Na'urorin Hybrid Electroluminescent: (In,Ga)N Micro-LEDs tare da TMD Monolayers

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan aikin ya gabatar da sabon tsarin na'urar hybrid electroluminescent wanda ya haɗa ma'adanai na semiconductor masu siririn zarra—musamman ma'adanai na biyu na ƙarfe mai canzawa (TMD) monolayers kamar MoS₂, MoSe₂, WSe₂, da WS₂—tare da ingantaccen fasahar (In,Ga)N micro-light-emitting diode (µ-LED). Babban ƙirƙira ya ta'allaka ne a yin amfani da µ-LED da ake sarrafa ta wutar lantarki ba a matsayin mai fitar da haske na ƙarshe ba, amma a matsayin tushen ƙarfafawa na gida don samar da photoluminescence (PL) daga TMD monolayer da aka lulluɓe. Wannan hanya ta ƙetare babban ƙalubalen shigar da masu ɗaukar wutar lantarki kai tsaye cikin kayan 2D, babban cikas ga na'urorin electroluminescent na TMD na al'ada.

An ƙera na'urar musamman don yin aiki a ƙananan zafin jiki, wani muhimmin buƙatu don samun da kuma daidaita kaddarorin gani na quantum na TMD, kamar fitowar photon guda ɗaya daga lahani na gida. Marubutan sun nuna cewa na'urar da ta haɗa da WSe₂ monolayer tana aiki azaman ƙaramin tushen photon guda ɗaya da ake sarrafa ta wutar lantarki, yana nuna yuwuwarsa ga fasahar bayanai na quantum.

2. Tsarin Na'ura & Kera

Aikin na'urar hybrid ya dogara ne akan muhimman sassa na fasaha guda biyu: ci-gaba na µ-LED da kayan 2D da aka haɗa.

2.1 Ƙirar (In,Ga)N Micro-LED

Tushen shine µ-LED na (In,Ga)N wanda ke da buried tunnel junction (TJ). Wannan tsari yana da mahimmanci saboda dalilai da yawa:

Aiki a Ƙananan Zazzabi: Yana maye gurbin madaidaicin saman Layer na p-type, wanda ke fama da daskarewar masu ɗaukar kaya a ƙananan zafin jiki, tare da Layer na n-type mai ɗaukar wutar lantarki sosai, yana ba da damar aikin na'ura mai inganci har zuwa zafin jiki na helium ruwa.
Yada Wutar Lantarki & Haɗawa: Saman Layer na n-type mai ɗaukar wutar lantarki sosai yana inganta rarraba wutar lantarki a gefe. Ana sanya hanyoyin haɗin wutar lantarki a gefen mesa, yana barin saman saman ya kasance mai tsabta don ajiyar TMD.
Samun damar Saman: Yana ba da tsabtataccen saman GaN mai lebur don cirewa da canja wuri na TMD flakes ta hanyar injina.

2.2 Haɗa TMD Monolayer

Ana shirya Monolayers na TMD daban-daban (MoS₂, MoSe₂, WSe₂, WS₂) ta hanyar cirewa ta injina daga manyan lu'ulu'u kuma a canja su bisa ƙayyadaddun yanayi zuwa yankin aiki na µ-LED mesa. A halin yanzu, ƙirƙira aikin hannu ne, tsarin cirewa, wanda ke iyakance girman amma yana ba da damar zaɓin kayan inganci.

3. Ka'idar Aiki & Kimiyyar Lissafi

3.1 Hanyar Ƙarfafawa

Na'urar tana aiki akan ka'idar ƙarfafawa ta hoto da ake sarrafa ta wutar lantarki. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da bias na gaba ga µ-LED, tana fitar da haske (yawanci a cikin kewayon shuɗi/UV, dangane da abun ciki na In). Wannan hasken da aka fitar yana sha ta hanyar TMD monolayer da ke sama, yana ƙarfafa nau'i-nau'i na electron-ramuwa waɗanda daga baya suke haɗuwa da haske, suna fitar da hasken da ke siffanta kayan TMD (misali, kusa da infrared don WSe₂). Ana iya bayyana tsarin ta hanyar ingantaccen ƙimar quantum na waje (EQE) na tsarin hybrid:

$\eta_{hybrid} = \eta_{IQE}(\mu\text{-LED}) \times \eta_{extraction}(\mu\text{-LED}) \times \alpha_{TMD} \times \eta_{IQE}(TMD) \times \eta_{extraction}(TMD)$

Inda $\eta_{IQE}$ shine ingantaccen ƙimar quantum na ciki, $\eta_{extraction}$ shine ingantaccen ƙimar fitar da haske, kuma $\alpha_{TMD}$ shine ƙimar sha na TMD monolayer a tsawon zangon fitar da µ-LED.

3.2 Aiki a Ƙananan Zazzabi

Aiki a zafin jiki har zuwa 4K yana da mahimmanci. Ga µ-LED, ƙirar TJ tana hana lalacewar aiki. Ga TMD, ƙananan zafin jiki:

Suna kaifafa layukan excitonic ta hanyar rage faɗaɗa phonon.
Suna ƙara ƙarfin haɗin exciton, suna daidaita excitons.
Suna ba da damar kunna da ware masu fitar da quantum (misali, lahani a cikin WSe₂) waɗanda ke aiki azaman tushen photon guda ɗaya, wanda aka siffanta ta hanyar hana haɗuwa a cikin ma'auni na biyu na haɗin kai: $g^{(2)}(0) < 0.5$.

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Aiki

4.1 Bakan Electroluminescence

Takin ya nuna nasarar aiki tare da TMD da yawa. Bayan shigar da wutar lantarki cikin µ-LED, ana lura da fitowar PL na halitta daga TMD monolayer. Misali, WSe₂ monolayers suna nuna layukan fitarwa masu kaifi a kusa da ~1.65 eV (tsawon zango 750 nm). Ƙarfin wannan fitarwar TMD yana daidaitawa da ƙarar shigar da µ-LED, yana tabbatar da tsarin ƙarfafawa na hybrid.

Bayanin Chati (Ra'ayi): Zane mai axis biyu zai nuna: (Hagu Y-axis) Ƙarfin electroluminescence na µ-LED (lanƙwasa shuɗi) yana kololuwa a ~3.1 eV (400 nm). (Dama Y-axis) Ƙarfin photoluminescence na TMD monolayer (lanƙwasa ja) yana kololuwa a ƙarfin excitonic na halayensa (misali, ~1.65 eV don WSe₂). Dukansu ƙarfafawa suna ƙaruwa tare da wutar lantarki/ƙarfin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi akan X-axis.

4.2 Fitowar Photon Guda ɗaya

Babban sakamakon shine nunin tushen photon guda ɗaya mai zaman kansa, wanda ake sarrafa ta wutar lantarki ta amfani da WSe₂ monolayer. A ƙananan zafin jiki, takamaiman layukan fitarwa masu alaƙa da lahani a cikin bakan WSe₂ suna nuna halayen quantum. Ma'auni na Hanbury Brown da Twiss (HBT) akan waɗannan layukan zai bayyana ƙarfin hana haɗuwar photon, wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar nutsewa a cikin aikin haɗin kai na biyu a lokacin jinkiri sifili: $g^{(2)}(\tau=0) < 0.5$, yana tabbatar da halin da ba na al'ada ba, na fitar da photon guda ɗaya wanda aka kunna kawai ta hanyar shigar da wutar lantarki zuwa µ-LED.

5. Bincike na Fasaha & Tsarin Aiki

Misalin Tsarin Bincike (Ba Code ba): Don kimanta aiki da girman irin wannan na'urar hybrid, zamu iya amfani da ingantaccen Tsarin Matakin Shirye-shiryen Fasaha (TRL) wanda ya mai da hankali kan hanyoyin hasken quantum:

TRL 3-4 (Tabbatar da Ra'ayi): Wannan takarda yana nan. Yana tabbatar da ainihin kimiyyar lissafi—kunnawa na wutar lantarki na fitar da TMD & samar da photon guda ɗaya—a cikin saitin dakin gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da kayan da aka cire.
Tabbatar da Ma'auni Masu Muhimmanci: Tsarin yana buƙatar ƙididdigewa na: Tsarkin photon guda ɗaya ($g^{(2)}(0)$), ƙimar fitarwa (ƙidaya a kowace dakika), kwanciyar hankali akan lokaci, da zafin aiki. Wannan aikin ya kafa $g^{(2)}(0)<0.5$ a matsayin ma'auni mai mahimmanci.
Hanyar zuwa TRL 5-6: Mataki na gaba ya haɗa da maye gurbin cirewa tare da girma kai tsaye na epitaxial na TMD akan µ-LED (kamar yadda marubutan suka ba da shawarar), yana ba da damar sarrafa wafer-scale. A lokaci guda, dole ne ƙira su inganta ingantaccen haɗin kai tsakanin famfon µ-LED da mai fitar da TMD, yuwuwar ta amfani da sifofin photonic.

6. Fahimta ta Asali, Tsarin Ma'ana, Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai, Hanyoyin Aiki

Fahimta ta Asali: Wannan ba wani takarda na na'urar hybrid ba ne; yana da wayo hack na matakin tsarin. Maimakon yin yaƙi da ƙarancin ci gaba da fasahar haɗin wutar lantarki don kayan 2D—yaƙin da ya tsaya ci gaba shekaru da yawa—marubutan sun ƙetare shi gaba ɗaya. Sun yi amfani da balagaggen masana'antu na LEDs na nitride a matsayin "baturi na photonic" don ƙarfafa kayan 2D ta hanyar gani, suna buɗe kaddarorinsu na gani na quantum a cikin fakitin da za a iya magana da shi gaba ɗaya ta wutar lantarki. Hakikanin hazaka shine ƙirar tunnel junction, wanda ke sa wannan hack ya yi aiki a ƙananan zafin jiki, mazaunin asali na abubuwan quantum na ƙwaƙƙwalwa.

Tsarin Ma'ana: Ma'ana tana da kyau sosai: 1) Matsala: TMD suna da kyawawan kaddarorin gani amma suna da wahalar sarrafa su ta wutar lantarki. 2) Magani: Yi amfani da wani abu wanda ba shi da wahala a sarrafa shi ta wutar lantarki—µ-LED—don ƙarfafa su. 3) Ƙuntatawa: Ana buƙatar ya yi aiki a 4K don gani na quantum. 4) Injiniya: Sake ƙirar µ-LED tare da junction na rami don yin aiki a 4K. 5) Tabbatarwa: Nuna yana aiki don TMD da yawa kuma, mahimmanci, yana isar da photon guda ɗaya daga WSe₂. Cikakken misali ne na magance matsalolin kimiyyar lissafi.

Ƙarfafawa & Kurakurai:

Ƙarfafawa: Ra'ayin yana da kyau kuma yana da amfani. Aiki a ƙananan zafin jiki babban nasara ne na fasaha wanda yawancin na'urorin fitar da haske na hybrid suka yi watsi da su. Nuna tushen photon guda ɗaya da ake sarrafa ta wutar lantarki sakamako ne mai tasiri mai girma tare da alaƙa bayyananne ga taswirar fasahar quantum.
Kurakurai: Bari mu yi magana a sarari: ƙirƙira masana'antar gida ce. Cirewa ta injina da canja wuri ta hannu ba su da farawa ga kowane aikace-aikacen duniya na gaske. Takardar ba ta da magana akan ma'auni masu mahimmanci na aiki don tushen mai amfani: ƙimar fitar da photon, kwanciyar hankali (flickering), da daidaiton bakan a cikin na'urori. Ingantaccen matakin ƙarfafawa na gani yana yiwuwa yana da ƙasa sosai, yana ɓata yawancin ƙarfin µ-LED.

Hanyoyin Aiki: Ga masu bincike: µ-LED na tunnel-junction dandamali ne da aka riga aka shirya. Dakatar da gina hadaddun electrodes na TMD kuma fara ajiya kayan 2D ɗin ku akan waɗannan. Ga injiniyoyi: Hanyar gaba tana bayyananne—maye gurbin cirewa tare da epitaxy. Takardar ta ambaci MBE; MOCVD na TMD kuma yana ci gaba da sauri. Ƙungiya ta farko da ta nuna girma kai tsaye, wafer-scale na WSe₂ akan wafer LED na nitride za ta tsallake wannan aikin. Ga masu saka hannun jari: Ku kalli kamfanonin da ke haɗa nitrides da kayan 2D (misali, haɗa farawa na kayan 2D tare da masana'antun LED). Wannan hanya ta hybrid hanya ce ta kusa zuwa tushen hasken quantum fiye da ƙoƙarin gina na'urar da ake sarrafa ta wutar lantarki ta 2D kawai.

7. Ayyukan Gaba & Ci Gaba

Yuwuwar aikace-aikacen ya wuce tabbacin dakin gwaje-gwaje:

Tushen Hasken Quantum akan Chip: Jerin waɗannan na'urorin hybrid na iya zama tushen photon guda ɗaya masu iya aiki, waɗanda za a iya magana da su don lissafin quantum na photonic da da'irori na sadarwar quantum, waɗanda aka haɗa tare da na'urorin lantarki na nitride na gargajiya.
Micro-Displays masu Ƙirar Tsawon Zango: Ta haɗa jerin µ-LED shuɗi tare da TMD monolayers daban-daban (suna fitar da ja, kore, NIR) waɗanda aka tsara akan pixels ɗaya, mutum zai iya tunanin micro-displays masu ƙayyadaddun ƙira, cikakken launi tare da sabbin kaddarorin fitarwa.
Na'urori masu auna firikwensin da aka Haɗa: Hankalin TMD PL ga yanayin gida (matsi, doping, kwayoyin da aka ɗora) wanda aka haɗa tare da karanta wutar lantarki ta hanyar µ-LED zai iya ba da damar sabbin dandamali na firikwensin masu ƙarami.
Shugabanci na Ci Gaba: Nan gaba kusa yana cikin haɗin kayan. Maye gurbin cirewa tare da girma kai tsaye (MBE, MOCVD, ALD) shine babban ƙalubale. Aikin na gaba dole ne ya mai da hankali kan inganta ingantaccen haɗin kai, yuwuwar ta hanyar ƙira na nanophotonic (misali, saka TMD a cikin rami da tsarin µ-LED da kansa ya kafa) da kuma samun aikin zafin ɗaki na masu fitar da quantum ta hanyar injiniyan kayan da haɓakar Purcell.

8. Nassoshi

Oreszczuk, K. et al. "Na'urorin Hybrid Electroluminescent wadanda suka kunshi (In,Ga)N micro-LEDs da Monolayers na ma'adanai na biyu na ƙarfe mai canzawa." Rubutun Hannu (Abubuwan da aka Bayar).
Mak, K. F., & Shan, J. "Photonics da optoelectronics na 2D semiconductor ma'adanai na biyu na ƙarfe mai canzawa." Nature Photonics, 10(4), 216–226 (2016).
He, X., et al. "Microscale light-emitting diodes don saurin gudanar da sadarwar gani ta sararin samaniya." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (2022).
Aharonovich, I., Englund, D., & Toth, M. "Masu fitar da photon guda ɗaya na ƙwaƙƙwalwa." Nature Photonics, 10(10), 631–641 (2016).
Liu, X., et al. "Ci gaba da ƙalubale a cikin girma na manyan yankuna biyu na ma'adanai na biyu na ƙarfe mai canzawa monolayers." Advanced Materials, 34(48), 2201287 (2022).
Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST). "Tushen Photon Guda ɗaya don Fasahar Quantum." https://www.nist.gov/topics/physics/single-photon-sources-quantum-technologies (An ziyarta a matsayin tushe mai iko akan ma'auni na mai fitar da quantum).