Teburin Abubuwan Ciki
- 1. Bayyani Game da Samfur
- 1.1 Siffofi na Asali
- 1.2 Aikace-aikacen da Ake Nufi
- 2. Bayanin Injiniya & Kunshi
- 2.1 Girman Bayyanawa
- 3. Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Ƙimar
- 4. Halaye na Lantarki & Na Gani
- 4.1 Bayanan Halaye
- 5. Ƙayyadaddun Tsarin Rarrabuwa
- 5.1 Kwandon Ƙarfin Hasken
- 6. Ƙayyadaddun Kunshi
- 7. Jagororin Aikace-aikace & Sarrafawa
- 7.1 Aikace-aikacen da Ake Shawarwa
- 7.2 Yanayin Ajiya
- 7.3 Tsaftacewa
- 7.4 Siffantar Jagora & Haɗin PCB
- 7.5 Umarnin Solder
- 7.6 Ƙirar Da'irar Tuƙi
- 7.7 Kariya daga ESD (Zubar da Wutar Lantarki ta Tsaye)
- 8. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Aiki & Tunani na Ƙira
- 8.1 Ƙarfin Gaba (Vf) vs. Halin Gaba (If)
- 8.2 Ƙarfin Hasken Hasken vs. Halin Gaba
- 8.3 Tunani na Thermal
- 8.4 Kusurwar Dubawa da Ƙirar Gani
- 9. Kwatancen Fasaha & Jagorar Zaɓi
- 9.1 Taƙaitaccen Bambancin Shudi da Jajaye
- 9.2 Tambayoyin Ƙira na Gama Gari
- 10. Misalan Aikace-aikace na Aiki
- 10.1 Alamar Kunna Wuta don Na'urar 12V
- 10.2 Alamar Matsayi Biyu-Launi (Ana Tuƙa ta Microcontroller)
1. Bayyani Game da Samfur
Wannan takarda ta cika bayanin ƙayyadaddun fitilar LED ta rami, wacce aka gano ta lambar sashi LTL1DETBEK5. Ana ba da na'urar a cikin manyan nau'ikan launuka guda biyu: Shudi da Jajaye, ta yin amfani da fasahohin semiconductor na InGaN da AlInGaP bi da bi. An ƙera ta azaman fitilar nuni na matsayi na gabaɗaya wacce ta dace da aikace-aikacen lantarki iri-iri.
1.1 Siffofi na Asali
- Ƙarancin Amfani da Wutar Lantarki & Ingantacciyar Aiki:An ƙera don aiki mai inganci a cikin amfani da wutar lantarki.
- Ba shi da Gubar & Ya bi Ka'idojin RoHS:Ya cika ka'idojin muhalli.
- Shahararriyar Diamita T-1:Daidaitaccen siffar kunshin 5mm (T-1 3/4) don sauƙin haɗawa.
- Ruwan Bayyananne Lens:Yana ba da babban fitowar haske da tsantsar fahimtar launi.
1.2 Aikace-aikacen da Ake Nufi
LED ya dace don nuna matsayi a cikin masana'antu da yawa, gami da:
- Kayan Aikin Sadarwa
- Na'urorin Kwamfuta da Tsarin
- Kayan Lantarki na Masu Amfani
- Kayan Aikin Gida
2. Bayanin Injiniya & Kunshi
Ana ajiye LED a cikin daidaitaccen kunshin radial mai jagora, diamita T-1 (5mm) tare da ruwan bayyananne lens na epoxy.
2.1 Girman Bayyanawa
Mahimman bayanan girma (duka a cikin mm, inci a cikin baka):
- Daidaitaccen diamita na kunshin T-1.
- Ana auna tazarar jagora a inda jagororin suka fito daga jikin kunshin.
- Yawan ƙima yawanci ±0.25mm (±0.010") sai dai idan an ƙayyade.
- Matsakaicin tsawaitawar resin a ƙarƙashin flange shine 1.0mm (0.04").
Lura: Ƙayyadaddun bayanai na iya canzawa ba tare da sanarwa ba.
3. Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Ƙimar
Ƙimar a yanayin zafin muhalli (TA) na 25°C. Wucewa waɗannan iyakoki na iya haifar da lalacewa na dindindin.
| Ma'auni | Shudi | Jajaye | Naúrar |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rushewar Wutar Lantarki | 96 | 75 | mW |
| Matsakaicin Halin Gaba (Aiki ≤1/10, Bugun jini ≤10µs) | 100 | 90 | mA |
| Halin Gaba na DC | 30 | 30 | mA |
| Kewayon Zafin Aiki | -40°C zuwa +85°C | ||
| Kewayon Zafin Ajiya | -40°C zuwa +100°C | ||
| Zafin Solder na Jagora (1.6mm daga jiki) | 260°C na 5 seconds matsakaici. |
4. Halaye na Lantarki & Na Gani
Halaye na yau da kullun da aka auna a TA=25°C da IF=20mA, sai dai idan an lura.
| Ma'auni | Alama | Launi | Min. | Typ. | Max. | Naúrar | Yanayin Gwaji |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ƙarfin Hasken Hasken | Iv | Shudi | 180 | 520 | 1500 | mcd | IF=20mA (Lura 1,4) |
| Ƙarfin Hasken Hasken | Iv | Jajaye | 400 | 680 | 1900 | mcd | IF=20mA (Lura 1,4) |
| Kusurwar Dubawa (2θ1/2) | Shudi/Jajaye | 30 | digiri | Lura 2 | |||
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Tsawon | λP | Shudi | 468 | nm | A Kololuwa | ||
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Tsawon | λP | Jajaye | 632 | nm | A Kololuwa | ||
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Tsawon | λd | Shudi | 465 | 470 | 475 | nm | Lura 3 |
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Tsawon | λd | Jajaye | 617 | 624 | 627 | nm | Lura 3 |
| Rabin Nisa na Bakan | Δλ | Shudi | 22 | nm | |||
| Rabin Nisa na Bakan | Δλ | Jajaye | 20 | nm | |||
| Ƙarfin Gaba | VF | Shudi | 3.0 | 3.4 | V | IF=20mA | |
| Ƙarfin Gaba | VF | Jajaye | 2.0 | 2.4 | V | IF=20mA | |
| Halin Baya | IR | Shudi/Jajaye | 10 | µA | VR=5V (Lura 5) |
4.1 Bayanan Halaye
- Auna Ƙarfin Hasken Hasken:An auna tare da firikwensin / tacewa wanda ya kusanci lanƙwasa amsawar ido na CIE photopic.
- Kusurwar Dubawa (2θ1/2):Kusurwar da ba ta kan axis ba inda ƙarfin ya rabi na axial (a kan axis).
- Matsakaicin Tsawon Tsawon (λd):An samo shi daga zanen launi na CIE, wanda ke wakiltar tsinkayen tsawon tsawon launi guda ɗaya.
- Yawan Ƙimar Ƙarfin Hasken:Ƙayyadaddun Iv sun haɗa da ƙimar gwaji na ±30%.
- Aikin Baya:Ba a ƙera na'urar don aikin karkatar da baya ba. Yanayin VR=5V don gwajin IR ne kawai.
5. Ƙayyadaddun Tsarin Rarrabuwa
Ana rarraba LED ɗin zuwa kwandon bisa ƙarfin haske a 20mA. Wannan yana tabbatar da daidaito a cikin haske don aikace-aikacen samarwa.
5.1 Kwandon Ƙarfin Hasken
| Kwandon LED Shudi | Kwandon LED Jajaye | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lambar Kwando | Mafi ƙanƙanta (mcd) | Matsakaici (mcd) | Lambar Kwando | Mafi ƙanƙanta (mcd) | Matsakaici (mcd) |
| HJ | 180 | 310 | LM | 400 | 680 |
| KL | 310 | 520 | NP | 680 | 1150 |
| MN | 520 | 880 | QR | 1150 | 1900 |
| PQ | 880 | 1500 |
Lura:Yawan ƙima akan kowane iyaka na kwandon shine ±15%.
6. Ƙayyadaddun Kunshi
Daidaitaccen tsarin kunshi shine kamar haka:
- Naúrar Tushe:500, 200, ko 100 guda a kowace jakar tattarawa mai hana wutar lantarki.
- Akwatin Ciki:Ana sanya jakunkuna 10 na tattarawa cikin akwatin ciki ɗaya, jimlar 5,000 guda.
- Akwatin Waje (Jigilar Kaya):Ana tattara akwatuna na ciki 8 cikin akwatin waje ɗaya, jimlar 40,000 guda.
- A cikin kowane kayan jigilar kaya, ƙarshen fakitin kawai zai iya zama fakitin da bai cika ba.
7. Jagororin Aikace-aikace & Sarrafawa
7.1 Aikace-aikacen da Ake Shawarwa
Ya dace don alamun ciki/waje da nuna matsayi na kayan aikin lantarki na gabaɗaya.
7.2 Yanayin Ajiya
- Kada a wuce 30°C ko 70% zafi na dangi.
- LED ɗin da aka cire daga ainihin kunshi yakamata a yi amfani da su cikin watanni uku.
- Don tsawaita ajiya a waje da ainihin kunshi, yi amfani da akwati mai rufi tare da busassun abu ko yanayin nitrogen.
7.3 Tsaftacewa
Yi amfani da kaushi na barasa kamar isopropyl alcohol idan ana buƙatar tsaftacewa.
7.4 Siffantar Jagora & Haɗin PCB
- Matsakaicin Lanƙwasa:Lanƙwasa jagororin a wani wuri aƙalla 3mm daga gindin lens na LED. Kada a yi amfani da gindin kunshin azaman fulcrum.
- Tsari:Yi siffantar jagora a yanayin zafi na dakikafin soldering.
- Haɗawa:Yi amfani da mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin manne akan PCB don guje wa damuwa na injiniya akan jikin LED.
7.5 Umarnin Solder
Doka Mai Muhimmanci:Kiyaye mafi ƙarancin tsabta na 2mm daga gindin lens zuwa wurin solder. Kada a nutsar da lens a cikin solder.
Yanayin da Ake Shawarwa:
| Hanya | Ma'auni | Yanayi |
|---|---|---|
| Ƙarfe na Solder | Zazzabi | 350°C Matsakaici. |
| Lokaci | 3 seconds Matsakaici. (sau ɗaya kawai) | |
| Matsayi | >2mm daga gindin lens | |
| Solder Wave | Zafin Kafin Dumama | 100°C Matsakaici. |
| Lokacin Kafin Dumama | 60 seconds Matsakaici. | |
| Zafin Wave Solder. | 260°C Matsakaici. | |
| Lokacin Solder | 5 seconds Matsakaici. | |
| Matsayin Tsoma | >2mm daga gindin lens |
Gargadi:Yawan zafi ko lokaci na iya lalata lens ko haifar da gazawar bala'i. IR reflow BAI dace da wannan samfurin LED ta rami ba.
7.6 Ƙirar Da'irar Tuƙi
LED ɗin na'urori ne masu aiki da halin yanzu. Don daidaitaccen haske lokacin amfani da LED ɗin da yawa:
- Ana Shawarwa (Da'ira A):Yi amfani da resistor mai iyakancewa halin yanzu a jere tare dakowaneLED. Wannan yana ramawa ga bambance-bambance a cikin ƙarfin gaba (Vf) na kowane LED.
- Ba a Shawarwa (Da'ira B):Haɗa LED ɗin da yawa kai tsaye a layi daya ba tare da resistors ɗin kowane ɗaya ba ana hana shi. Ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin halayen I-V na iya haifar da babban bambanci a cikin raba halin yanzu, sabili da haka, haske.
Ƙimar resistor na jere (R) za a iya ƙididdige ta ta amfani da Dokar Ohm: R = (Vsupply - Vf_LED) / Idesired, inda Vf_LED shine matsakaicin ƙarfin gaba daga takardar bayanin kuma Idesired shine halin yanzu na tuƙi da ake nufi (misali, 20mA).
7.7 Kariya daga ESD (Zubar da Wutar Lantarki ta Tsaye)
Waɗannan LED ɗin suna da saukin lalacewa daga wutar lantarki ta tsaye.
- Kafa Mutum:Yi amfani da abin wuya na wuya mai ɗaukar wutar lantarki ko safofin hannu masu hana wutar lantarki lokacin sarrafawa.
- Kayan Aiki na Kafa:Tabbatar cewa duk tashoshin aiki, kayan aiki, da rakunan ajiya suna da tushe da kyau.
- Kawar da Caji:Yi amfani da ionizer don kawar da cajin tsaye wanda zai iya taruwa akan lens ɗin filastik.
- Horarwa:Ma'aikatan da ke aiki a wuraren da ke da hankali ga ESD yakamata a horar da su da cancanta.
8. Bincike na Lanƙwasa Aiki & Tunani na Ƙira
8.1 Ƙarfin Gaba (Vf) vs. Halin Gaba (If)
Lanƙwasan na yau da kullun suna nuna alaƙar ƙima tsakanin ƙarfin lantarki da halin yanzu ga duka LED shudi da jajaye. LED shudi (InGaN) yana da mafi girman Vf na yau da kullun (~3.4V) idan aka kwatanta da LED jajaye (AlInGaP, ~2.4V) a 20mA. Dole ne masu ƙira su yi la'akari da wannan bambanci lokacin ƙididdige ƙimar resistor na jere ko ƙirar wutar lantarki don aikace-aikacen launuka da yawa.
8.2 Ƙarfin Hasken Hasken vs. Halin Gaba
Ƙarfin yana kusan daidai da halin gaba a cikin kewayon aiki na al'ada. Tuƙi LED ɗin sama da halin yanzu na DC da ake ba da shawarar (30mA) zai ƙara fitowar haske amma kuma zai ƙara rushewar wutar lantarki da zafin haɗuwa, yana iya rage tsawon rayuwa da haifar da canjin launi.
8.3 Tunani na Thermal
Yayin da takardar ke ba da matsakaicin ƙima, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa aikin LED yana raguwa tare da ƙara zafin haɗuwa. Ga LED jajaye AlInGaP, ingancin haske yawanci yana raguwa sosai tare da hawan zafin jiki idan aka kwatanta da LED shudi InGaN. A cikin yanayin yanayi mai zafi ko yanayin tuƙi mai ƙarfi, yakamata a yi la'akari da sarrafa zafi (misali, yankin tagulla na PCB) don kiyaye aiki da aminci.
8.4 Kusurwar Dubawa da Ƙirar Gani
Rabin kusurwar digiri 30 yana ba da madaidaicin mazugi na dubawa wanda ya dace da alamun panel. Don aikace-aikacen da ke buƙatar ƙunƙuntaccen katako, za a buƙaci na'urorin gani na biyu (misali, ruwan tabarau). Ruwan bayyananne lens yana da mafi kyau don mafi kyawun fitar da launi amma baya ba da watsewa; don bayyanar mai laushi, mafi daidaito, za a buƙaci bambancin lens mai watsewa.
9. Kwatancen Fasaha & Jagorar Zaɓi
9.1 Taƙaitaccen Bambancin Shudi da Jajaye
| Bangare | Shudi (InGaN) | Jajaye (AlInGaP) | Tasirin Ƙira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Matsakaicin Ƙarfin Gaba (20mA) | ~3.4V | ~2.4V | Ana buƙatar ƙimar resistor na jere daban-daban don halin yanzu ɗaya daga wutar lantarki ɗaya. |
| Kwandon Ƙarfin Hasken | HJ zuwa PQ (180-1500 mcd) | LM zuwa QR (400-1900 mcd) | LED jajaye gabaɗaya suna ba da kwandon ƙarfin haske mafi girma don wani halin yanzu na tuƙi. |
| Matsakaicin/Matsakaicin Tsawon Tsawon | ~468nm / ~470nm | ~632nm / ~624nm | Daidaitattun launuka shudi da jajaye masu inganci. |
| Fasaha | InGaN | AlInGaP | Dukansu fasahohin LED ne masu girma, masu inganci. |
9.2 Tambayoyin Ƙira na Gama Gari
Q: Zan iya tuƙa wannan LED kai tsaye daga fil ɗin dabaru na dijital 5V?
A: A'a. Matsakaicin Vf shine 2.4V (Jajaye) ko 3.4V (Shudi). Resistor na jerekoyaushe ana buƙatadon iyakance halin yanzu. Don wadataccen wutar lantarki na 5V da nufin 20mA: R_jajaye ≈ (5V - 2.4V) / 0.02A = 130Ω; R_shudi ≈ (5V - 3.4V) / 0.02A = 80Ω. Yi amfani da mafi kusancin ƙimar daidaitaccen mafi girma don aminci.
Q: Me ya sa ƙimar halin baya (IR) ke da mahimmanci idan ba a yarda da aikin baya ba?
A> Ma'auni ne na inganci da gwajin ɗigon ruwa. Babban halin yanzu na ɗigon baya na iya nuna haɗuwa da lalacewa ko lahani.
Q: Ta yaya zan zaɓi daidaitaccen kwandon ƙarfin haske?
A> Zaɓi bisa buƙatun haske na aikace-aikace da daidaito da ake buƙata. Don panel na LED ɗin da yawa, ƙayyadaddun kwando ɗaya, mafi ƙarfi (misali, KL don shudi) yana tabbatar da bayyanar iri ɗaya. Don alamar guda ɗaya, kwandon mai faɗi na iya zama abin karɓa don ceton kuɗi.
10. Misalan Aikace-aikace na Aiki
10.1 Alamar Kunna Wuta don Na'urar 12V
Manufa:Nuna na'urar tana kunna ta amfani da LED jajaye.
Ƙira:Ƙarfin wutar lantarki = 12V. Halin yanzu da ake nufi = 15mA (don tsawon rayuwa).
Ƙididdiga:Vf_jajaye_typ = 2.4V. Ƙimar resistor R = (12V - 2.4V) / 0.015A = 640Ω. Wutar lantarki a cikin resistor P_R = (12V-2.4V)*0.015A = 0.144W. Yi amfani da daidaitaccen resistor 620Ω ko 680Ω, 1/4W.
10.2 Alamar Matsayi Biyu-Launi (Ana Tuƙa ta Microcontroller)
Manufa:Yi amfani da LED shudi ɗaya da jajaye ɗaya don nuna matsayi daban-daban (misali, jiran aiki/aiki) wanda fil ɗin GPIO na MCU ke sarrafawa.
Ƙira:MCU VDD = 3.3V. Tuƙi LED ɗin a 10mA don ƙarancin wutar lantarki.
Ƙididdiga:
- Shudi: R = (3.3V - 3.4V) / 0.01A = -10Ω (Mara inganci). Wannan yana nuna matsala: matsakaicin Vf na LED shudi (3.4V) ya fi wadataccen wutar lantarki (3.3V) girma. LED shudi bazai haskaka ba, ko kuma zai yi duhu sosai. Magani: Yi amfani da LED shudi tare da ƙananan kwandon Vf, rage halin yanzu ƙari, ko yi amfani da da'irar caji/ƙara ƙarfi.
- Jajaye: R = (3.3V - 2.4V) / 0.01A = 90Ω. Wannan yana aiki da kyau.
Wannan misalin yana nuna mahimmancin duba ƙarfin wutar lantarki da LED Vf.
Kalmomin Ƙayyadaddun LED
Cikakken bayanin kalmomin fasaha na LED
Aikin Hasken Wutar Lantarki
| Kalma | Naúrar/Wakilci | Bayanin Sauri | Me yasa yake da muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ingancin Hasken Wuta | lm/W (lumen kowace watt) | Fitowar haske kowace watt na wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin mafi ingancin kuzari. | Kai tsaye yana ƙayyade matakin ingancin kuzari da farashin wutar lantarki. |
| Gudun Hasken Wuta | lm (lumen) | Jimillar hasken da tushe ke fitarwa, ana kiransa "haske". | Yana ƙayyade ko hasken yana da haske sosai. |
| Kusurwar Dubawa | ° (digiri), misali 120° | Kusurwar da ƙarfin haske ya ragu zuwa rabi, yana ƙayyade faɗin haske. | Yana shafar kewar haskakawa da daidaito. |
| Zafin Launi (CCT) | K (Kelvin), misali 2700K/6500K | Zafi/sanyin haske, ƙananan ƙimomi rawaya/zafi, mafi girma fari/sanyi. | Yana ƙayyade yanayin haskakawa da yanayin da suka dace. |
| CI / Ra | Ba naúrar, 0–100 | Ikon ba da launukan abubuwa daidai, Ra≥80 yana da kyau. | Yana shafar sahihancin launi, ana amfani dashi a wurare masu buƙatu kamar shaguna, gidajen tarihi. |
| SDCM | Matakan ellipse MacAdam, misali "5-mataki" | Ma'aunin daidaiton launi, ƙananan matakai suna nufin mafi daidaiton launi. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton launi a cikin rukunin LED iri ɗaya. |
| Matsakaicin Tsawon Raɗaɗin Hasken | nm (nanomita), misali 620nm (ja) | Tsawon raɗaɗin haske daidai da launin LED masu launi. | Yana ƙayyade launin ja, rawaya, kore LED masu launi ɗaya. |
| Rarraba Bakan Hasken | Layin tsawon raɗaɗi da ƙarfi | Yana nuna rarraba ƙarfi a cikin tsawon raɗaɗin haske. | Yana shafar ba da launi da ingancin launi. |
Ma'auni na Lantarki
| Kalma | Alamar | Bayanin Sauri | Abubuwan ƙira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | Vf | Mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki don kunna LED, kamar "maƙallan farawa". | Ƙarfin lantarki na injin dole ya zama ≥Vf, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙara don LED a jere. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na gaba | If | Ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki don aikin LED na yau da kullun. | Yawanci tuƙi mai ƙarfi akai-akai, ƙarfin lantarki yana ƙayyade haske da tsawon rai. |
| Matsakaicin Ƙarfin lantarki na bugun jini | Ifp | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai jurewa na ɗan lokaci, ana amfani dashi don duhu ko walƙiya. | Fadin bugun jini da sake zagayowar aiki dole ne a sarrafa su sosai don guje wa lalacewa. |
| Ƙarfin lantarki na baya | Vr | Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na baya da LED zai iya jurewa, wanda ya wuce zai iya haifar da rushewa. | Dangane dole ne ya hana haɗin baya ko ƙarfin lantarki. |
| Juriya na zafi | Rth (°C/W) | Juriya ga canja wurin zafi daga guntu zuwa solder, ƙasa yana da kyau. | Babban juriya na zafi yana buƙatar zubar da zafi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rigakafin ESD | V (HBM), misali 1000V | Ikon jurewa zubar da wutar lantarki, mafi girma yana nufin ƙasa mai rauni. | Ana buƙatar matakan hana wutar lantarki a cikin samarwa, musamman ga LED masu hankali. |
Gudanar da Zafi & Amincewa
| Kalma | Ma'aunin maɓalli | Bayanin Sauri | Tasiri |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zazzabin Haɗin gwiwa | Tj (°C) | Ainihin yanayin aiki a cikin guntun LED. | Kowane raguwa 10°C na iya ninka tsawon rai; yayi yawa yana haifar da lalacewar haske, canjin launi. |
| Ragewar Lumen | L70 / L80 (sa'o'i) | Lokacin da haske ya ragu zuwa 70% ko 80% na farko. | Kai tsaye yana ayyana "tsawon sabis" na LED. |
| Kula da Lumen | % (misali 70%) | Kashi na hasken da aka riƙe bayan lokaci. | Yana nuna riƙon haske akan amfani na dogon lokaci. |
| Canjin Launi | Δu′v′ ko ellipse MacAdam | Matsakaicin canjin launi yayin amfani. | Yana shafar daidaiton launi a cikin yanayin haskakawa. |
| Tsufa na Zafi | Lalacewar kayan aiki | Lalacewa saboda yanayin zafi na dogon lokaci. | Zai iya haifar da raguwar haske, canjin launi, ko gazawar buɗe kewaye. |
Tufafi & Kayan Aiki
| Kalma | Nau'ikan gama gari | Bayanin Sauri | Siffofi & Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nau'in Kunshin | EMC, PPA, Yumbu | Kayan gida masu kare guntu, samar da hanyar sadarwa ta gani/zafi. | EMC: juriya mai kyau na zafi, farashi mai rahusa; Yumbu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, tsawon rai. |
| Tsarin Guntu | Gaba, Guntu Juyawa | Tsarin na'urorin lantarki na guntu. | Juyawar guntu: mafi kyawun zubar da zafi, inganci mafi girma, don ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. |
| Rufin Phosphor | YAG, Silicate, Nitride | Yana rufe guntu shuɗi, yana canza wasu zuwa rawaya/ja, yana haɗa su zuwa fari. | Phosphor daban-daban suna shafar inganci, CCT, da CRI. |
| Ruwan tabarau/Optics | Lefi, Microlens, TIR | Tsarin gani a saman yana sarrafa rarraba haske. | Yana ƙayyade kusurwar dubawa da layin rarraba haske. |
Kula da Inganci & Rarraba
| Kalma | Abun rarraba | Bayanin Sauri | Manufa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kwalin Gudun Hasken | Lambar misali 2G, 2H | An tattara su ta hanyar haske, kowace ƙungiya tana da ƙananan/matsakaicin ƙimar lumen. | Yana tabbatar da daidaiton haske a cikin jeri ɗaya. |
| Kwalin Ƙarfin lantarki | Lambar misali 6W, 6X | An tattara su ta hanyar kewayon ƙarfin lantarki na gaba. | Yana sauƙaƙe daidaitawar tuƙi, yana inganta ingancin tsarin. |
| Kwalin Launi | Ellipse MacAdam 5-mataki | An tattara su ta hanyar daidaitattun launi, yana tabbatar da ƙuntataccen kewayon. | Yana ba da garantin daidaiton launi, yana guje wa launi mara daidaituwa a cikin kayan aikin. |
| Kwalin CCT | 2700K, 3000K da sauransu | An tattara su ta hanyar CCT, kowanne yana da madaidaicin kewayon daidaitawa. | Yana cika buƙatun CCT na yanayi daban-daban. |
Gwaji & Takaddun Shaida
| Kalma | Matsakaicin/Gwaji | Bayanin Sauri | Muhimmanci |
|---|---|---|---|
| LM-80 | Gwajin kula da lumen | Haskakawa na dogon lokaci a yanayin zafi akai-akai, yana rikodin lalacewar haske. | Ana amfani dashi don kimanta rayuwar LED (tare da TM-21). |
| TM-21 | Matsakaicin kimanta rayuwa | Yana kimanta rayuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayi na ainihi bisa bayanan LM-80. | Yana ba da hasashen kimiyya na rayuwa. |
| IESNA | Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Haskakawa | Yana rufe hanyoyin gwajin gani, lantarki, zafi. | Tushen gwaji da masana'antu suka amince. |
| RoHS / REACH | Tabbatarwar muhalli | Yana tabbatar da babu abubuwa masu cutarwa (darma, mercury). | Bukatar shiga kasuwa a duniya. |
| ENERGY STAR / DLC | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari | Tabbatarwar ingancin kuzari da aiki don samfuran haskakawa. | Ana amfani dashi a cikin sayayyan gwamnati, shirye-shiryen tallafi, yana haɓaka gasa. |