimmanci ba tare da yin watsi da mahimman ma'auni na aiki ba.

Kasuwar da aka yi niyya don LTR-306 ta ƙunshi faɗin aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ingantaccen gano infrared. Wannan ya haɗa da, amma bai iyakance ga, tsarin gano abu da ƙidaya, masu gano ramuka (misali, a cikin firintoci da injinan sayar da kaya), masu gano ƙarshen tef, gano kusanci, da kayan aikin sarrafa kansa na masana'antu. Ƙirar sa mai ƙarfi da ƙayyadaddun ayyukan sun sa ya dace da haɗawa cikin tsarin lantarki mai sauƙi da rikitarwa.

2. Bincike Mai zurfi na Ma'aunin Fasaha

2.1 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsayi

Waɗannan ƙididdiga suna ayyana iyakokin damuwa waɗanda bayan su lalacewar dindindin na na'urar na iya faruwa. Ba a ba da garantin aiki a ƙarƙashin waɗannan sharuɗɗan ba. Matsakaicin ƙarfin watsawa shine 100 mW a yanayin yanayi (T_A) na 25°C. Ƙarfin lantarki na kolekta-emitter (V_CE) bai kamata ya wuce 30 V ba, yayin da juzu'in ƙarfin lantarki na emitter-collector (V_EC) yana iyakance zuwa 5 V. An ƙididdige na'urar don aiki a cikin kewayon yanayin yanayi daga -40°C zuwa +85°C kuma ana iya adana shi a cikin yanayin zafi daga -55°C zuwa +100°C. Don solder, igiyoyin za su iya jure 260°C na tsawon dakika 5 lokacin da aka auna 1.6mm daga jikin kunshin, wannan shine daidaitaccen buƙata don ayyukan solder na igiyar ruwa ko sake kunnawa.

2.2 Halaye na Lantarki & Na Gani

Duk ma'auni na lantarki da na gani an ƙayyade su a T_A=25°C, yana ba da tushe don kwatancen aiki.

• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Kolekta-Emitter (V_(BR)CEO):Mafi ƙarancin 30V (I_C= 1mA, E_e=0). Wannan shine ƙarfin lantarki da haɗin gwiwar ke rushewa a cikin rashin haske.
• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Emitter-Collector (V_(BR)ECO):Mafi ƙarancin 5V (I_E= 100μA, E_e=0). Wannan ma'auni yana da mahimmanci ga yanayin juzu'i.
• Ƙarfin Lantarki na Kolekta-Emitter (V_CE(SAT)):Yawanci 0.1V, tare da matsakaicin 0.4V (I_C= 100μA, E_e=1 mW/cm²). Wannan ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki yana nuna kyakkyawan aikin sauyawa lokacin da transistor ya kasance gaba ɗaya.
• Lokacin Tashi (T_r) & Lokacin Faɗuwa (T_f):Matsakaicin 20 μs kowanne (V_CC=5V, I_C=1mA, R_L=1kΩ). Waɗannan ma'auni suna ayyana saurin sauyawa na phototransistor don amsa bugun haske.
• Ƙarfin Kolekta a Cikin Duhu (I_CEO):Matsakaicin 100 nA (V_CE= 10V, E_e=0). Wannan shine ƙarfin lantarki na yayyagewa lokacin da babu haske, ma'auni mai mahimmanci don hankali na ƙaramin haske da rabo na siginar zuwa amo.

3. Bayanin Tsarin Rarraba (Binning)

LTR-306 yana amfani da tsarin rarraba (binning) don ma'auninsa mai mahimmanci, Ƙarfin Kolekta a Matsayin Kunna (I_C(ON)). Rarraba tsari ne na sarrafa inganci da rarrabawa wanda ke rarraba abubuwan haɗin gwiwa bisa ga aikin da aka auna a cikin ƙayyadaddun iyakoki. Wannan yana tabbatar da daidaito ga mai amfani na ƙarshe. Ana gwada na'urar a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun sharuɗɗan (V_CE= 5V, E_e= 1 mW/cm², λ=940nm).

An yiwa kwandon lakabi A zuwa F, kowanne yana wakiltar takamaiman kewayon I_C(ON):

• Kwandon A:0.20 mA zuwa 0.60 mA
• Kwandon B:0.40 mA zuwa 1.08 mA
• Kwandon C:0.72 mA zuwa 1.56 mA
• Kwandon D:1.04 mA zuwa 1.80 mA
• Kwandon E:1.20 mA zuwa 2.40 mA
• Kwandon F:Mafi ƙarancin 1.60 mA (ba a ƙayyade babban iyaka a cikin bayanan da aka bayar ba)

Wannan tsarin yana ba masu ƙira damar zaɓar kwandon da ya dace da buƙatun hankali na da'irar su. Misali, da'irar da ke buƙatar babban ƙarfin fitarwa don tuƙi kai tsaye na relay ko LED na iya ƙayyade Kwandon E ko F, yayin da da'irar gano ƙaramin wutar lantarki na iya amfani da Kwandon A ko B don rage yawan amfani da wutar lantarki.

4. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Ayyuka

Takardar bayanan ta ƙunshi lanƙwasa halaye na yau da kullun waɗanda ke nuna yadda ma'auni masu mahimmanci ke bambanta da yanayin aiki. Waɗannan suna da mahimmanci don fahimtar halayen na'urar fiye da ƙayyadaddun ma'ana ɗaya.

4.1 Ƙarfin Kolekta a Cikin Duhu vs. Yanayin Yanayi (Hoto na 1)

Wannan lanƙwasa yana nuna cewa ƙarfin kolekta a cikin duhu (I_CEO) yana ƙaruwa da yawa tare da hawan yanayin yanayi. A -40°C, yana cikin kewayon picoampere, amma yana iya tashi zuwa kusan 100 μA a 120°C. Wannan halayen yana da mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen yanayin zafi mai girma, saboda ƙarfin duhu mai ƙaruwa yana aiki azaman maƙasudi ko tushen amo, yana iya rage ingantaccen hankali da kewayon aiki na mai gano.

4.2 Ƙarfin Watsawar Kolekta vs. Yanayin Yanayi (Hoto na 2)

Wannan jadawalin yana nuna raguwar matsakaicin ƙarfin watsawa da ake iya amfani da shi yayin da yanayin yanayi ke ƙaruwa. Yayin da na'urar za ta iya watsar da 100 mW a 25°C, dole ne a rage wannan ƙimar a layi daya a yanayin zafi mafi girma don hana guduwar zafi da tabbatar da amincin aiki. Lanƙwasa yana ba da bayanan da ake buƙata don sarrafa zafi a cikin ƙirar aikace-aikace.

Wannan makircin yana bayyana ciniki tsakanin saurin sauyawa da juriya na kaya. Lokutan tashi da faɗuwa (T

, T_r) suna ƙaruwa sosai yayin da ƙimar resistor na kaya (R_f) ta ƙaru. Don kaya na 1kΩ, lokacin yana kusan 20μs, amma yana iya wuce 150μs don kaya na 10kΩ. Dole ne masu ƙira su zaɓi R_Ldon daidaita buƙatun saurin amsa da saurin girgiza ƙarfin lantarki ko matakin ƙarfin lantarki da ake so._L4.4 Ƙarfin Kolekta Dangane vs. Ƙarfin Hasken (Hoto na 4)

Wannan halayen canja wuri ne na asali. Yana nuna cewa ƙarfin kolekta yana da layi dangane da ƙarfin hasken da ya faɗo (E

) a cikin ƙananan kewayon (0-2 mW/cm²) lokacin da V_eya kasance a 5V. Wannan yanki na layi shine inda za a iya amfani da na'urar don auna haske na analog. A matakan ƙarfin haske mafi girma, amsa na iya fara cika._CE4.5 Zanen Ƙarfin Hankali (Hoto na 5)

Wannan zanen polar yana nuna hankali na kusurwa na phototransistor. An tsara hankali dangane da kusurwar hasken da ya faɗo. Yana nuna cewa na'urar tana da takamaiman kusurwar kallo inda hankali ya fi girma (yawanci akan-axis, 0°). Hankali yana raguwa yayin da tushen haske ya motsa daga axis. Wannan zanen yana da mahimmanci don daidaita injiniya a cikin aikace-aikacen ƙarshe don tabbatar da ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tushen haske da mai gano.

5. Bayanin Injiniya & Kayan Tattarawa

LTR-306 yana amfani da kunshin filastik mai duban gefe. An ba da girmansa a cikin takardar bayanan tare da duk ma'aunai a cikin milimita (inci a cikin baka). Mahimman ƙimar girma yawanci ±0.25mm sai dai idan an ƙayyade su. Ana auna tazarar igiya a wurin da igiyoyin suka fito daga jikin kunshin, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga ƙirar sawun PCB. Kunshin ya haɗa da ruwan tabarau da aka ƙera a cikin filastik don haɓaka ingancin tattara gani. Yanayin duban gefe yana nufin wurin gano mai aiki yana gefen ɓangaren, ba saman ba. An ba da tantancewar polarity (fil ɗin emitter da kolekta) a cikin zanen kunshin, wanda ke da mahimmanci don ingantaccen haɗa allon da'ira.

6. Jagororin Solder da Haɗawa

Na'urar ta dace da daidaitattun hanyoyin haɗa PCB. Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsayi ya ƙayyade cewa igiyoyin za su iya jure yanayin zafi na solder na 260°C na tsawon dakika 5 lokacin da aka auna 1.6mm (0.063") daga jikin kunshin. Wannan ƙimar ta dace da yanayin solder na igiyar ruwa da sake kunnawa na al'ada. Ana ba da shawarar bin daidaitattun jagororin JEDEC ko IPC don sarrafa hankalin danshi idan ya dace, ko da yake kunshin filastik gabaɗaya yana da ƙarfi. Yayin solder, ya kamata a kula don guje wa matsanancin damuwa na zafi akan kunshin. Bayan haɗawa, ya kamata a yi tsaftacewa tare da kaushi masu dacewa da kayan filastik. Don adanawa, ya kamata a kiyaye ƙayyadaddun kewayon -55°C zuwa +100°C, kuma yawanci ana samar da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a cikin jakunkuna masu hana danshi tare da busasshiyar abu.

7. Shawarwarin Aikace-aikace

7.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikace na Al'ada

Gano Abubuwa/Katsewa:

• Ana amfani da su biyu tare da LED na infrared don gano kasancewar ko rashin wani abu da ke karya katako. Gama gari a cikin firintoci, kwafi, injinan sayar da kaya, da na'urori ƙidaya na masana'antu.Gano Kusanci:
• Gano tunanin hasken infrared daga wani abu na kusa.Shingen Hasken/Masu Gano Rami:
• Gano gefen tef, takarda, ko wani abu.Masu Rufe Lamba (Encoders):
• Ana amfani da su a cikin na'urori na juyawa na gani ko na layi don karanta alamu akan dabarar lamba ko tsiri.Masu Karɓar Sarrafa Nesa Mai Sauƙi:
• Don gano umarnin infrared na asali (ko da yake na'urori masu karɓa na musamman sun fi yawa don ƙa'idodi masu rikitarwa).7.2 Abubuwan da ake la'akari da su na Ƙira

Bias:

• Ana iya amfani da phototransistor a cikin saiti guda biyu na gama gari: yanayin sauyawa (tare da resistor mai ja sama) ko yanayin analog (a cikin tsarin amplifier na emitter gama gari). Ƙimar resistor na kaya (R) yana tasiri sosai ga duka ƙarfin lantarki/ƙarfin lantarki da saurin amsa (duba Hoto na 3)._LKariya daga Hasken Yanayi:
• Don ingantaccen aiki a cikin yanayi tare da bambancin hasken yanayi (misali, hasken rana, fitilun ɗaki), sau da yawa ana buƙatar daidaita tushen infrared da tacewa ko daidaita siginar phototransistor.Ruwan Tabarau da Daidaitawa:
• Daidaitaccen daidaitawar injiniya tsakanin mai fitar da infrared da phototransistor, la'akari da yanayin dubansa na gefe da tsarin hankali na kusurwa (Hoto na 5), yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka ƙarfin siginar da amincin aiki.Tasirin Yanayin Zafi:
• Dole ne ƙira ta yi la'akari da bambancin ƙarfin duhu (Hoto na 1) da hankali tare da zafin jiki, musamman a waje ko munanan yanayi.Ƙarar Lantarki:
• A cikin da'irori masu hankali na analog, ana iya buƙatar garkuwa da ingantaccen ƙasa don hana ɗaukar amo akan madaidaicin phototransistor mai girma.8. Kwatancen Fasaha & Bambance-bambance

Idan aka kwatanta da daidaitaccen photodiode, phototransistor kamar LTR-306 yana ba da riba na ciki, yana haifar da ƙarfin fitarwa mafi girma don shigar da haske iri ɗaya. Wannan yana kawar da buƙatar amplifier na transimpedance na waje a yawancin da'irori masu gano sauƙi, yana rage adadin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da farashi. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran phototransistors, takamaiman fa'idodin LTR-306 suna cikin

kunshin duban gefe, wanda ke da takamaiman siffar injiniya wanda ya dace da takamaiman hanyoyin gani, dararrabawar ƙarfin kolekta mai faɗiyana ba da sassauci, da kumaruwan tabarau da aka haɗa don haɓaka hankali. Ƙayyadaddun lokutan tashi/faɗuwa da ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki sun sa ya zama abu mai ƙarfi na gama gari don aikace-aikacen matsakaicin sauri.9. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Dangane da Ma'aunin Fasaha)

Q: Me ma'anar lambar kwandon (A, B, C, da sauransu) ga ƙirar ta?

A: Lambar kwandon tana nuna kewayon ƙarfin kolekta da aka ba da garantin cewa na'urar za ta samar a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun sharuɗɗan gwaji. Zaɓi kwandon wanda ke ba da isasshen ƙarfin siginar don da'irar ku ta gaba (misali, mai kwatanta, microcontroller ADC) yayin la'akari da amfani da wutar lantarki. Kwandon mafi girma (E, F) suna ba da ƙarin ƙarfin lantarki amma suna iya samun ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfin duhu.

Q: Zan iya amfani da wannan mai gano a cikin hasken rana?

A: Hasken rana kai tsaye yana ƙunshe da adadi mai yawa na radiyon infrared wanda zai cika mai gano kuma ya sa ba zai iya aiki don gano wani tushen IR na daban ba. Don amfani da waje, tacewa ta gani (tacewar IR wacce ke toshe hasken da ake iya gani) da/ko tushen haske da aka daidaita tare da gano aiki tare ya zama dole.

Q: Me yasa lokacin tashi/faɗuwa ya dogara da resistor na kaya?

A> Saurin phototransistor yana iyakance ta hanyar lokacin RC wanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar capacitance ɗin haɗin gwiwa da juriya na kaya (R

). Babban R_Lyana haifar da babban lokaci mai mahimmanci, yana rage saurin girgiza ƙarfin lantarki a wurin kolekta, don haka yana ƙara lokutan tashi da faɗuwa. Don saurin amsa mafi sauri, yi amfani da ƙaramin R_L, amma wannan kuma zai rage girgiza ƙarfin lantarki na fitarwa._LQ: Ta yaya zan fassara zanen hankali?

A: Zanen yana nuna amsa dangane da mai gano ga hasken da ke zuwa daga kusurwoyi daban-daban. Ƙimar 1.0 (ko 100%) yawanci a 0° (madaidaiciya zuwa ruwan tabarau). Lanƙwasa yana nuna yadda siginar ta ragu idan an karkatar da tushen haske. Yi amfani da wannan don ƙirar ginin injiniya da fasalin daidaitawa a cikin samfurin ku.

10. Misalin Ƙira na Aiki

Yanayi: Ƙirar Mai Gano Takarda don Firinta.

An sanya LED na infrared a gefe ɗaya na hanyar takarda, kuma an sanya LTR-306 a gaba kai tsaye, yana ƙirƙirar katako. Lokacin da babu takarda, hasken IR ya bugi phototransistor, yana kunna shi kuma ya ja ƙarfin lantarki na kolektansa ƙasa. Lokacin da takarda ta wuce, ta toshe katako, phototransistor ya kashe, kuma ƙarfin lantarki na kolektansa ya tashi sama (ta hanyar resistor mai ja sama). Wannan canjin ƙarfin lantarki ana gano shi ta hanyar microcontroller.Matakan Ƙira:

1. Zaɓi kwandon da ya dace (misali, Kwandon C) don tabbatar da isasshen canjin ƙarfin lantarki don tuƙi ingantaccen resistor mai ja sama a cikin kewayon yanayin aiki da ake tsammani.

2. Zaɓi resistor na kaya/mai ja sama (R

). Resistor na 4.7kΩ tare da samar da 5V zai ba da kyakkyawan girgiza ƙarfin lantarki. Duba Hoto na 3 don tabbatar da cewa sakamakon lokacin amsa na ~100μs ya isa sauri don saurin takarda._L3. Ƙirar mai riƙe da injiniya ta yadda LED da LTR-306 su kasance daidai daidai da axis 0° a cikin zanen hankali (Hoto na 5). Kunshin duban gefe yana sauƙaƙe wannan kamar yadda za a iya sanya duka abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a kan PCB suna fuskantar juna.

4: Aiwatar da direban LED na IR tare da daidaitawa (misali, murabba'in igiyar 1kHz) don sa mai gano ya kasance mara amfani ga hasken IR na yanayi akai-akai. Sa'an nan microcontroller zai karanta siginar mai gano aiki tare da wannan daidaitawar.

11. Ka'idar Aiki

Phototransistor transistor ne na haɗin gwiwa na bipolar inda yankin tushe ya fallasa ga haske. A cikin LTR-306 (nau'in NPN), photons masu shigowa tare da isasshen ƙarfi (hasken infrared a ~940nm) ana sha a cikin haɗin gwiwar tushe-kolekta, suna haifar da nau'ikan lantarki-ramuka. Waɗannan masu ɗaukar hoto sun rabu ta hanyar filin lantarki a cikin haɗin gwiwar tushe-kolekta mai juzu'i. Sakamakon ƙarfin lantarki na hoto yana aiki azaman ƙarfin lantarki na tushe don transistor. Saboda ribar ƙarfin lantarki na transistor (beta/h

), ana haɓaka wannan ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki na hoto, yana samar da ƙarfin kolekta mafi girma. Wannan haɓaka na ciki shine babban bambanci da photodiode. Ƙarfin kolekta yana daidai da ƙarfin hasken da ya faɗo da ribar na'urar._FE12. Trends na Fasaha

Phototransistors kamar LTR-306 suna wakiltar fasaha mai cikakken girma da ingancin farashi don sauƙin gano haske. Trends na yanzu a cikin optoelectronics sun haɗa da haɗa phototransistors tare da haɓakawa akan-chip da da'irori na daidaita siginar don ƙirƙirar masu gano fitarwa na dijital ko masu gano analog tare da ingantaccen layi da ramuwar zafi. Hakanan akwai motsi zuwa ƙananan ƙira da kayan aikin hawa saman tare da ƙananan sawun ƙafa. Don aikace-aikacen mafi sauri da mafi daidaito, photodiodes tare da amplifiers na transimpedance na waje ko ICs na gani na musamman galibi ana fifita su. Koyaya, don ayyukan gano asali, mai arha, matsakaicin sauri, phototransistors daban-daban sun kasance masu dacewa sosai saboda sauƙinsu, ƙarfi, da ƙarancin adadin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa.

Phototransistors like the LTR-306 represent a mature and cost-effective technology for simple light sensing. Current trends in optoelectronics include the integration of phototransistors with on-chip amplification and signal conditioning circuits to create digital output sensors or analog sensors with improved linearity and temperature compensation. There is also a move towards miniaturization and surface-mount packages with even smaller footprints. For higher-speed and more precise applications, photodiodes with external transimpedance amplifiers or dedicated optical ICs are often preferred. However, for basic, low-cost, medium-speed detection tasks, discrete phototransistors remain highly relevant due to their simplicity, robustness, and low component count.