1. Gabatarwa

Fasahar nuni ta zama ruwan dare a rayuwar zamani, tare da aikace-aikace da suka shafi wayoyin hannu, kwamfutocin hannu, na'urorin kallo, talabijin, da na'urorin AR/VR. A halin yanzu, Nunin Crystal Liquid (LCDs) da Nunin Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) ne suka mamaye yanayin. Duk da haka, ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a cikin Mini-LEDs (mLEDs) da Micro-LEDs (μLEDs) na inorganic sun gabatar da sabbin dama don ingantaccen yankin aiki mai ƙarfi, iya karantawa a cikin hasken rana, da sabbin siffofi. Wannan bita yana ba da cikakken nazari na waɗannan fasahohin masu gasa, yana kimanta kaddarorin kayan aiki, tsarin na'urori, ma'aunin aiki, da yuwuwar gaba.

2. Yanayin Fasahar Nuni

Juyin halitta daga Bututun Cathode Ray (CRTs) zuwa nunin lebur an motsa shi ne ta hanyar buƙatun sirara, ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki, da ingantaccen ingancin hoto.

2.1 Nunin Crystal Liquid (LCDs)

An ƙirƙira su a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, LCDs sun zama manya a cikin shekarun 2000. Ba su fitar da haske ba, suna buƙatar Rukunin Baya na Baya (BLU) daban, wanda ke ƙara kauri da iyakance sassauci. Ayyukansu suna da alaƙa da inganci da sarrafa hasken baya.

2.2 Nunin Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)

Bayan shekaru 30 na ci gaba, nunin OLED suna fitar da haske, suna ba da damar cikakken matakan baki, siffofi masu sirara, da siffofi masu sassauci (misali, wayoyi masu ninkewa). Duk da haka, ƙalubale har yanzu suna tare da konewa da tsawon rayuwar aiki, musamman ga OLEDs shuɗi.

2.3 Nunin Mini-LED da Micro-LED

Waɗannan fasahohin LED na inorganic suna ba da haske mai girma sosai da dogon rayuwa. Ana amfani da Mini-LEDs da farko azaman hasken baya mai iya duhu a cikin gida don LCDs na HDR, yayin da Micro-LEDs aka yi niyya don nunin fitarwa kai tsaye. Babban ƙalubalensu shine yawan canja wuri da gyaran lahani, wanda ke tasiri farashi.

3. Nazarin Ma'aunin Aiki

Muhawarar "wa ya ci" ta ta'allaka ne akan mahimman ma'auni da yawa.

Mahimman Ma'aunin Aiki

  • Yankin Aiki Mai Ƙarfi (HDR) & Rabon Bambanci na Yanayi (ACR)
  • Yawan Ƙuduri (PPI)
  • Yankin Launi mai Faɗi
  • Kusurwar Kallo & Canjin Launi
  • Lokacin Amsa na Hoton Motsi (MPRT)
  • Amfani da Wutar Lantarki
  • Siffar Siffa (Sirara, Sassauci, Sauƙi)
  • Farashi

3.1 Amfani da Wutar Lantarki

Ingantaccen wutar lantarki yana da mahimmanci ga na'urorin hannu. OLEDs suna fitar da pixel, suna amfani da wutar lantarki daidai da abubuwan da aka nuna (fa'ida don yanayi mai duhu). LCDs tare da hasken baya na duniya ba su da inganci don abubuwan da ke duhu. LCDs masu hasken baya na mLED tare da duhu na cikin gida na iya kusantar ingancin OLED don yanayi masu bambanci. μLEDs suna yi wa'adin mafi girman ingancin haske (lumens a kowace watt) a cikin fasahohin fitarwa.

3.2 Rabon Bambanci na Yanayi (ACR)

ACR yana ƙayyade iya karantawa a cikin yanayi masu haske. An bayyana shi da $(L_{on} + L_{ambient} \cdot R) / (L_{off} + L_{ambient} \cdot R)$, inda $L$ shine haske kuma $R$ shine hasken saman. OLEDs suna da bambanci na asali kusan mara iyaka amma suna fama da haske. μLEDs na iya cimma duka babban haske mai kololuwa da cikakkun baki, wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen iya karantawa a cikin hasken rana.

3.3 Lokacin Amsa na Hoton Motsi (MPRT)

MPRT yana shafar duhun motsi. OLEDs suna da amsa kusan nan take (<0.1 ms). LCDs suna da jinkiri (2-10 ms), sau da yawa suna buƙatar da'irori masu tuƙi. Saurin amsa na mLEDs da μLEDs yana kama da OLEDs, yana kawar da kayan aikin duhun motsi.

3.4 Yankin Aiki Mai Ƙarfi da HDR

HDR yana buƙatar babban haske mai kololuwa da baki mai zurfi. LCDs masu hasken baya na mLED suna cimma wannan ta hanyar yankuna masu duhu na cikin gida (daga ɗari zuwa dubu). OLEDs sun fi girma a matakin baki amma an iyakance su a cikin haske mai kololuwa (~1000 nits). μLEDs a ka'idar suna ba da mafi kyawun duka biyun: >1,000,000:1 bambanci da haske mai kololuwa wanda ya wuce 10,000 nits.

4. Kayan Aiki da Tsarin Na'urori

4.1 Kaddarorin Kayan Aiki

OLEDs: Yi amfani da kayan semiconductor na Organic. Ingantaccen aiki da tsawon rayuwa, musamman ga masu fitar da shuɗi, wuraren bincike ne da ke gudana. Kayan aiki suna da hankali ga oxygen da danshi.
mLEDs/μLEDs: Dangane da semiconductors na inorganic III-Nitride (misali, GaN). Suna ba da ingantaccen kwanciyar hankali, mafi girman juriya na yawan wutar lantarki, da dogon rayuwa. Ingantaccen ingancin quantum na waje (EQE) na μLEDs shuɗi shine muhimmin abu.

4.2 Tsarin Gine-ginen Na'ura

OLED: Yawanci yana da tsarin Layer: anode/Layer shigar rami/Layer jigilar rami/Layer fitarwa/Layer jigilar lantarki/Layer shigar lantarki/cathode.
Nunin μLED: Ya ƙunshi jerin LED masu ƙanƙanta (girman <100 µm) da aka sanya kai tsaye ko canja wuri zuwa kan bayplane (Si ko TFT). Kowane sub-pixel (R, G, B) LED ne na mutum. Tsarin canja wuri mai yawa (misali, ɗauka-da-sanya, ɗaukar laser) shine babban cikas na masana'antu.

5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha da Tsarin Lissafi

Tsarin Amfani da Wutar Lantarki: Don nunin fitarwa, jimlar wutar lantarki $P_{total} \approx \sum_{i=R,G,B} (J_i \cdot V_i \cdot A_i)$, inda $J$ shine yawan wutar lantarki, $V$ shine ƙarfin wutar lantarki, kuma $A$ shine yanki mai aiki don kowane launi. Don LCD tare da duhu na cikin gida, ana iya ƙirƙira tanadin wutar lantarki bisa ga adadin yankuna masu duhu $N$ da ƙididdigar abun ciki na hoto.
Ingantaccen Cire Hasken: Babban ƙalubale ga μLEDs. Ingantaccen $\eta_{extraction}$ an iyakance shi ta hanyar jimlar tunani na ciki. Dabarun haɓakawa na gama gari sun haɗa da siffantar LED mesa da amfani da lu'ulu'u na hoto. Ana bayyana alaƙar sau da yawa ta hanyar hasken haske ko ƙarin hadaddun simintin lantarki.

6. Sakamakon Gwaji da Bayanin Jadawali

Bayanin Hoto (Dangane da bayanan yau da kullun a fagen): Jadawalin kwatancen zai nuna haske (nits) vs. shekara don fasahohi daban-daban. Hasken kololuwar OLED yana daidaitawa a kusan 1000-1500 nits. LCDs masu hasken baya na mLED suna nuna haɓaka mai tsayi, suna kaiwa 2000+ nits tare da yankuna masu duhu na cikin gida >1000. Samfuran μLED suna nuna ƙimar da suka wuce 5000 nits. Jadawali na biyu akan amfani da wutar lantarki zai nuna OLED yana da inganci sosai don UI mai duhu (misali, 10% APL), yayin da mLED-LCD da μLED suka jagoranci a babban APL (misali, 100% fari).

Muhimmin Binciken Bincike: Bincike daga cibiyoyi kamar UC Santa Barbara da KAIST ya nuna cewa ingantaccen ingancin quantum na waje (EQE) na micro-LEDs yana raguwa sosai a ƙananan girma (<50 µm) saboda lahani na bangon gefe. Wannan babban shamaki ne don cimma nunin micro-LED masu inganci mai girma, masu inganci.

7. Tsarin Nazari: Nazarin Lamari

Lamari: Zaɓar Nuni don Wayar Hannu mai Girma.
Aikace-aikacen Tsarin:

  1. Ayyana Ma'auni: Sanya mahimmanci ga ma'auni (misali, Wutar Lantarki: 25%, Bambanci/ACR: 20%, Siffar Siffa: 20%, Farashi: 20%, Tsawon Rayuwa: 15%).
  2. Maki Fasahohi: Ƙididdige kowace fasaha (1-10) a kowane ma'auni.
    • OLED: Wutar Lantarki (8), Bambanci (10), Siffar Siffa (10), Farashi (6), Tsawon Rayuwa (5). Maki Mai Ma'auni: 7.55
    • mLED-LCD: Wutar Lantarki (7), Bambanci (8), Siffar Siffa (4), Farashi (8), Tsawon Rayuwa (9). Maki Mai Ma'auni: 7.15
    • μLED: Wutar Lantarki (9), Bambanci (10), Siffar Siffa (9), Farashi (3), Tsawon Rayuwa (10). Maki Mai Ma'auni: 7.70 (amma farashi babban shamaki ne).
  3. Fahimta: OLED yana jagorantar a cikin samfuran masu amfani na yanzu saboda daidaitaccen aiki da iya masana'antu. μLED ya ci nasara akan aiki mai tsafta amma an hana shi ta hanyar farashi, yana daidaitawa da mayar da hankalinsa na yanzu kan kasuwanni masu ƙima, masu ƙima.

8. Aikace-aikace na Gaba da Hanyoyin Ci Gaba

Gaba ɗaya (shekaru 1-3): LCDs masu hasken baya na mLED za su mamaye babban kasuwar TV da na'urar kallo don HDR. OLED zai ci gaba a cikin wayoyin hannu kuma ya faɗaɗa a cikin na'urorin IT (kwamfutocin hannu, kwamfutocin hannu).

Tsakanin lokaci (shekaru 3-7): Hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na iya fitowa (misali, hasken baya na mLED tare da canjin launi na Quantum Dot). μLEDs za su ga kasuwanci a cikin manyan nunin jama'a, HUDs na mota, da gilashin AR na sawa (inda ƙaramin girman da babban haske suke da mahimmanci).

Dogon lokaci (shekaru 7+): Manufar ita ce cikakken launi, nunin μLED masu inganci mai girma don manyan kayan lantarki na masu amfani. Wannan ya dogara da ci gaba a cikin canja wuri mai yawa (misali, haɗin kai guda ɗaya, buga jeri-zuwa-jeri), gyaran lahani (gyaran laser, redundancy), da rage farashi. Nunin μLED masu sassauci da bayyananne zasu ba da damar sabbin siffofi na samfur.

9. Nassoshi

  1. Huang, Y., Hsiang, EL., Deng, MY. & Wu, ST. Mini-LED, Micro-LED da OLED displays: yanayin yanzu da hangen nesa na gaba. Light Sci Appl 9, 105 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-020-0341-9
  2. Wu, T., Sher, C.W., Lin, Y. et al. Mini-LED da Micro-LED: 'Yan takara masu ban sha'awa don Fasahar Nuni ta Gaba. Appl. Sci. 8, 1557 (2018).
  3. Kamiya, T. et al. Kyautar Nobel ta Physics ta 2022 da haihuwar blue LEDs. Nature Reviews Physics (2022).
  4. Ƙungiyar Duniya don Optics da Photonics (SPIE). Rahotanni kan Hanyoyin Fasahar Nuni. https://spie.org
  5. Masu Ba da Shawarar Silsilar Nunin (DSCC). Rahotannin Fasahar Nuni na Kwata.

10. Nazari na Asali: Ra'ayin Masana'antu

Fahimta ta Asali

Masana'antar nuni ba ta kan tafiya zuwa ga "mai nasara ya ci duka" guda ɗaya ba, a'a, wani dogon zamani na rabewa na dabarun. Binciken Huang et al. ya gano daidai ma'auni amma yana rage lissafin kasuwanci. Yaƙin gaske an bayyana shi ta hanyar ciniki tsakanin inganci da iyawa, wanda aka daidaita ta hanyar tattalin arzikin masana'antu. OLED ya ci nasara a cikin manyan sassan wayar hannu da manyan talabijin ba don yana da mafi kyawun a kowane gwajin lab ba, amma saboda yana ba da mafi kyawun ƙimar haɗin kai—mafi kyawun baki da siffar siffa a farashin masana'antu. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin rahotannin DSCC, amfani da fab ɗin OLED da ingantattun yawan amfanin ƙasa sun kasance masu ban mamaki, suna ƙarfafa matsayinsa.

Ci gaba na Hankali

Ci gaban hankali daga takarda yana bayyananne: LCDs (dogaro da hasken baya) → OLEDs (fitarwa, Organic) → mLED/μLED (fitarwa, inorganic). Duk da haka, hanyar masana'antu tana da rikicewa. mLED ba abokin gasa kai tsaye ga OLED ko μLED ba ne; yana da ingantaccen kariya ga yanayin LCD. Ta hanyar shigar da sabuwar rayuwa cikin LCD tare da aikin HDR wanda ke gasa OLED a yawancin yanayin kallo, LCDs masu hasken baya na mLED suna tsawaita ROI akan babban kayan masana'antu na LCD. Wannan yana haifar da babban shamaki na tsakiyar kasuwa don karɓar μLED. Ci gaban yana kama da juyin halitta a wasu fagage, kamar yadda aka inganta hanyoyin sadarwar jijiyoyi na convolutional (CNNs) tare da haɗin ragowar (ResNet) don shawo kan iyakoki maimakon a maye gurbinsu nan da nan da masu canzawa.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai

Ƙarfin Nazarin: Ƙaƙƙarfan kwatancen takarda na ainihin ma'auni kamar ACR da MPRT yana da ƙima. Ya gano daidai ƙafar Achilles na kowane fasaha: tsawon rayuwar OLED da konewa, iyakataccen siffar mLED, da "yawan canja wuri da gyaran lahani" na μLED. Mayar da hankali kan iya karantawa a cikin hasken rana yana da hankali don aikace-aikacen mota da waje.

Mummunan Kuskure/Rashin: Nazarin ya fi kula da fasahohin a keɓance. Mafi mahimmancin yanayin kusa shine haɗin gwiwa. Mun riga mun ga mLEDs tare da masu canza launi na Quantum Dot (QD) (fasahar da kamfanoni kamar Nanosys suka ci gaba) don inganta yankin launi, yana ƙirƙira QD-mLED-LCDs yadda ya kamata. Ƙarshen ma'ana shine μLEDs a matsayin tushen haske na farko don canjin launi na QD, mai yuwuwar kaucewa babban ƙalubalen canja wurin cikakken ja, kore, da shuɗi μLEDs da suka bambanta. Wannan hanyar haɗuwa ita ce inda ainihin ƙirƙira ke faruwa, kamar yadda tsarin CycleGAN don fassarar hoto-zuwa-hoto mara haɗin gwiwa ya buɗe sabbin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa a cikin AI mai samarwa.

Fahimta Mai Aiki

Ga masu saka hannun jari da masu dabarun: Ku yi fare akan fasahohin da ke ba da damar, ba kawai nunin ƙarshe ba. Abubuwan da ake zaɓa da sufeto suna cikin kayan aikin canja wuri (misali, Kulicke & Soffa), lasers gyara, da kayan QD. Kasuwa za ta kasance fasaha da yawa na shekaru goma.

Ga masu ƙirar samfur: Zaɓi bisa aikace-aikace. Yi amfani da OLED don na'urorin masu amfani inda kayan ado da cikakken bambanci suka fi mahimmanci. Ƙayyade mLED-LCD don na'urorin kallo na ƙwararru da talabijin inda hasken HDR mai kololuwa ke da mahimmanci. Bincika μLED don aikace-aikace inda farashi ya kasance na biyu ga aiki—tunanin soja, hoton likita, da babban AR, kamar yadda ake tura kayan aiki na musamman (misali, DGX na NVIDIA) don takamaiman ayyukan horar da AI.

Ga masu bincike: Babban ƙalubalen ba kawai yin mafi kyawun LED ba ne. Mayar da hankali kan haɗin gwiwa daban-daban—haɗin semiconductors na III-V tare da bayplanes na silicon yadda ya kamata. Kyautar ta tafi ga duk wanda ya warware wasan wasan masana'antu na tsarin, yana rage farashin kowane pixel ta hanyar oda na girma. Hanyar gaba ba ta da ɓarna fiye da jerin ƙirƙira haɗin kai a cikin sarkar wadata.