Na'urar Samar da Wutar Lantarki Mai Girman Kanana Mai Tashoshi 32 Don Ƙarfafa Jijiyoyi Ta Hanyar Haske da Lantarki A Cikin Dabbobi Masu Tafiya 'Yanci

1. Gabatarwa & Bayyani

Wannan aikin ya gabatar da tsarin baya na lantarki mai ƙanƙanta wanda aka ƙera don shawo kan wata matsala mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin ilimin jijiyoyi: sarrafa daidaitaccen haske na da'irorin jijiyoyi a cikin dabbobi masu tafiya 'yanci. Yayin da cikakkun jeri na lantarki don rikodin suka balaga, tuƙi haɗaɗɗun ƙananan fitilun LED (µLEDs) akan binciken lantarki na zamani yana buƙatar wutar lantarki mai girma, iyawar samar da wutar lantarki wanda ba a cika buƙatun manyan direbobin ƙanana ba. Tsarin ya haɗa da keɓaɓɓen Da'irar Haɗin Aiki na Musamman (ASIC) cikin matakin kai mai sauƙi (1.37 g), yana ba da tashoshi 32 na sarrafa wutar lantarki mai ma'ana don amfani da cikakken binciken jijiyoyi mai biyu.

2. Tsarin Tsarin & Tsarin Gine-gine

Babban ƙirƙira shine dandamali mai ɗaukar kai wanda ke haɗuwa kai tsaye da manyan matakan rikodin kasuwanci (misali, Intan RHD2000) da binciken lantarki da aka dasa.

3. Aiwatar da Fasaha

4. Tabbatar da Gwaji & Sakamako

5. Muhimman Fahimta & Taƙaitaccen Aiki

• An Cimma Ƙanƙanta: Ya haɗa kai tsaye babban direban wutar lantarki mai inganci cikin matakin kai ƙasa da 1.5g, yana magance babban ƙuntatawa na girman/nauyi don gwaje-gwajen tafiya 'yanci.
• Daidaito: Yana ba da tsarin baya na toshe-kuma-kunna don rikodin kasuwanci + binciken ƙarfafawa, yana haɓaka karɓa.
• Sarrafa Ingantaccen Aminci: Ma'anar bit 10 da sabuntawa na 5 kHz suna ba da damar daidaitaccen, tsarin haske mai ƙarfi fiye da bugun jini mai sauƙi.
• Daidaiton Fasaha: Yana magance takamaiman buƙatar samar da wutar lantarki (ba nutsewa ba) don tuƙi gine-ginen binciken gama-gari.

6. Bincike na Asali: Cikakkiyar Fahimta & Ƙima Mai Muhimmanci

Cikakkiyar Fahimta: Wannan takarda ba wani direban µLED kawai ba ce; ita ce mafita mai mahimmanci ta haɗuwa wanda ke buɗe cikakkiyar yuwuwar sabon tsarin binciken jijiyoyi mai biyu. Haƙiƙanin ci gaba shine gane cewa tulu ya canza daga kera bincike zuwa lantattun lantarki masu tallafawa, sannan kuma bayar da keɓaɓɓen ASIC wanda ya cika ainihin buƙatun da ba daidai ba (samar da wutar lantarki mai girma) na waɗannan na'urorin haɗaɗɗe.

Matsalar Hankali: Hujja tana da ban sha'awa: 1) Gwaje-gwajen tafiya 'yanci shine ma'auni na zinariya don hali. 2) Akwai haɗaɗɗun binciken lantarki. 3) Amma tuƙi su yana buƙatar ƙayyadaddun bayanai (4.6V tushe) waɗanda ke karya direbobi na kayayyaki. 4) Saboda haka, keɓaɓɓen ASIC ya zama dole. Mafita ɗin su ta bi hanyar hankali daga wannan farkon, tana mai da hankali kan nauyin haɗawa da dacewa da yanayin Intan—wani mugun motsi don amfani.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfin shine tunani na matakin tsarin. Ba su ƙirƙira a cikin sarari ba; sun yi niyya ga takamaiman bincike (NeuroLight) da babban tsarin rikodin baya (Intan). Wannan pragmatism yana ba da garantin amfani nan take. Koyaya, aibi yana cikin ƙayyadaddun iyaka na tabbatarwa. Nuna tsiya da aka tayar shine ainihin tabbacin ra'ayi. Ba su nuna sarƙaƙi, sarrafa rufaffiyar madauki ko bayanan kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci ba, waɗanda su ne abubuwan tsarki don irin wannan tsarin. Idan aka kwatanta da manyan tsarin rufaffiyar madauki, ko da yake sau da yawa masu girma, waɗanda ƙungiyoyi kamar lab na Buzsáki suka fara ko aka ruwaito a cikin dandamali kamar daidaitattun saitin International Brain Laboratory, wannan aikin shine mai ba da damar tushe, ba samfurin ƙarshe ba.

Fahimta Mai Aiki: Ga masu bincike: Wannan shine mafi sauƙin hanya zuwa yawan yawa, yanki mai yawa na optogenetics a cikin rodents masu tafiya 'yanci. Sami matakin kai. Ga masu haɓakawa: Gaba shine marar waya, rufaffiyar madauki, da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban. Mataki na gaba shine haɗa wannan direban tare da na'urar rikodin marar waya (misali, gyare-gyaren ra'ayin tashar tushe ta Neuropixels) da aiwatar da algorithms na gano tsiya na ainihin lokaci don matsawa daga tsarin da aka riga aka shirya zuwa ƙarfafawa mai daidaitawa, kama da ƙa'idodin da aka yi amfani da su wajen inganta ƙarfafa kwakwalwa mai zurfi.

7. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Gindin kowane tashoshi na tushen wutar lantarki ana iya ƙirƙira shi azaman tushen wutar lantarki mai sarrafa ƙarfin wutar lantarki (VCCS). Ana saita wutar lantarki mai fitarwa $I_{out}$ ta hanyar ƙarfin wutar lantarki na tunani $V_{DAC}$ (daga DAC na bit 10) da resistor mai sikelin $R_s$:

$I_{out} = \frac{V_{DAC}}{R_s}$

Kalubalen shine kiyaye wannan dangantaka yayin samar da wutar lantarki cikin kaya (µLED) wanda ƙarfinsa $V_{LED}$ zai iya kaiwa 4.6V. Wannan yana buƙatar transistor ɗin fitarwa ya yi aiki a cikin yanki mai dacewa, yana buƙatar ƙarfin wutar lantarki $V_{DD} > V_{LED} + V_{headroom}$, inda $V_{headroom}$ shine mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin wutar lantarki da ake buƙata don da'irar tushen wutar lantarki ta yi aiki daidai. Iyawar tsarin don samar da har zuwa 4.6V a fitarwa yana nuna ƙirar ƙirar caji ko ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka haɓaka akan ASIC.

Ƙimar sabuntawa na 5 kHz kowane tashoshi ya saita mafi ƙarancin faɗin bugun jini na 200 µs, yana bayyana daidaitaccen lokacin ƙarfafawa.

8. Tsarin Bincike: Lamarin Haɗin Tsarin

Yanayi: Lab na ilimin jijiyoyi yana son yin nazarin aikin sanadin jerin theta na hippocampal a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar sarari ta amfani da ɗan beran da ke tafiya 'yanci.

Matakan Haɗawa:

1. Zaɓin Bincike: Dasa binciken NeuroLight mai tashoshi 64 tare da haɗaɗɗun µLEDs 8 a cikin CA1.
2. Tsarin Rikodin Baya: Haɗa mai haɗa lantattun lantarki na binciken zuwa matakin kai na Intan RHD2000 don samun bayanan jijiyoyi.
3. Tsarin Ƙarfafawa Baya: Haɗa mai haɗa µLED na binciken zuwa matakin kai na direban tashoshi 32 da aka gabatar.
4. Tsarin Gwaji:
   • Rikodi: Yi amfani da tsarin Intan don rikodin tsiya da ƙarfin filin gida (LFP), gano jujjuyawar theta.
   • Ƙarfafa: Shirya direban na al'ada don isar da ɗan gajeren (5-10 ms), ƙananan bugun jini na haske ta hanyar takamaiman µLEDs a cikin tsarin lokaci wanda ke kwaikwayon jerin theta na halitta.
   • Bincika: Lura idan ƙarfafawar "jerin theta" na wucin gadi ya rushe ko ya canza halin kewayawa na dabbar a cikin cike na gaskiyar gaske, don haka gwada sanadi.

Wannan tsarin yana nuna yadda direban ke ba da damar gwaji mai sarƙaƙi wanda ke haɗa rikodin yawan yawa tare da ƙirar ƙarfafawa mai yawa, wanda a baya bai dace da kayan aiki masu girma ba.

9. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyin Ci Gaba

• Haɗin Marar Waya: Mafi mahimmanci mataki na gaba. Haɗa wannan ASIC na ƙarfafawa tare da na'urar rikodin jijiyoyi marar waya (misali, ta amfani da faffadan faffadan ko ingantattun codecs) zai kawar da tether gaba ɗaya, yana ba da damar cikakken ɗabi'ar halitta mara ƙuntatawa.
• Sarrafa Jijiyoyi na Rufaffiyar Madauki: Haɗa direban tare da mai sarrafa ainihin lokaci (FPGA) don ƙirƙirar matakin kai gaba ɗaya wanda zai iya gano takamaiman abubuwan jijiyoyi (misali, ripples, fashewar beta) kuma nan da nan ya haifar da ƙirar ƙarfafawa ta haske don dalilai na warkewa ko bincike.
• Tallafin Tsawon Raɗaɗi & Opsin Daban-daban: Tsawaita zanen don sarrafa launukan LED daban-daban (shuɗi, ja, amber) akan bincike guda don kunna ko hana yawan jijiyoyi daban-daban da ke bayyana opsins daban-daban (misali, ChR2 da Jaws).
• Ƙanƙanta don Ƙananan Jinsuna: Ƙara rage girman da nauyi don amfani a cikin ƙananan dabbobi kamar beraye, tsuntsaye, ko kwari, tura iyakokin ilimin halayyar ɗabi'a.
• Kasuwancin & Daidaitawa: Wannan ƙirar ta cika don kasuwancin azaman samfurin abokin tarayya ga binciken lantarki, yana taimakawa wajen kafa daidaitaccen bututu don gwaje-gwajen ilimin jijiyoyi mai biyu.

10. Nassoshi

1. Buzsáki, G. (2004). Rikodin manyan ƙungiyoyin jijiyoyi. Nature Neuroscience.
2. Deisseroth, K. (2015). Optogenetics: shekaru 10 na opsins na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ilimin jijiyoyi. Nature Neuroscience.
3. Jun, J. J., et al. (2017). Cikakkun binciken silicon don rikodin yawan aikin jijiyoyi. Nature. (Neuropixels)
4. International Brain Laboratory et al. (2021). Daidaitaccen da sake samar da ma'aunin yanke shawara a cikin beraye. bioRxiv.
5. Wu, F., et al. (2020). Haɗaɗɗun µLEDs akan binciken jijiyoyi na silicon don binciken optogenetic mai ma'ana. Science Advances.
6. Siegle, J. H., et al. (2021). Binciken tsiya a cikin tsarin gani na ɗan beran ya bayyana matsayi na aiki. Nature. (Yana nuna buƙatar babban sikelin, haɗaɗɗun rikodin/ƙarfafawa).
7. Miyamoto, D., & Murayama, M. (2016). Hoton fiber-optic da sarrafa aikin jijiyoyi yayin halin dabbar. Neuroscience Research.