1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan takarda ta gabatar da sabon ƙirar na'urar gano haske ta Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT) wacce ta dogara da Haɗaɗɗun LED na Ja, Kore, da Shudi (RGB) a jere. Babban ƙirƙira yana cikin halin da yake kama da phototransistor, inda amsar na'urar gano haske za a iya sarrafawa ko "shirya" ta ta hanyar hasken da ya faɗo na launuka daban-daban. Wannan na'urar tana aiki sau biyu a matsayin mai watsawa da mai karɓa a cikin tsarin Sadarwar Haske da ake iya Gani (VLC), wanda zai iya rage rikitaccen tsari da farashi don hanyoyin sadarwa na IoT.

Matsakaicin Amsa

Hasken Violet (B+R)

Kololuwar amsa ta AC/DC

Siffa Mai Muhimmanci

Mai Shirya ta Hanyar Haske

Amsa ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar launin hasken da ya faɗo

Aikace-aikace na Farko

VLC don IoT

Ayyukan mai watsawa da karɓa

2. Tsarin Na'urar Gano RGB & Tsarin Gwaji

An gina na'urar gano ta ta hanyar haɗa LED ja na AlInGaP, LED kore na InGaN, da LED shudi na GaN a jere (jeri na LumiLEDs rebel). Duk LED ɗin suna samun haske iri ɗaya yayin gwaje-gwaje.

2.1 Tsarin Gwaji

An haɗa fitarwar na'urar gano RGB zuwa na'urar duban igiyoyin lantarki (oscilloscope) na Keysight MSOX6004A tare da nauyin shigar da 1 MΩ. Tsarin yana ba da damar auna daidai amsar na'urar gano ga shigarwar haske iri-iri (ja, kore, shudi, da gauraye).

2.2 Halaye & Bakan Haske na LED

Hoto na 1(b) a cikin takarda yana nuna bakan fitarwa da aka auna da rarraba bakan amsar gano haske na kowane LED na RGB a sifili bias. Wannan bayanin yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar halin da ya dogara da tsawon zango na kowane ɓangare a cikin da'irar jere.

3. Ka'idar Fasaha ta Tsaki & Tsari

Ana fassara aikin na'urar gano ta hanyar tsarin impedance mai dogaro da haske. Hasken da ya faɗo yana canza tasirin impedance na kowane LED a cikin sarkar jere, don haka yana daidaita gabaɗayan kwararar wutar lantarki da fitarwar ƙarfin lantarki na na'urar gano.

3.1 Tsarin Impedance Mai Dogaro da Haske

Amsar gano haske tana da rikitarwa, tana haɗa da yanayin photoconductive da photovoltaic, da kuma samar da photocurrent daga rabuwar exciton. Tsarin yana ɗaukar mai karɓar LED a matsayin tushen wutar lantarki lokacin da nauyin lodi ya isa ƙanƙanta.

3.2 Yanayin Photovoltaic da Photoconductive

Na'urar gano tana iya amfani da duka yanayin biyu: tasirin photovoltaic yana haifar da ƙarfin lantarki/wutar lantarki daga photon ɗin da aka sha, yayin da tasirin photoconductive ke canza ƙarfin lantarki na semiconductor. Haɗin jere yana haifar da dogaro tsakanin waɗannan tasirin a cikin tashoshi masu launi daban-daban.

4. Sakamakon Gwaji & Aiki

4.1 Ma'aunin Amsa na AC/DC

Na'urar gano tana nuna matsakaicin amsa ta AC da DC ga hasken violet, wanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar haɗa hasken shudi da ja. Wannan yana nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa lokacin da aka kunna mahaɗan da yawa lokaci guda.

4.2 Amsa Mai Sarrafa Launi

Wannan shine siffar alama:

  • Amsar na'urar gano ga hasken shudi na AC za a iya haɓaka ta ta hanyar faɗuwar hasken ja ko kore na DC.
  • Amsa ga siginar ja ta AC za a iya danne ta ta hanyar hasken kore na DC.
  • Amsa ga siginar kore ta AC za a iya danne ta ta hanyar hasken ja na DC.
Wannan yana haifar da wani nau'i na ƙofar haske ko sarrafa riba, mai kama da sarrafa wutar lantarki na tushe a cikin transistor na mahaɗar bipolar.

4.3 Ma'auni Mafi Muhimmanci na Aiki

Takarda ta nuna dacewa don VLC na farin LED mai lulluɓe da phosphor. Fitowar phosphor mai launin rawaya ba ta haifar da tsangwama mai mahimmanci amma tana iya haɓaka amsa ga siginar hasken shudi mai sauri, yana ba da fa'idar tacewa da aka gina a ciki.

5. Ra'ayi na Mai Bincike: Fahimta ta Tsaki & Zargi

Fahimta ta Tsaki: Wannan ba wai kawai dabara ce ta da'ira ba; shine sake tunani na asali na LED a matsayin na'urar gano haske mai ayyuka da yawa. Marubutan sun ƙirƙiri da kyau "transistor na gano haske mai lambar launi" ta hanyar amfani da kaddarorin photovoltaic na asali da hankalin bakan na kasuwancin LED na RGB a jere. Gwanin gaske shine amfani da launin haske da kansa a matsayin mai sarrafawa, wucewa fiye da daidaita wutar lantarki na al'ada. Wannan ya yi daidai da babban yanayi a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar bayanai da lissafi a cikin na'urar gano, inda na'urori ke aiwatar da sarrafa analog a wurin gano, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin bincike daga cibiyoyi kamar MIT's Microsystems Technology Laboratories akan na'urori gani.

Kwararar Ma'ana: Ma'anar tana da kyau: 1) Haɗin jere yana tilasta ci gaba da wutar lantarki, 2) Impedance na kowane LED aiki ne na ƙwararrun photon flux a takamaiman bandgap, 3) Don haka, jimillar fitarwar ƙarfin lantarki/wutar lantarki ya zama aikin da ba na layi ba na abun da ke cikin hasken shigarwa. Wannan yana haifar da aikin canja wuri mai shirya. Ai wata aiwatar da kayan aiki ce ta aikin da yawanci zai buƙaci na'urori gano daban-daban, masu tacewa, da microprocessor.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Ƙarfin shine sauƙi mai zurfi da ingancin farashi, ta amfani da gabaɗayan abubuwan da aka fitar don cimma sabon aiki. Ƙarfin mai watsawa da karɓa sau biyu babban nasara ne don ƙananan ƙwayar IoT da kasafin wutar lantarki. Duk da haka, babban aibi shine shiru na takarda akan gudun da bandwidth. Phototransistors, kamar waɗanda suka dogara da InGaAs (kamar yadda aka ambata daga ayyuka a cikin IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics), suna cinikin riba don bandwidth. Menene bandwidth na -3dB modulation na wannan na'urar gano RGB a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na sarrafa haske? Don VLC, wannan shine mafi mahimmanci. Bugu da ƙari, layi da kewayon "riba" ta hanyar hasken DC ba a bincika ba amma suna da mahimmanci don tsarin sadarwa na zahiri.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu bincike: Bincika amsa na wucin gadi da halayen amo nan da nan. Tsarin impedance yana buƙatar gyara don hasashen halayen AC. Ga masu haɓaka samfurin: Wannan tikitin zinariya ne don ƙananan farashi, na'urori gano haske masu wayo waɗanda za su iya gane ba kawai ƙarfi ba amma mahallin bakan (misali, wannan hasken shudi daga allo ne ko sama?). Haɗin kai tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙa'idodin VLC (kamar IEEE 802.15.7) don ayyana ka'idojin tashoshi na sarrafawa ta amfani da wannan fasalin ƙofar launi. Gaba ba kawai a cikin yin na'urar gano ba ne, amma a cikin ayyana "harshen launi" da yake amfani da shi don sadarwa da lissafi.

6. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Takarda ta haɓaka tsarin ka'idar da ya dogara da impedance mai dogaro da haske. Tasirin impedance na LED a ƙarƙashin haske ana iya wakilta shi azaman aiki na wutar lantarki da aka haifar ta hanyar haske. Don ƙirar da aka sauƙaƙa, wutar lantarki ta hanyar da'irar jere ana iya bayyana shi kamar haka: $$I = \frac{V_{bias} + \sum_{i=R,G,B} V_{ph,i}}{R_{load} + \sum_{i=R,G,B} Z_i(I_{ph,i})}$$ inda:

  • $V_{bias}$ shine duk wani ƙarfin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi (mai yiwuwa sifili a yanayin photovoltaic).
  • $V_{ph,i}$ shine ƙarfin lantarki na photovoltage da LED na i-th (Ja, Kore, Shudi) ya haifar.
  • $R_{load}$ shine juriyar lodi (1 MΩ).
  • $Z_i(I_{ph,i})$ shine rikitaccen impedance na LED na i-th, wanda aiki ne na wutar lantarki da aka haifar ta hanyar haske $I_{ph,i}$. $I_{ph,i}$ da kansa ya dogara da ƙarfin hasken da ya faɗo a tsawon zango a cikin band ɗin shan wannan LED.
Amsar "mai shirya" ta taso ne saboda hasken sarrafa DC (misali, ja) yana shafar $Z_R$ da $I_{ph,R}$ da farko, don haka yana canza maƙasudin kuma yana canza hankalin da'irar ga siginar AC (misali, shudi) wanda ke shafar $Z_B$ da $I_{ph,B}$.

7. Tsarin Bincike & Nazarin Lamari na Ra'ayi

Tsarin don Kimanta Ayyuka da Yawa na Gano Haske:

  1. Haɗin Aiki: Shin na'urar ta haɗa gano, daidaitawa, da sarrafawa a cikin wani abu na zahiri? (Wannan na'urar gano tana da maki mai girma).
  2. Girma na Sarrafawa: Menene madaidaicin mai zaman kansa don sarrafa amsa? (Daidaita wutar lantarki, tsawon zango, ƙarfi, polarization). Anan, tsawon zango/launi ne.
  3. Rashin Layi & Riba: Shin dangantakar shigarwa da fitarwa ta layi ce? Menene tasirin riba? (Wannan na'urar tana nuna riba mai bayyana, mai daidaitawa).
  4. Tasirin Tsarin Tsarin: Ta yaya yake rage abubuwan waje (masu tacewa, masu ƙara ƙarfi, masu watsawa da karɓa daban)?
Nazarin Lamari na Ra'ayi: Ƙwayar IoT Mai Hikima ta Ajiya
Ka yi tunanin wata ƙwaya ta amfani da wannan na'urar gano RGB:
  • Matsayi 1 (Mai Karɓa): Tana karɓar bayanan shudi mai sauri daga hasken LED na sama (saukar VLC). Hasken ja na yanayi mai tsayi (daga alamar aminci) yana kasancewa lokaci guda, wanda takarda ta nuna zai iya haɓaka karɓar siginar shudi.
  • Matsayi 2 (Mai Watsawa): Wannan ƙwaya ɗaya tana daidaita LED ɗinta ja don aika bayanan matsayi baya (hanyar hawa). Hasken kore da aka karɓa (daga alamar fita) ana iya amfani da shi don danne maganganun giciye daga siginonin ja na wasu ƙwayoyi.
  • Matsayi 3 (Na'urar Gano): Matakan DC na hasken RGB da aka karɓa suna ba da bayanan zafin yanayi na launi don sa ido kan muhalli.
Na'ura guda ɗaya tana aiwatar da ayyuka daban-daban guda uku, tana fassara da amfani da bakan launi na muhallinta cikin hikima.

8. Hangar Aikace-aikace & Hanyoyin Gaba

Aikace-aikace Nan da Nan:

  • Ƙananan Ƙwayoyin VLC IoT: Yana ba da damar ƙananan masu watsawa da karɓa masu ƙarancin farashi don hanyoyin sadarwa na na'urori gano a cikin gine-gine masu hikima, IoT na masana'antu, da sadarwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa.
  • Na'urori Gano Haske masu Bambanta Launi: Bayan sauƙi kawai, don tsarin haske mai daidaitawa, daidaita nuni, ko sa ido kan noma.
Hanyoyin Bincike na Gaba:
  • Inganta Bandwidth: Siffanta da injiniyan amsa na wucin gadi. Bincika kayan semiconductor daban-daban (misali, perovskites) don lokutan amsa mafi sauri.
  • Ƙirar Haɗin Kai: Matsa daga LED na RGB daban-daban zuwa guntu guda ɗaya, mai mahaɗa da yawa tare da ingantattun masu tace bakan da haɗin kai.
  • Gano Neuromorphic: Halin ƙofar launi yana tunawa da nauyin synaptic. Shin jeri na irin waɗannan na'urori gano za su iya aiwatar da farkon sarrafa bakan ko gane tsari a gefe?
  • Daidaituwa: Haɓaka tsare-tsaren daidaitawa da lambobi waɗanda ke amfani da sarrafa riba mai dogaro da launi don sadarwa mai aminci ko tashoshi da yawa, kamar yadda aikin kwanan nan a cikin yankin gani ya nuna.
  • Haɗin Tattara Makamashi: Haɗa ikon tattara makamashin photovoltaic tare da aikin sadarwa don ƙwayoyin IoT masu ƙarfin kai na gaske, bin hanyar binciken da aka gabatar a taron kamar ISSCC akan na'urori gano tattara makamashi na CMOS.
Haɗuwar gano, sadarwa, da lissafi a cikin na'ura ɗaya, mai sauƙi yana nuna alamar gaba na zurfin saka ciki da hankalin haske mai sanin mahalli.

9. Nassoshi

  1. Li, S., Liang, S., & Xu, Z. (2018). Na'urar Gano IoT mai Sarrafa Haske kamar Phototransistor bisa Haɗaɗɗun LED na RGB a Jere. arXiv:1810.08789.
  2. Ma'auni na IEEE don Gida da Manyan Hanyoyin Sadarwa–Sashi na 15.7: Sadarwar Gani ta Maras Igiya ta Gajeren Zango ta Amfani da Haske da ake iya Gani. IEEE Std 802.15.7-2018.
  3. Ismail, T., et al. (2021). Na'urori Gano Hotuna na CMOS a matsayin Na'urori masu Ayyuka da Yawa don IoT: Bita. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I.
  4. Zhu, J., et al. (2017). Phototransistors na InGaAs/InP don Sadarwar Haske mai Sauri. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.
  5. MIT Microsystems Technology Laboratories. (2023). Bincike akan Na'urori Gani na Neuromorphic. [Kan layi]. Ana samu: https://www.mtl.mit.edu
  6. International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC). (2022). Ci gaba a cikin Mu'amalar Na'urori Gano Tattara Makamashi.