Sadarwar Haske ta Sararin Samaniya Mai Girman Hankali Ta Amfani da Kayan Aiki Masu Karamin Girman Jiki da Wutar Lantarki

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan aikin ya nuna ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin sadarwar Haske ta Sararin Samaniya (FSO) ta hanyar magance kalubalen Girman Jiki, Nauyi, da Wutar Lantarki (SWaP). Nunin FSO na gargajiya mai girman hankali ko babban adadin bayanai sau da yawa sun dogara ne da kayan aiki masu girma, masu cin wutar lantarki kamar na'urorin samar da siffofi, na'urorin daidaitawa na waje, ko masu karɓa masu sanyaya. Wannan takarda ta gabatar da madaidaicin mafita mai haɗaka ta amfani da micro-Light Emitting Diode (micro-LED) na Gallium Nitride (GaN) mai sarrafa CMOS a matsayin mai aikawa da kuma tsararrun Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) mai haɗaka CMOS a matsayin mai karɓa. Tsarin ya cimma adadin bayanai na 100 Mb/s tare da girman hankali mai ban mamaki na mai karɓa na -55.2 dBm (daidai da kusan ~7.5 hasken da aka gano a kowane bit) yayin da yake amfani da jimlar wutar lantarki ƙasa da 5.5 W, yana tabbatar da yuwuwar haɗin haske mai inganci a ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙayyadaddun SWaP.

2. Fasahohin Tsakiya

Aikin tsarin ya dogara ne akan fasahohin haske guda biyu masu mahimmanci waɗanda aka haɗa.

3. Aiwatar da Tsarin & Hanyoyi

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Aiki

Bayanin Jadawali: Jadawalin BER vs. Wutar Hasken da aka Karɓa zai nuna lanƙwasa biyu, ɗaya don 50 Mb/s ɗaya kuma don 100 Mb/s. Lanƙwasa na 50 Mb/s zai kai ga manufar BER (misali, 1e-3) a ƙaramin matakin wutar lantarki (kimanin -60.5 dBm) fiye da lanƙwasa na 100 Mb/s (kimanin -55.2 dBm), yana nuna ciniki tsakanin adadin bayanai da girman hankali. Jadawalin zai nuna gibin aiki zuwa Iyakar Quantum na Ƙa'ida (SQL).

Sakamakon ya nuna karara ciniki tsakanin adadin bayanai da girman hankali. A 50 Mb/s, an sami girman hankali mafi girma na -60.5 dBm. Aikin tsarin, a 100 Mb/s, an ba da rahoton cewa yana cikin 18.5 dB na SQL don hasken 635 nm, wanda shine -70.1 dBm.

5. Nazarin Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Babban iyaka ga irin wannan mai karɓa mai ƙidaya hasken shine Iyakar Quantum na Ƙa'ida (SQL) don ganowa kai tsaye, wanda aka samo daga ƙididdigar Poissonian na isowar hasken. Yuwuwar kuskure don OOK ana bayar da shi ta:

$P_e = \frac{1}{2} \left[ P(0|1) + P(1|0) \right]$

Inda $P(0|1)$ shine yuwuwar yanke shawarar "0" lokacin da aka aika "1" (kuskuren ganowa), kuma $P(1|0)$ shine yuwuwar yanke shawarar "1" lokacin da aka aika "0" (kuskuren ƙararrawa, sau da yawa daga ƙididdigar duhu). Ga SPAD, adadin ƙidaya da aka gano $R_d$ ba ya da layi tare da kwararar hasken da ke faruwa $\Phi$ saboda lokacin mutuwa $\tau_d$:

$R_d = \frac{\eta \Phi}{1 + \eta \Phi \tau_d}$

inda $\eta$ shine ingancin ganowa. Wannan rashin layi da tasirin da ke tattare da shi kamar bugun bayan shine manyan dalilan da ya sa aka zaɓi tsarin RZ-OOK mai sauƙi akan NRZ, saboda yana ba da rabuwar lokaci mai tsabta tsakanin bit don rage ISI.

6. Ra'ayin Mai Nazari: Fahimtar Tsakiya & Zargi

Fahimtar Tsakiya: Griffiths da sauransu sun aiwatar da babban darasi a cikin ƙirƙira mai aiki. Ba su bi girman hankali mai rikodin ba a keɓance amma sun ƙirƙira tsarin da aka inganta gaba ɗaya inda haɗakar haske na CMOS kai tsaye ke ba da damar siffar ƙaramin-SWaP. Haɓaka na gaske ba kawai -55.2 dBm ba ne; yana cimma wannan girman hankali yayin da duk mai canzawa yana sha ƙaramin wutar lantarki fiye da fitilar LED na gida. Wannan yana canza labari daga sha'awar dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa kadara da za a iya amfani da ita.

Kwararar Hankali & Zaɓuɓɓukan Dabarun: Hankali yana da kariya sosai. 1) Matsala: Babban aikin FSO yana hana SWaP. 2) Hasashen Magani: Haɗakar CMOS na mahimman ayyukan haske (direbobin micro-LED, tsararrun SPAD tare da ƙidaya) shine kawai hanya mai yuwuwa. 3) Tabbatarwa: Yi amfani da mafi sauƙin daidaitawa (RZ-OOK) don fara tabbatar da iyawar kayan aikin da aka haɗa, keɓance fa'idar SWaP. Wannan yayi daidai da falsafar a cikin bincike na sanin kayan aiki na farko, kamar aikin akan "Sarrafa Cikakken Hanyoyin Jijiyoyi Mai Zurfi: Jagora da Bincike" (Sze et al., Proceedings of the IEEE, 2017), wanda ke jayayya cewa dole ne a tsara algorithm da kayan aiki tare don inganci na ainihi—ƙa'idar da aka nuna a fili a nan.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfi shine nunin matakin tsarin mai gamsarwa. Adadin <5.5W shine hujja mai ƙarfi don aiwatarwa a fili a cikin UAVs ko tauraron dan adam. Duk da haka, babban aibin takardar shine shiru na dabarun akan yawan bayanai. 100 Mb/s ya isa don aikin telemetry na firikwensin amma ba komai ga sadarwa na zamani. Amfani da OOK mai sauƙi, duk da yake hikima ne don wannan tabbacin ra'ayi, yana barin babban ingancin yanki akan tebur. Sun gina keken keke mai inganci sosai don tabbatar da injin yana aiki, yayin da masana'antu ke buƙatar babbar mota. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ƙarfin haɗin kai (misali, ga tashin hankali na yanayi, kurakuran nuni)—ƙafar Achilles na FSO—ba ya nan, wani mahimmin tsallakewa ga kowane tsarin da ya shirya filin.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: 1) Ga Masu Bincike: Mataki na gaba nan da nan ba ƙara tura girman hankali wani dB ba, amma amfani da wannan dandamali mai haɗaka zuwa daidaitawa mafi girma (misali, PPM, DPSK) don haɓaka adadin bit ba tare da ƙara SWaP daidai gwargwado ba. 2) Ga Masu Zuba Jari & Masu Haɗaka: Wannan fasahar ta cika don aikace-aikace masu ƙima, masu ƙima inda ƙaramin adadin bayanai, girman hankali mai tsanani, da ƙaramin SWaP suka haɗu: tunanin haɗin kai na CubeSat mai zurfi, raka'a na soja masu aminci, ko koma bayan IoT a cikin yanayi masu ƙarancin wutar lantarki. Ƙimar tana cikin kunshin haɗakarwa, ba cikin ɓangarorin ɗaya ba. 3) Hanya Mai Muhimmanci: Al'umma dole ne yanzu su mai da hankali kan ƙarfafa wannan saitin dakin gwaje-gwaje mai kyau—ƙara na'urori masu daidaitawa don rage tashin hankali da ingantaccen tsarin samu/bi—don canzawa daga ƙirar ƙira mai haske zuwa samfur.

7. Tsarin Nazari & Misalin Hali

Tsari: Nazarin Ciniki na Aikin Tsarin da aka Ƙayyade SWaP

Don kimanta fasahohi irin wannan, muna ba da shawarar tsari mai sauƙi amma mai ƙarfi wanda ke nuna aiki akan ginshiƙai biyu akan ƙayyadaddun kasafin SWaP:

1. Ginshiƙi Y1: Alamar Aiki Mai Muhimmanci (KPI) – misali, Adadin Bayanai (Mb/s), Girman Hankali (dBm), ko Kewayon Haɗin (km).
2. Ginshiƙi Y2: Ingantaccen Tsarin – misali, KPI a kowace Watt (Mb/s/W) ko KPI a kowace naúrar girma.
3. Girman Kumburi na Ƙayyadaddun: Jimlar Kasafin SWaP – misali, Wutar Lantarki (W), Girma (cm³).

Aikace-aikacen Hali:

• Wannan Aikin (Griffiths et al.): Zai mamaye matsayi tare da matsakaicin adadin Bayanai na cikakken (~100 Mb/s) amma Inganci mai ban mamaki (~18 Mb/s/W) a cikin ƙaramin kumburin SWaP (<5.5W, ƙaramin siffa).
• FSO na Gargajiya Mai Girman Hankali (misali, ta amfani da na'urori masu gano sanyaya): Zai iya nuna mafi girman Girman Hankali na cikakken (misali, -65 dBm) amma ƙaramin Ingantacciyar (ƙananan Mb/s/W) da babban kumburin SWaP.
• FSO na Gargajiya Mai Babban Adadi (misali, ta amfani da EDFA/lasers masu girma): Zai nuna babban adadin Bayanai na cikakken (misali, 10 Gb/s) amma matsakaici-zuwa-marasa inganci da babban kumburin SWaP.

Wannan hangen nesa nan da nan ya nuna cewa gudummawar wannan aikin ba ta cikin cin nasara akan kowane cikakken KPI ɗaya ba, amma a cikin mamaye ƙashi mai inganci, ƙaramin-SWaP, yana buɗe sabbin wuraren aikace-aikace gaba ɗaya.

8. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyin Ci Gaba

Hanyar haɗakar da aka nuna tana buɗe hanya don ayyuka da yawa masu canzawa:

• Tsarin Tauraron Dan Adam Nano/Micro (CubeSats): Haɗin kai tsakanin tauraron dan adam mai ƙarami, ƙaramin wutar lantarki (ISL) don daidaita garken da kuma mika bayanai a sararin samaniya, inda SWaP ya fi mahimmanci.
• Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Jirgin Maras Matuki (UAV): Haɗin kai masu aminci, manyan bandwidth na iska-zuwa-iska da iska-zuwa-ƙasa don sa ido da mika sassan sadarwa.
• Portable & Tsaro na Dabarun Sadarwa: Tsarin da mutum ke ɗauka ko na mota don sadarwa mai tsaro fiye da hangen nesa maras kamuwa da kama/katsalandan na RF.
• Koma Bayan IoT na Tattara Makamashi: Haɗa hanyoyin sadarwar firikwensin nesa inda samun wutar lantarki ya yi ƙanƙanta.

Manyan Hanyoyin Ci Gaba:

1. Ci Gaban Daidaitawa: Ƙaura daga OOK zuwa ƙarin ingantattun tsare-tsare masu inganci ko ingantaccen girman hankali kamar Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) ko maɓalli canjin lokaci (DPSK) ta amfani da dandamalin CMOS ɗaya.
2. Ma'aunin Tsawon Tsawon: Haɓaka micro-LEDs da SPADs a tsayin sadarwa (misali, 1550 nm) don ingantaccen watsa yanayi da amincin ido.
3. Haɗakar Tare & Tsarin-kan-Guntu (SoC): Ƙarin haɗakar na'urorin lantarki, sarrafa siginar lambobi (DSP don gyaran kuskure na gaba, dawo da agogo), da dabaru na sarrafawa a kan guntu CMOS ɗaya tare da na'urorin haske.
4. Haɗakar Gudanar da Katako: Haɗa tsarin micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) ko tushen ruwa mai tushen katako kai tsaye cikin kunshin don ingantaccen daidaitawa da bin sawu.

9. Nassoshi

1. Griffiths, A. D., Herrnsdorf, J., Almer, O., Henderson, R. K., Strain, M. J., & Dawson, M. D. (2019). High-sensitivity free space optical communications using low size, weight and power hardware. arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.00495.
2. Khalighi, M. A., & Uysal, M. (2014). Survey on free space optical communication: A communication theory perspective. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 16(4), 2231-2258.
3. Sze, V., Chen, Y. H., Yang, T. J., & Emer, J. S. (2017). Efficient processing of deep neural networks: A tutorial and survey. Proceedings of the IEEE, 105(12), 2295-2329. (An ambata don falsafar tsarin haɗin gwiwa).
4. Henderson, R. K., Johnston, N., Hutchings, S. W., & Gyongy, I. (2019). A 256x256 40nm/90nm CMOS 3D-Stacked 120dB Dynamic-Range Reconfigurable Time-Resolved SPAD Imager. 2019 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) (pp. 106-108). IEEE. (Misali na haɗakar CMOS-SPAD mai ci gaba).
5. McKendry, J. J., et al. (2012). High-speed visible light communications using individual pixels in a micro light-emitting diode array. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 24(7), 555-557.
6. Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3), 379-423. (Ka'idar tushe da ke ƙarƙashin duk iyakokin sadarwa).