Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1. Bayani Game da Samfur
- 1.1 Girman Fakitin
- 2. Binciken Cikakken Ƙayyadaddun Fasaha
- 2.1 Halaye na Lantarki da na Gani
- 2.2 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Ƙimar Ƙimar
- 3. Binciken Lankwasa Aiki
- 3.1 Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba da Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (Lankwasa IV)
- 3.2 Matsakaicin Ƙarfi Daidai Da Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba
- 3.3 Matsakaicin Ƙarfi Daidai Da Yanayin Yanayi
- 3.4 Rarraba Bakan
- 3.5 Tsarin Radiation
- 3.6 Yanayin Zafin Wurin Siyarwa da Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba
- 4. Bayanan Tufafi & Haɗin SMT
- 4.1 Ƙayyadaddun Tufafi
- 4.2 Jagororin Siyar da SMT Reflow
- 5. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace & Ƙira
- 5.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikacen Yau da Kullun
- 5.2 Abubuwan Tunani na Ƙira
- 5.3 Binciken Kwatankwacin
- 6. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Dangane da Ƙayyadaddun Fasaha)
- 7. Ka'idojin Fasaha da Tafiya
- 7.1 Ka'idar Aiki
- 7.2 Yanayin Masana'antu
- Kalmomin Ƙayyadaddun LED
- Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki
- Ma'auni na Lantarki
- Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa
- Tufafi & Kayan Aiki
- Kula da Inganci & Rarraba
- Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida
1. Bayani Game da Samfur
Wannan takaddar fasaha tana cike da cikakkun ƙayyadaddun bayanai da kuma jagororin amfani da ƙarfin wutar LED (haske mai fitar da haske) na infrared (IR) mai hawa a saman allon. Na'urar tana da fakitin EMC (Epoxy Molding Compound), wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injina mai kyau, kwanciyar hankali a yanayin zafi, da inganci don yanayin aiki mai ƙarfi.
Fa'idodi na Asali:Muhimman fa'idodin wannan kayan aikin sun haɗa da ƙananan girman kafa na SMD (3.0mm x 3.0mm), babban adadin fitar da haske, da kuma faɗin kusurwar kallon daraja 100, wanda ke tabbatar da haske mai yawa. An ƙera shi don dacewa da tsarin gudanar da siyar da gubar da ba ta da gubar (lead-free reflow soldering).
Kasuwannin da Ake Nufa:Yankunan amfani na farko don wannan LED ɗin IR sune tsarin tsaro da sa ido, inda yake aiki a matsayin tushen haske da ba a gani ba don kyamarorin hangen dare. Hakanan yana da dacewa sosai don tsarin hangen nesa na inji a cikin sarrafa masana'antu, yana ba da damar gano abu da kuma tsayawa cikin aminci a cikin yanayi mara kyau na haske.
1.1 Girman Fakitin
Na'urar tana cikin ƙaramin fakitin murabba'i mai tsayi 3.00 mm, faɗi 3.00 mm, da tsayi 2.10 mm. Yawan juzu'i na girma yawanci ±0.2 mm sai an faɗi akasin haka. Fakitin yana da alamar polarity bayyananne don tabbatar da daidaitaccen yanayin yanayin lokacin haɗa allon PCB. An ba da tsarin ƙasa mai siyarwa (tsarin kafa) da aka ba da shawarar don sauƙaƙe ingantaccen aikin zafi da na lantarki, da kuma haɗin injina mai aminci zuwa allon kewayawa da aka buga (PCB).
2. Binciken Cikakken Ƙayyadaddun Fasaha
Sasannin masu zuwa suna ba da cikakken bayani, ma'anar haƙiƙa game da halayen lantarki, na gani, da na zafi na na'urar.
2.1 Halaye na Lantarki da na Gani
An ƙayyade duk ma'auni a ma'aunin zafin gindin siyarwa (Ts) na 25°C.
- Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (VF):Tare da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba (IF) na 500 mA da aka yi amfani da shi, matsakaicin raguwar ƙarfin lantarki a cikin LED shine 1.7 V, tare da mafi ƙarancin 1.4 V. Wannan ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana ba da gudummawa ga ingantacciyar ingancin tsarin.
- Tsawon Ra'ayi Mafi Girma (λp):Babban tsawon ra'ayi na hasken infrared da ake fitarwa shine 850 nm, wanda ke kusa da babban hankali na yawancin na'urori masu ɗaukar hoto na silicon yayin da ya kasance ba a iya gani ga idon ɗan adam.
- Fadin Bakan (Δλ):Faɗin bakan a rabin matsakaicin ƙarfi yawanci 30 nm, wanda ke ayyana tsaftar hasken infrared da ake fitarwa.
- Jimlar Ruɓar Haske (Φe):Wannan ma'auni yana auna jimlar fitowar ƙarfin gani a cikin milliwatts. A IF= 500 mA, ƙimar yau da kullun ita ce 350 mW, tare da kewayon daga 280 mW (ƙarami) zuwa 450 mW (mafi girma).
- Kusurwar Dubawa (2θ1/2):Kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya kasance rabin matsakaicin ƙarfi shine digiri 100, yana ba da tsarin haske mai faɗi.
- Juri na Zafi (RθJ-S):Juri na zafi daga haɗin zuwa wurin siyarwa shine 16 °C/W. Wannan ƙima tana da mahimmanci don ƙididdige yanayin zafin haɗin yayin aiki don tabbatar da inganci na dogon lokaci.
2.2 Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Ƙimar Ƙimar
Waɗannan su ne iyakokin damuwa waɗanda sama da su lalacewa na dindindin na iya faruwa ga na'urar. Ba a ba da shawarar yin aiki a kan ko kusa da waɗannan iyakokin na tsawon lokaci.
- Matsakaicin Ragewar Wutar (PD):0.9 W.
- Matsakaicin Ci Gaba na Gaba na Gaba (IF):500 mA.
- Matsakaicin Ƙarfin Lantarki na Baya (VR):5 V. Wuce wannan na iya haifar da lalacewa nan da nan.
- Haƙuri na Zubar da Lantarki na Tace (ESD):Matsayin ƙirar Jikin Mutum (HBM) shine 2000 V. Dabarun sarrafa ESD da suka dace suna tilas.
- Yankunan Zafin Jiki:Yanayin aiki: -40°C zuwa +85°C. Yanayin ajiya: -40°C zuwa +100°C.
- Matsakaicin Yanayin Zafin Haɗin (TJ):105°C. Dole ne a rage yawan aikin yanzu don kiyaye TJƙasa da wannan iyaka.
3. Binciken Lankwasa Aiki
3.1 Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba da Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba (Lankwasa IV)
Lankwasa IV yana nuna alaƙa mara layi da aka saba da na diode semiconductor. Yayin da ake ƙara yanzu daga 0 zuwa 600 mA, ƙarfin lantarki na gaba yana tashi daga kusan 1.3 V zuwa 1.7 V. Wannan lanƙwasa yana da mahimmanci don zaɓar daidaitattun da'irori masu iyakance yanzu da kuma fahimtar raguwar wutar lantarki.
3.2 Matsakaicin Ƙarfi Daidai Da Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba
Wannan makirci yana nuna cewa fitowar gani (matsakaicin ƙarfi) yana ƙaruwa kusan daidai da yanayin tuƙi har zuwa matsakaicin ƙima. Wannan alaƙa da ake iya hasashe yana ba masu ƙira damar daidaita haske ta hanyar daidaita yanayin tuƙi.
3.3 Matsakaicin Ƙarfi Daidai Da Yanayin Yanayi
Graf din yana nuna raguwar fitowar gani yayin da yanayin yanayi ya tashi. Daga 25°C zuwa 85°C, matsakaicin ƙarfi yana raguwa zuwa kusan 85-90% na ƙimar sa na ɗakin. Dole ne a yi la'akari da wannan raguwar zafi a cikin ƙira don kwanciyar hankali aiki a cikin kewayon yanayin aiki.
3.4 Rarraba Bakan
Graf ɗin bakan ya tabbatar da fitowar kololuwa a 850 nm tare da kunkuntar bandwidth, wanda ya ta'allaka ne a kusa da matsakaicin amsawar firikwensin silicon. Siffar tana da sifa ta tsarin LED na tushen AlGaAs.
3.5 Tsarin Radiation
Zanen polar yana nuna kusurwar kallon digiri 100, yana nuna tsarin fitarwa kusa da Lambertian inda ƙarfi ya kasance daidai gwargwado a cikin mazugi na kallon tsakiya kafin ya fadi a faɗaɗan kusurwoyi.
3.6 Yanayin Zafin Wurin Siyarwa da Ƙarfin Lantarki na Gaba
Wannan lanƙwasa yana kwatanta haɗin zafi tsakanin haɗin LED da wurin siyarwarsa. Don ƙayyadadden ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, zafin wurin siyarwa zai tashi. Ana amfani da wannan bayanan, tare da juriyar zafi, don ingantaccen ƙirar sarrafa zafi.
4. Bayanan Tufafi & Haɗin SMT
4.1 Ƙayyadaddun Tufafi
Ana samar da samfurin cikin kayan tufafi na tef da reel don haɗin SMT ta atomatik. Kowane reel yana ƙunshe da guda 3000. Girman tef ɗin mai ɗaukar kaya (tsawon aljihu, faɗi, zurfi) da girman reel (diamita, girman cibiya) sun yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun EIA don tabbatar da dacewa da kayan aikin zaɓe da wuri.
4.2 Jagororin Siyar da SMT Reflow
An ƙididdige wannan ɓangaren don hanyoyin siyar da reflow marasa gubar. Muhimman abubuwan da aka yi la'akari da su sun haɗa da:
- Matakin Hankalin Danshi (MSL):Mataki na 3. Dole ne a gasa kayan aikin bisa ga ma'aunin IPC/JEDEC idan an buɗe kayan tufafi kuma an fallasa su ga yanayin yanayi sama da ƙayyadaddun rayuwar bene.
- Ƙayyadaddun Bayanin Martaba:An ba da shawarar daidaitaccen bayanin martaba na reflow mara gubar tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki wanda bai wuce 260°C ba. Ya kamata a sarrafa lokacin da ya wuce ruwa (yawanci 217°C) don rage damuwar zafi akan fakitin EMC da guntun semiconductor.
- Abubuwan Kula da Sarrafawa:Kauce wa damuwa ta injina akan fakitin. Yi amfani da bututun ɗaukar ƙura na girman da ya dace. Kula da yanayin aiki da kayan aikin ETD mai aminci.
5. Shawarwari na Aikace-aikace & Ƙira
5.1 Yanayin Aikace-aikacen Yau da Kullun
- Kyamarori na Tsaro da Tsaro:Yana ba da haske na ɓoye don aikin hangen dare a cikin CCTV, dash cams, da kyamarorin ƙofar.
- Hangen Nesa na Inji & Sarrafa Masana'antu:Yana ba da damar haske mai daɗaɗawa don masu karanta barcode, firikwensin gani, jagorar mutum-mutumi, da tsarin duban inganci.
- Firikwensin Halittar Jiki:Ana iya amfani da shi a cikin ƙananan haske na IR don tsarin gane fuska ko duban iris.
5.2 Abubuwan Tunani na Ƙira
- Gudanar da Zafi:Sakamakon babban raguwar wutar lantarki (har zuwa 0.9W), ingantaccen nutsewar zafi yana da mahimmanci. Yi amfani da PCB tare da isassun hanyoyin zafi a ƙarƙashin kushin LED da aka haɗa zuwa filin ƙasa ko mai zafi na musamman. Ƙididdige yanayin haɗin da ake tsammani ta amfani da TJ= TS+ (PD* RθJ-S) kuma tabbatar cewa ya kasance ƙasa da 105°C.
- Da'irori na Tuƙi:Ana ba da shawarar babban direba na yanzu daidai gwargwado akan tushen ƙarfin lantarki na yau da kullun don tabbatar da ingantaccen fitarwa na gani da hana guduwar zafi. Ya kamata direba ya iya samar da har zuwa 500 mA.
- Ƙirar Gani:Faɗin kusurwar kallon digiri 100 ya dace don hasken ambaliya na gaba ɗaya. Don tarattashin haske, za a buƙaci na'urorin gani na biyu (ruwan tabarau).
5.3 Binciken Kwatankwacin
Idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun LED ɗin IR na rami, wannan sigar SMD tana ba da fa'idodi masu mahimmanci ga masana'antu na zamani: ƙaramin girman kafa, dacewa don haɗawa ta atomatik, da mafi kyawun aikin zafi saboda haɗin kai kai tsaye zuwa PCB. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran LED ɗin IR na SMD, haɗinsa na fitarwa 350 mW a 500mA da kusurwar digiri 100 a cikin fakitin 3.0mm x 3.0mm yana wakiltar mafita mai daidaito don aikace-aikacen fitarwa mai girma, faɗin ɗaukar hoto.
6. Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi (Dangane da Ƙayyadaddun Fasaha)
Q: Shin zan iya tuka wannan LED tare da wutar lantarki 3.3V?
A: Ee, amma dole ne ka yi amfani da direba na yanzu daidai. Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na gaba shine 1.7V a 500mA, don haka ana buƙatar resistor na jerin ko da'irar direba mai aiki don iyakance yanzu daga layin 3.3V.
Q: LED nawa zan iya haɗawa a cikin jerin?
A: Wannan ya dogara da ƙarfin lantarki na tuki. Don direba 12V, da ka'ida za ka iya haɗa LED har zuwa 7 a cikin jerin (12V / 1.7V ≈ 7). Koyaya, dole ne ka yi la'akari da haƙƙoƙin ƙarfin lantarki da sama da direba. Haɗin LED ɗin a layi daya ba a ba da shawarar ba tare da daidaita yanzu na mutum ɗaya ba.
Q: Menene tsammanin rayuwa?
A: Rayuwar LED ta kasance da farko ta yanayin haɗin aiki. Lokacin da ake aiki a cikin ƙayyadaddun matsakaicin ƙimar ƙima, musamman kiyaye TJda ƙasa sosai 105°C, na'urar na iya cimma dubunnan sa'o'i na aiki. Yawan zafin jiki yana haɓaka raguwar lumen.
Q: Shin ana buƙatar tace IR akan kyamara?
A: Yawancin kyamarorin hasken rana suna da tacewar IR don hana gurbace launi. Don ingantacciyar hangen dare na IR, dole ne a motsa wannan tacewa a gefe ta hanyar injina ko kuma dole ne a yi amfani da kyamara ba tare da tacewar IR na dindindin ba.
7. Ka'idojin Fasaha da Tafiya
7.1 Ka'idar Aiki
LED na infrared diode ne na haɗin p-n semiconductor. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin lantarki na gaba, electrons da ramuka suna sake haɗawa a cikin yankin aiki, suna sakin makamashi a cikin nau'in photons. Tsawon waɗannan photons (850nm a wannan yanayin) an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar ƙarfin bandgap na kayan semiconductor da ake amfani da su, yawanci aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) don wannan kewayon tsawon ra'ayi.
7.2 Yanayin Masana'antu
Yanayin LED ɗin IR don aikace-aikacen hoto yana zuwa ga inganci mafi girma (mafi yawan mW a kowace mA), ƙananan girman fakitin don jerin abubuwa masu yawa, da ingantaccen inganci. Hakanan ana ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin tsawon ra'ayi da aka inganta don takamaiman nau'ikan firikwensin da aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar amincin ido. Haɗa direba ICs tare da LED a cikin fakitin ɗaya wani ƙarin yanayin da ke girma don sauƙaƙe ƙirar tsarin.
Kalmomin Ƙayyadaddun LED
Cikakken bayanin kalmomin fasaha na LED
Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki
| Kalma | Naúrar/Wakilci | Bayanin Sauri | Me yasa yake da muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ingancin Hasken Wuta | lm/W (lumen kowace watt) | Fitowar haske kowace watt na wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin mafi ingancin kuzari. | Kai tsaye yana ƙayyade matakin ingancin kuzari da farashin wutar lantarki. |
| Gudun Hasken Wuta | lm (lumen) | Jimillar hasken da tushe ke fitarwa, ana kiransa "haske". | Yana ƙayyade ko hasken yana da haske sosai. |
| Kusurwar Dubawa | ° (digiri), misali 120° | Kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabi, yana ƙayyade faɗin haske. | Yana shafar kewar haskakawa da daidaito. |
| Zafin Launi (CCT) | K (Kelvin), misali 2700K/6500K | Zafi/sanyin haske, ƙananan ƙimomi rawaya/zafi, mafi girma fari/sanyi. | Yana ƙayyade yanayin haskakawa da yanayin da suka dace. |
| CI / Ra | Ba naúrar, 0–100 | Ikon ba da launukan abubuwa daidai, Ra≥80 yana da kyau. | Yana shafar sahihancin launi, ana amfani dashi a wurare masu buƙatu kamar shaguna, gidajen tarihi. |
| SDCM | Matakan ellipse MacAdam, misali "5-mataki" | Ma'aunin daidaiton launi, ƙananan matakai suna nufin mafi daidaiton launi. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin LED iri ɗaya. |
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Raɗaɗin Hasken | nm (nanomita), misali 620nm (ja) | Tsawon raɗaɗin haske daidai da launin LED masu launi. | Yana ƙayyade launin ja, rawaya, kore LED masu launi ɗaya. |
| Rarraba Bakan Hasken | Layin tsawon raɗaɗi da ƙarfi | Yana nuna rarraba ƙarfi a cikin tsawon raɗaɗin haske. | Yana shafar ba da launi da ingancin launi. |
Ma'auni na Lantarki
| Kalma | Alamar | Bayanin Sauri | Abubuwan ƙira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | Vf | Mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki don kunna LED, kamar "maƙallan farawa". | Ƙarfin lantarki na injin dole ya zama ≥Vf, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙara don LED a jere. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | If | Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki don aikin LED na yau da kullun. | Yawanci tuƙi mai ƙarfi akai-akai, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙayyade haske da tsawon rai. |
| Matsakaicin Ƙarfin lantarki na bugun jini | Ifp | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai jurewa na ɗan lokaci, ana amfani dashi don duhu ko walƙiya. | Fadin bugun jini da sake zagayowar aiki dole ne a sarrafa su sosai don guje wa lalacewa. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na baya | Vr | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya da LED zai iya jurewa, wanda ya wuce zai iya haifar da rushewa. | Dangane dole ne ya hana haɗin baya ko ƙarfin lantarki. |
| Juriya na zafi | Rth (°C/W) | Juriya ga canja wurin zafi daga guntu zuwa solder, ƙasa yana da kyau. | Babban juriya na zafi yana buƙatar zubar da zafi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rigakafin ESD | V (HBM), misali 1000V | Ikon jurewa zubar da wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin ƙasa mai rauni. | Ana buƙatar matakan hana wutar lantarki a cikin samarwa, musamman ga LED masu hankali. |
Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa
| Kalma | Ma'aunin maɓalli | Bayanin Sauri | Tasiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zazzabin Haɗin gwiwa | Tj (°C) | Ainihin yanayin aiki a cikin guntun LED. | Kowane raguwa 10°C na iya ninka tsawon rai; yayi yawa yana haifar da lalacewar haske, canjin launi. |
| Ragewar Lumen | L70 / L80 (sa'o'i) | Lokacin da haske ya ragu zuwa 70% ko 80% na farko. | Kai tsaye yana ayyana "tsawon sabis" na LED. |
| Kula da Lumen | % (misali 70%) | Kashi na hasken da aka riƙe bayan lokaci. | Yana nuna riƙon haske akan amfani na dogon lokaci. |
| Canjin Launi | Δu′v′ ko ellipse MacAdam | Matsakaicin canjin launi yayin amfani. | Yana shafar daidaiton launi a cikin yanayin haskakawa. |
| Tsufa na Zafi | Lalacewar kayan aiki | Lalacewa saboda yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci. | Zai iya haifar da raguwar haske, canjin launi, ko gazawar buɗe kewaye. |
Tufafi & Kayan Aiki
| Kalma | Nau'ikan gama gari | Bayanin Sauri | Siffofi & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nau'in Kunshin | EMC, PPA, Yumbu | Kayan gida masu kare guntu, samar da hanyar sadarwa ta gani/zafi. | EMC: juriya mai kyau na zafi, farashi mai rahusa; Yumbu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, tsawon rai. |
| Tsarin Guntu | Gaba, Guntu Juyawa | Tsarin na'urorin lantarki na guntu. | Juyawar guntu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, inganci mafi girma, don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rufin Phosphor | YAG, Silicate, Nitride | Yana rufe guntu shuɗi, yana canza wasu zuwa rawaya/ja, yana haɗa su zuwa fari. | Phosphor daban-daban suna shafar inganci, CCT, da CRI. |
| Ruwan tabarau/Optics | Lefi, Microlens, TIR | Tsarin gani a saman yana sarrafa rarraba haske. | Yana ƙayyade kusurwar dubawa da layin rarraba haske. |
Kula da Inganci & Rarraba
| Kalma | Abun rarraba | Bayanin Sauri | Manufa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kwalin Gudun Hasken | Lambar misali 2G, 2H | An tattara su ta hanyar haske, kowace ƙungiya tana da ƙananan/matsakaicin ƙimar lumen. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin jeri ɗaya. |
| Kwalin Ƙarfin lantarki | Lambar misali 6W, 6X | An tattara su ta hanyar kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. | Yana sauƙaƙe daidaitawar tuƙi, yana inganta ingancin tsarin. |
| Kwalin Launi | Ellipse MacAdam 5-mataki | An tattara su ta hanyar daidaitattun launi, yana tabbatar da ƙuntataccen kewayon. | Yana ba da garantin daidaiton launi, yana guje wa launi mara daidaituwa a cikin kayan aikin. |
| Kwalin CCT | 2700K, 3000K da sauransu | An tattara su ta hanyar CCT, kowanne yana da madaidaicin kewayon daidaitawa. | Yana cika buƙatun CCT na yanayi daban-daban. |
Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida
| Kalma | Matsakaicin/Gwaji | Bayanin Sauri | Muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| LM-80 | Gwajin kula da lumen | Haskakawa na dogon lokaci a yanayin zafi akai-akai, yana rikodin lalacewar haske. | Ana amfani dashi don kimanta rayuwar LED (tare da TM-21). |
| TM-21 | Matsakaicin kimanta rayuwa | Yana kimanta rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na ainihi bisa bayanan LM-80. | Yana ba da hasashen kimiyya na rayuwa. |
| IESNA | Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Haskakawa | Yana rufe hanyoyin gwajin gani, lantarki, zafi. | Tushen gwaji da masana'antu suka amince. |
| RoHS / REACH | Tabbatarwar muhalli | Yana tabbatar da babu abubuwa masu cutarwa (darma, mercury). | Bukatar shiga kasuwa a duniya. |
| ENERGY STAR / DLC | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari da aiki don samfuran haskakawa. | Ana amfani dashi a cikin sayayyan gwamnati, shirye-shiryen tallafi, yana haɓaka gasa. |