1. Gabatarwa
Wannan binciken ya magance wata muhimmiyar matsalar inganci da ake yawan yin watsi da ita a cikin haɗin Fasahar Sanya Surface (SMT): matsakaicin kayan aiki yayin tsarin Dauka da Sanya (P&P). Lokacin da aka sanya kayan aiki a kan manna gubar mai laushi, motsin ruwa da halayen manna na iya haifar da matsakaita daga wurin da aka yi niyya. Duk da cewa sake narkar da gubar na gaba yana ba da ɗan daidaitawa, rage matsakaicin farko yana da mahimmanci ga masana'antar kayan lantarki mai yawan girma da dogaro.
1.1. Fasahar Sanya Surface (SMT)
SMT ita ce babbar hanyar haɗa kayan aikin lantarki a kan allunan da'ira da aka buga (PCBs). Babban layin SMT ya ƙunshi manyan hanyoyi guda uku: Bugawa da Stencil (SPP), Dauka da Sanya (P&P), da Sake Narkar da Gubar. Ana haɗa wuraren binciken inganci, kamar Binciken Manna Gubar (SPI) da Bincike ta Hanyar Gani ta Atomatik (AOI), don sa ido kan sakamakon tsari.
1.2. Matsakaicin Kayan Aiki a cikin Tsarin Dauka da Sanya (P&P)
Matsakaicin yana faruwa bayan sanyawa saboda halayen manna gubar mai laushi (zubewa, rashin daidaito) da wasu abubuwan waje kamar girgizar na'ura. Yayin da girman kayan aiki ke raguwa kuma tazarar ke raguwa, waɗannan ƙananan matsakaici sun zama manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lahani kamar gado ko buɗe da'ira, suna ƙalubalantar zaton cewa sake narkarwa zai gyara su gaba ɗaya.
2. Hanyoyi & Tsarin SVR
Binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar da ke da alaƙa da bayanai, ta yin amfani da koyon na'ura don ƙirƙirar dangantaka mai rikitarwa, mara layi tsakanin sigogin tsari da matsakaicin kayan aiki.
2.1. Support Vector Regression (SVR)
An zaɓi SVR saboda tasirinsa wajen sarrafa matsalolin koma baya masu girma, marasa layi tare da ƙarancin samfuran, wanda ke zama al'ada a cikin bayanan gwaji na masana'antu.
2.2. Ayyukan Ma'auni: Linear da RBF
An kimanta ayyukan ma'auni guda biyu: ma'auni na Linear (SVR-Linear) da ma'auni na Radial Basis Function (SVR-RBF). Ma'auni na RBF ya dace musamman don ɗaukar dangantaka mai rikitarwa, mara layi a cikin bayanan.
3. Tsarin Gwaji & Bayanai
An tsara cikakken gwaji akan layin haɗin SMT na zamani. An tattara bayanai kan mahimman sifofin shigarwa da ake zaton suna tasiri ga matsakaici, ciki har da:
- Halayen Manna Gubar: Ƙarar, matsakaici daga pad, halayen zubewa.
- Saitunan Sanyawa: Ƙarfin sanyawa, sauri, daidaito.
- Abubuwan Kayan Aiki & Allon: Girman kayan aiki, nauyi, daidaiton PCB.
Matsakaicin kayan aiki da aka auna (misali, a cikin microns) a cikin hanyoyin X da Y bayan sanyawa amma kafin sake narkarwa shine ma'aunin fitarwa.
4. Sakamako & Bincike
An horar da tsare-tsaren kuma an gwada su akan tarin bayanan da aka tattara, tare da kimanta aikin ta amfani da ma'auni kamar Matsakaicin Kuskure na Mutum (MAE) da Tushen Matsakaicin Kuskure na Murabba'i (RMSE).
4.1. Ayyukan Hasashe
Taƙaitaccen Aikin Tsari
Tsarin SVR-RBF: Ya nuna ingantaccen daidaiton hasashe, ya fi tsarin layi gaba ɗaya. Wannan yana nuna cewa asalin dangantaka tsakanin halayen manna, sigogin sanyawa, da matsakaici yana da rikitarwa sosai, ba layi ba.
Tsarin SVR-Linear: Ya ba da aikin tushe. Babban kuskurensa ya tabbatar da rashin isasshen zaton layi mai sauƙi don wannan tsarin zahiri.
Bayanin Chati (An fayyace): Zane mai watsewa wanda ke kwatanta hasashen da ainihin ƙimar matsakaicin kayan aiki zai nuna hasashen SVR-RBF yana taruwa sosai tare da layin y=x na kyakkyawan tsari, yayin da hasashen SVR-Linear zai nuna ƙarin watsewa, musamman a manyan matakan matsakaici.
4.2. Muhimman Bincike game da Abubuwan Matsakaici
Binciken ya tabbatar da cewa rashin daidaiton ƙarar manna gubar da matsakaicin sanyawa sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsakaicin kayan aiki. Binciken mahimmanci na fasalin tsarin SVR-RBF (ko ma'auni/maɓuɓɓukan tallafi na tsarin) zai iya sanya waɗannan abubuwan matsayi bisa ƙima.
5. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi
Babbar matsalar inganta SVR tana nufin nemo aiki $f(x) = w^T \phi(x) + b$ wanda ya karkata daga ainihin manufa $y_i$ da aƙalla ƙimar $\epsilon$ (bututun epsilon), yayin da yake kasancewa mai laushi kamar yadda zai yiwu. Matsalar ingantawa ta farko ita ce:
$$\min_{w, b, \xi, \xi^*} \frac{1}{2} ||w||^2 + C \sum_{i=1}^{n} (\xi_i + \xi_i^*)$$
a ƙarƙashin:
$y_i - (w^T \phi(x_i) + b) \le \epsilon + \xi_i$
$(w^T \phi(x_i) + b) - y_i \le \epsilon + \xi_i^*$
$\xi_i, \xi_i^* \ge 0$
Inda $C$ shine sigar tsari, $\xi_i, \xi_i^*$ sune masu canzawa, kuma $\phi(x)$ shine aikin ma'auni wanda ke canza bayanai zuwa sarari mai girma. Ga ma'auni na RBF: $K(x_i, x_j) = \phi(x_i)^T \phi(x_j) = \exp(-\gamma ||x_i - x_j||^2)$.
6. Tsarin Bincike: Misali na Lamari ba tare da Code ba
Yi la'akari da masana'anta da ke fuskantar raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa da kashi 2% akan sabon PCB mai ƙaramin tazara. AOI bayan sake narkarwa yana nuna rashin daidaito, amma bayanan Pre-AOI bayan P&P ba a bincika su. Yin amfani da tsarin wannan takarda:
- Tattara Bayanai: Haɗa bayanan SPI (ƙarar manna, matsakaici kowane pad) tare da bayanan Pre-AOI (matsayin kayan aiki kafin sake narkarwa) don allunan da suka gaza.
- Aiwatar da Tsari: Yi amfani da tsarin SVR-RBF da aka riga aka horar (kamar na cikin takarda) don hasashen matsakaicin da ake tsammani bisa ma'aunin SPI.
- Gano Tushen Dalili: Tsarin ya yi hasashen gagarumin matsakaici (>50% na tazara) don kayan aiki inda SPI ya nuna babban bambanci a ƙarar tsakanin pad. An gano tushen dalilin zuwa lalacewar stencil da ke haifar da zubar da manna mara daidaito.
- Aikin Gyara: Aiwatar da ƙaƙƙarfan iyakokin sarrafa SPI don bambancin ƙarar manna da tsara kula da stencil don rigakafi, ta haka magance matsakaicin a tushensa kafin sake narkarwa.
7. Ra'ayi na Mai Binciken Masana'antu
Babban Fahimta: Wannan takarda ta yi nasarar sake fasalin matsakaicin kayan aiki daga wani abu na "hayaniya" da sake narkarwa ke ɗauka zuwa ma'aunin tsari wanda ake iya hasashewa da sarrafawa. Ainihin ƙimar ba kawai a cikin daidaiton hasashe ba ne, amma a canza tsarin inganci daga binciken bayan sake narkarwa zuwa hasashe da gyara a cikin tsari.
Tsarin Hankali: Hankalin binciken yana da kyau: gano lahani mai tsada (matsakaici), yi hasashen abubuwan da ke motsa shi (sigogin manna/sanyawa), yi amfani da kayan aikin ML da suka dace (SVR don ƙananan bayanai, marasa layi), kuma tabbatar da bayanan samarwa na gaske. Kwatanta tsakanin ma'auni na Linear da RBF wani muhimmin mataki ne wanda ke tabbatar da rikitarwar matsalar.
Ƙarfi & Kurakurai:
Ƙarfi: Amfani mai ma'ana da ML akan ainihin matsalar masana'antu mai daraja. Zaɓin SVR akan ƙarin zurfin koyo yana yabawa saboda fahimtarsa da inganci tare da ƙarancin bayanai—ƙa'idar da aka maimaita a cikin mahimman wallafe-wallafen ML waɗanda ke ba da shawarar kayan aikin da ya dace don aikin [Hastie et al., 2009].
Kurakurai: Ƙarancin bayanai shine ƙarancin ƙafar takarda. Ya ambaci "wasu abubuwa masu yuwuwa na kai tsaye" (girgiza, rashin kwanciyar hankali na conveyor) amma tsarin yana yiwuwa yana amfani da ɓangare ne kawai. Ainihin turawa a cikin masana'anta yana buƙatar haɗa bayanai daga na'urori masu auna firikwensin IoT akan masu jigilar kaya da kawunan sanyawa, matsawa zuwa tagwaye na dijital na layin, kamar yadda tsarin Industry 4.0 ya tsara.
Fahimta Mai Aiki:
- Ga Injiniyoyin Tsari: Fara haɗa bayanan SPI da Pre-AOI nan da nan idan akwai. Dangantaka tsakanin rashin daidaiton manna da matsakaici ita ce kayan aiki kai tsaye don sarrafa tsari.
- Ga Masu Kera Kayan Aiki (kamar marubucin haɗin gwiwa Koh Young): Wannan tsari ne na sabon nau'in software na "Sarrafa Tsari na Hasashe". Haɗa wannan tsarin SVR kai tsaye cikin injunan SPI ko AOI don samar da maki haɗarin matsakaici na ainihin lokaci da shawarwarin gyara.
- Ga Masu Bincike: Mataki na gaba shine ƙididdige dalili da bincike na shawara. Kar a yi hasashen matsakaici kawai; yi amfani da tsarin don amsa "wane gyaran sigar sanyawa zai rage matsakaicin da aka yi hasashen don wannan takamaiman kayan aiki?" Wannan ya yi daidai da motsi daga ML zuwa ƙarin koyo a cikin tsarin sarrafawa, kamar yadda ake gani a cikin na'urori masu sarrafa kansa na ci gaba.
A taƙaice, wannan aikin shaidar ƙwaƙƙwaran shaida ce da ta buɗe ƙofar zuwa ga ingantaccen inganci na gaske a cikin SMT. Dole ne masana'antu ta yanzu ta bi ta ta hanyar saka hannun jari a cikin kayayyakin bayanai da haɗin gwiwar kayan aiki da ake buƙata don aiwatar da waɗannan tsare-tsaren.
8. Ayyukan Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike
- Sarrafa Tsari na Rufe Madauki: Haɗa tsarin hasashe kai tsaye tare da na'urar P&P don daidaita daidaitattun sanyawa a ainihin lokaci don rama matsakaicin da aka yi hasashen.
- Haɗin Tagwaye na Dijital: Yin amfani da tsarin SVR a matsayin wani ɓangare a cikin cikakkiyar tagwaye na dijital na layin SMT don gwaji na zahiri, inganta tsari, da horar da ma'aikaci.
- Binciken Kayan Aiki na Ci Gaba: Ƙaddamar da tsarin don hasashen matsakaici don sabbin manna gubar (misali, ƙananan zafin jiki, manna gubar mai dogaro) ko mannewa da ake amfani da su a cikin haɗin gwiwa iri-iri.
- Hasashen Lahani na Matakai Da Yawa: Haɗa tsarin hasashen matsakaici tare da tsare-tsare don gado gubar ko ramuka yayin sake narkarwa don hasashen ingancin haɗin gubar na ƙarshe daga sigogin bugawa da sanyawa na farko.
- Haɓaka AI Mai Bayyanawa (XAI): Yin amfani da dabaru kamar SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) don sanya hasashen tsarin SVR-RBF su zama masu fahimta ga injiniyoyin tsari, suna nuna a sarari yadda kowane fasalin shigarwa ke ba da gudummawa ga matsakaicin da aka yi hasashen.
9. Nassoshi
- Hoto na 1 an daidaita shi daga daidaitaccen tsarin SMT.
- Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., & Friedman, J. (2009). The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction (2nd ed.). Springer. (Don ƙa'idodin zaɓin tsari kamar SVR).
- IPC-7525, "Stencil Design Guidelines". IPC. (Ma'aunin masana'antu don bugun stencil wanda ke tasiri zubar da manna).
- Koh Young Technology. (n.d.). Automated Optical Inspection (AOI) Solutions. An samo daga https://www.kohyoung.com (Mahallin fasahar bincike).
- Smola, A. J., & Schölkopf, B. (2004). A tutorial on support vector regression. Statistics and Computing, 14(3), 199–222. (Ka'idar SVR ta tushe).
- Zhu, J., et al. (2021). Machine learning for advanced manufacturing: A review. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 60, 672-694. (Mahallin ML a cikin masana'antu).