Table of Contents
- 1. Product Overview
- 2. In-depth and Objective Interpretation of Technical Parameters
- 2.1 Tabia za nuru na rangi
- 2.2 Vigezo vya umeme
- 2.3 Thermal Characteristics
- 3. Mfumo wa Uainishaji Maelezo
- 3.1 Uainishaji wa Wavelength/Color Temperature
- 3.2 Luminous Flux Binning
- 3.3 Forward Voltage Binning
- 4. Performance Curve Analysis
- 4.1 Sifa za Utegemezi wa Umeme-Mvuke (I-V)
- 4.2 Tabia ya Joto
- 4.3 Usambazaji wa Nguvu ya Wigo
- 5. Maelezo ya Mitambo na Ufungaji
- 5.1 Outline Dimensions Drawing
- 5.2 Pad Layout Design
- 5.3 Polarity Marking
- 6. Welding and Assembly Guide
- 6.1 Reflow Soldering Temperature Profile
- 6.2 Precautions and Operating Specifications
- 6.3 Masharti ya Uhifadhi
- 7. Ufungaji na Taarifa za Kuagiza
- 7.1 Packaging Specifications
- 7.2 Labeling Instructions
- 7.3 Kanuni za Usimbaji wa Nambari ya Sehemu
- 8. Mapendekezo ya Utumizi
- 8.1 Saketi ya Kawaida ya Utumizi
- 8.2 Key Design Considerations
- 9. Technical Comparison
- 10. Maswali Yanayoulizwa Mara kwa Mara
- 11. Mifano Halisi ya Utumizi
- 12. Utangulizi wa Kanuni ya Uendeshaji
- 13. Development Trends
1. Product Overview
This technical document provides crucial information regarding the lifecycle status and revision history of specific electronic components. The primary purpose of this specification is to inform engineers, procurement specialists, and quality assurance personnel about the product's current status and historical changes. Understanding the lifecycle phase is essential for long-term design planning, supply chain management, and ensuring product consistency during manufacturing. The core advantage of maintaining such detailed documentation lies in traceability and reliability, enabling informed decision-making throughout the product's entire application lifecycle.
Components documented in this manner target markets that require high reliability and long-term availability, such as automotive electronics, industrial control systems, telecommunications infrastructure, and medical equipment. The indicated "permanent" end-of-life status signifies that this specific revision is intended for indefinite use, implying version stability and no planned obsolescence, which is a critical consideration for products with long development and service life cycles.
2. In-depth and Objective Interpretation of Technical Parameters
Ingawa sehemu ya PDF iliyotolewa inalenga data za usimamizi, hati kamili ya maelezo ya kiufundi kwa kawaida inajumuisha sura kadhaa muhimu za vigezo. Ifuatayo ni ufafanuzi wa kitu kulingana na mazoea ya kawaida ya hati ya tasnia, kuhusu aina hizi za kawaida.
2.1 Tabia za nuru na rangi
For light-emitting devices such as LEDs, this section is crucial. It details metrics such as luminous flux (in lumens), which defines the total perceived light power emitted by the device. For white LEDs, the correlated color temperature is expressed in Kelvin (K), indicating whether the light color is warm white, neutral white, or cool white. Chromaticity coordinates (e.g., CIE x, y) precisely define the color point on the standard chromaticity diagram. The Color Rendering Index (CRI), ranging from 0 to 100, measures the light source's ability to reproduce the true colors of objects compared to a natural reference source. Dominant wavelength and peak wavelength are critical for monochromatic LEDs (e.g., red, green, blue). Understanding these parameters helps designers select the correct device for various applications, from general lighting and backlighting to signage and indicator lights.
2.2 Vigezo vya umeme
Sehemu hii inafafanua mipaka ya uendeshaji wa kifaa. Vigezo muhimu vinajumuisha voltage ya mbele (Vf) chini ya mkondo maalum wa majaribio, ambayo ni muhimu kwa muundo wa mzunguko wa kuendesha. Kipimo cha voltage ya nyuma kinaonyesha voltage ya juu zaidi inayoweza kutumika kwa mwelekeo usio wa uendeshaji bila kusababisha uharibifu. Mkondo wa mbele unabainisha mkondo wa kawaida wa uendeshaji, wakati mkondo wa juu zaidi wa mbele na mkondo wa kilele wa mbele unafafanua mipaka kamili. Uwezo wa kuhisi umeme wa tuli kawaida huainishwa kulingana na viwango kama vile JEDEC JS-001 (Mfano wa Mwili wa Binadamu), na ni muhimu kwa taratibu za uendeshaji na usanikishaji ili kuzuia hitilafu zinazoweza kutokea.
2.3 Thermal Characteristics
Usimamizi wa joto ni muhimu kwa utendakazi na maisha ya huduma. Upinzani wa joto kutoka kwa kiungo hadi mazingira hupima ufanisi wa uhamisho wa joto kutoka kwa kiungo cha semiconductor hadi mazingira yanayozunguka. Thamani ya chini ya RθJA inaonyesha uwezo bora wa kutawanya joto. Joto la juu zaidi la kiungo ni joto la juu kabisa ambalo nyenzo za semiconductor zinaweza kuhimili kabla ya kupungua kwa utendakazi au kushindwa. Vigezo hivi huathiri moja kwa moja kiwango cha kudumisha kwa mwanga (kiwango cha kupungua kwa pato la mwanga kwa muda) na uaminifu kwa ujumla. Wabunifu lazima wahakikishe muundo wa joto wa matumizi (k.m., mpangilio wa PCB, kutawanya joto) unaleta joto la kiungo la uendeshaji chini sana ya kiwango cha juu cha joto kilichopimwa.
3. Mfumo wa Uainishaji Maelezo
Tofauti katika mchakato wa utengenezaji hufanya iwe lazima vipengee vigawanywe katika daraja kulingana na utendaji, ili kuhakikisha uthabiti kwa mtumiaji wa mwisho.
3.1 Uainishaji wa Wavelength/Color Temperature
LEDs are binned according to their chromaticity coordinates or correlated color temperature. The binning structure is typically represented on the CIE chromaticity diagram, grouping LEDs with very similar color output together. Tighter bins (smaller areas on the diagram) are more expensive and are used in applications demanding stringent color uniformity, such as video walls or high-end displays.
3.2 Luminous Flux Binning
Vifaa vinagawanywa kulingana na pato lao la mwanga lililopimwa chini ya hali ya kawaida ya majaribio. Mgawanyiko huo unafafanuliwa na thamani ya chini na ya juu ya mwanga (mfano, daraja A: 100-105 lm, daraja B: 105-110 lm). Hii inaruhusu wabunifu kuchagua kiwango sahihi cha mwangaza kwa matumizi, na kudumisha uthabiti kati ya vikundi tofauti vya uzalishaji.
3.3 Forward Voltage Binning
LED pia hujumwa kulingana na kiwango cha voltage ya mbele chini ya mkondo maalum. Vf thabiti ndani ya kundi hurahisisha muundo wa kiendeshi, kwani inaleta usambazaji sawa wa mkondo wakati LED nyingi zimeunganishwa sambamba.
4. Performance Curve Analysis
Data ya picha hutoa ufahamu wa kina zaidi kuliko vipimo vya jedwali pekee.
4.1 Sifa za Utegemezi wa Umeme-Mvuke (I-V)
Mviringo huu wa msingi unaonyesha uhusiano kati ya mkondo wa mbele unaopita kwenye LED na mvutano kwenye ncha zake mbili. Sio wa mstari, unaonyesha mvutano wa kuwasha (au kugeuka) ambapo chini yake hakuna mkondo unaopita karibu kabisa. Mwinuko wa mviringo katika eneo la uendeshaji unahusiana na upinzani wa nguvu. Mviringo huu ni muhimu sana katika kubuni kiendeshi cha mkondo wa kudumu.
4.2 Tabia ya Joto
Michoro kwa kawaida huonyesha jinsi vigezo muhimu vinavyobadilika kulingana na joto la kiungo. Voltage ya mbele kwa kawaida hupungua kadri joto linavyoongezeka. Pato la flux ya mwanga hupungua kadri joto linavyoongezeka; uhusiano huu unaonyeshwa kwenye mchoro wa flux ya mwanga ya jamaa dhidi ya joto la kiungo. Kuelewa mikondo hii ni muhimu kwa kutabiri utendaji chini ya hali halisi za uendeshaji (na sio tu 25°C).
4.3 Usambazaji wa Nguvu ya Wigo
This chart plots the relative intensity of light emitted across the electromagnetic spectrum. For white LEDs, it shows a broad phosphor-converted spectrum. For monochromatic LEDs, it displays a narrow peak. The Spectral Power Distribution is used to calculate correlated color temperature, color rendering index, and chromaticity coordinates, and is crucial for color-sensitive applications.
5. Maelezo ya Mitambo na Ufungaji
Usahihi wa maelezo ya kimwili unahitajika kwa usanifu na usanikishaji wa PCB.
5.1 Outline Dimensions Drawing
Michoro ya kina ya mitambo inatoa vipimo vyote muhimu: urefu, upana, kimo, umbali wa pini na uvumilivu wa vipengele. Inajumuisha mtazamo wa juu, mtazamo wa upande na mtazamo wa chini. Mchoro huu ndio kumbukumbu kuu ya kuunda kifurushi cha PCB.
5.2 Pad Layout Design
Provides recommended PCB land pattern (pad geometry and dimensions) to ensure good solder joint formation during reflow soldering. Typically includes solder mask opening recommendations and may suggest thermal relief patterns for pads connected to large copper areas to manage heat during soldering.
5.3 Polarity Marking
Clearly indicates the methods for identifying the anode and cathode. Common methods include marking the cathode (often with a green line, dot, or notch on the package), a shorter cathode lead (for through-hole devices), or specific pad shapes on the package (e.g., square for anode, round for cathode).
6. Welding and Assembly Guide
6.1 Reflow Soldering Temperature Profile
Inatoa mkunjo wa kina wa joto-muda, ukibainisha maeneo muhimu: Upashaji joto kabla, Udumishaji joto, Reflow (pamoja na kilele cha joto) na Kupoa. Inabainisha kikomo cha juu cha joto kwa sehemu ya msingi ya kifaa na pini. Kufuata mkunjo huu ni muhimu ili kuzuia uharibifu wa joto (kama vile kujitenga kwa kifuniko au kudhoofika kwa mshikamano wa chip ya ndani).
6.2 Precautions and Operating Specifications
Maelezo kwa kawaida yanajumuisha ulinzi wa kutokwa umeme tuli (kanda ya mkono, povu inayoweza kuendesha umeme), kiwango cha unyevunyevu na mahitaji ya kukausha ikiwa kifurushi kimefichuliwa kwenye unyevunyevu, na kuepeka kutumia mkazo wa mitambo kwenye lenzi au pini. Inaweza pia kubainisha utangamano wa vifaa vya kusafisha.
6.3 Masharti ya Uhifadhi
规定了推荐的长期存储条件,通常涉及受控的温度和湿度环境(例如,<30°C,<60%相对湿度),对于有湿敏等级要求的器件,需存放在带有干燥剂的防潮密封袋中。
7. Ufungaji na Taarifa za Kuagiza
7.1 Packaging Specifications
Detailed information includes carrier tape width and pitch, reel diameter and quantity (e.g., 4000 units per 13-inch reel), and the dimensions of the embossed tape for automated placement machines.
7.2 Labeling Instructions
Imefafanua maelezo yaliyochapishwa kwenye lebo ya spooli: nambari ya sehemu, kiasi, kundi/nambari ya kundi, msimbo wa tarehe, na misimbo ya daraja ya flux ya mwanga, rangi, na voltage.
7.3 Kanuni za Usimbaji wa Nambari ya Sehemu
Inaelezea muundo wa nambari ya bidhaa. Kila sehemu kwa kawaida inawakilisha sifa muhimu: msingi wa mfululizo wa bidhaa, rangi/wavelength, kiwango cha mwanga, kiwango cha voltage, aina ya ufungaji, na wakati mwingine pia ni pamoja na vipengele maalum. Hii inawawezesha watumiaji kufafanua nambari ya sehemu na kubainisha mahitaji yao halisi.
8. Mapendekezo ya Utumizi
8.1 Saketi ya Kawaida ya Utumizi
It typically includes schematics of basic drive circuits, such as a simple series resistor circuit for low-current indicator lights, or a constant-current drive circuit for higher-power illumination. Design formulas for calculating current-limiting resistors are provided.
8.2 Key Design Considerations
Mapendekezo muhimu yanajumuisha: Kwa utendaji bora na uthabiti, tumia chanzo cha mkondo wa mara kwa mara badala ya chanzo cha voltage ya mara kwa mara; Tekeleza usimamizi mzuri wa joto kwenye PCB (vifungu vya joto, eneo la shaba); Kwa matumizi ya viwango vya usalama, hakikisha utengano wa umeme na umbali wa kupanda/kinyago cha umeme; Na fikiria vipengele vya muundo wa mwanga kama vile optics ya pili au karatasi ya usambazaji.
9. Technical Comparison
Ingawa kulinganisha maalum na washindani hauwezekani bila data ya ziada, kawaida huchambuliwa faida za utofautishaji za sehemu hii dhidi ya vingine vya tasnia. Maeneo yanayoweza kuwa na faida yanaweza kujumuisha ufanisi bora wa mwanga (lumeni zaidi kwa kila watt), ubora bora wa rangi (CRI ya juu), uthabiti mkali wa rangi (maeneo madogo ya kikundi), upinzani wa chini wa joto (usambazaji bora wa joto), viwango vya juu vya kuegemea (maisha marefu ya L70/L90), au uthabiti mkubwa (viwango vya juu vya ESD). Hatua yenyewe ya maisha ya "kudumu" ya toleo hili la marekebisho ni kipengele cha utofautishaji, ikionyesha uthabiti wa muda mrefu na usaidizi.
10. Maswali Yanayoulizwa Mara kwa Mara
Swali: "Hatua ya Maisha: Toleo la Marekebisho: 2" linamaanisha nini?
Jibu: Hii inaonyesha hati na vipengele vinavyoelezewa viko katika hatua ya "Usasishaji" ya mzunguko wa maisha, na huu ni toleo la pili rasmi la hati hii. Hii inamaanisha bidhaa imekomaa, na mabadiliko yanaweza kuwa ni marekebisho au uboreshaji mdogo, sio upangaji upya mkubwa.
Swali: "Tarehe ya kumalizika kwa uhalali: Kudumu" inamaanisha nini?
Jibu: Toleo hili maalum la hati hii na vipimo vya bidhaa vilivyojumuishwa havina tarehe iliyopangwa ya kumalizika kwa uhalali. Data ni halali kwa muda mrefu, na toleo hili la kipengele kinatarajiwa kuwa kinapatikana au kinaungwa mkono katika siku zijazo zinazoweza kutabirika, jambo muhimu sana kwa miradi ya muda mrefu.
Swali: Ninawezaje kuendesha kifaa hiki cha LED?
Jibu: Tumia daima saketi ya kuendesha ya mkondo wa kudumu iliyoundwa kulingana na vipimo vya mkondo wa mbele. Epuka kuunganisha moja kwa moja kwenye chanzo cha voltage bila utaratibu wa kudhibiti mkondo, kwani mgawo hasi wa joto wa LED unaweza kusababisha kukosa udhibiti wa joto na kuharibika.
Swali: Joto la juu la kuchomelea ni nini?
Jibu: Tafadhali rejea mkunjo wa kina wa reflow katika sehemu ya 6.1. Joto la kilele cha kifurushi halipaswi kuzidi kikomo kilichowekwa (kwa uashi usio na risasi, kwa kawaida ni 260°C kwa sekunde chache) ili kuzuia uharibifu wa ndani.
11. Mifano Halisi ya Utumizi
Case 1: Architectural Linear Lighting:For the museum's cove lighting fixtures, high Color Rendering Index (CRI), strictly binned LEDs from the Stable Revision were selected. The consistent color temperature among thousands of LEDs ensures a uniform visual effect, while the high CRI accurately reproduces the colors of artworks. The "Permanent" lifecycle guarantee allows lighting designers and museum managers to confidently plan for future maintenance and expansion, assured of component supply availability.
Kesi ya 2: Taa za Ndani za Gari:Seti ya LED zenye nguvu chini na uhakika wa juu zilitumika kwa taa za nyuma ya dashibodi na taa za swichi. Kwa kutumia data ya kina ya sifa za joto kutoka kwenye maelezo ya kiufundi, joto la kiungo ndani ya sehemu iliyofungwa ya dashibodi ilichanganuliwa, kuhakikisha kuwa LED zilidumu kwa maisha yote ya miaka 15 ya gari, hata katika hali ya joto kali ya mazingira.
12. Utangulizi wa Kanuni ya Uendeshaji
LED ni kifaa cha semiconductor kinachotoa mwanga wakati mkondo wa umeme unapopita. Jambo hili linaitwa electroluminescence, na hufanyika wakati elektroni na mashimo ndani ya kifaa vinapoungana na kutolea nishati kwa njia ya fotoni. Rangi ya mwanga (urefu wa wimbi) imedhamiriwa na pengo la bendi la nyenzo za semiconductor zinazotumiwa (mfano, gallium nitride hutumika kwa mwanga wa bluu, aluminium gallium indium phosphide kwa mwanga nyekundu). Mwanga mweupe kwa kawaida huzalishwa kwa kutumia chipi ya LED ya bluu iliyopakwa fosforasi ya manjano, ambayo hubadilisha sehemu ya mwanga wa bluu kuwa mwanga wa manjano; mchanganyiko wa mwanga wa bluu na manjano unatambuliwa kama mwanga mweupe. Ufanisi, rangi na nguvu ya mwanga wa LED huathiriwa moja kwa moja na nyenzo, muundo wa chipi, ufungaji, na hali ya uendeshaji kama vile mkondo unaoendesha na joto.
13. Development Trends
Sekta ya LED inaendelea kukua kufuatia mwelekeo muhimu kadhaa.Uboreshaji wa ufanisi:Utafiti unalenga kuimarisha ufanisi wa ndani wa quantum na ufanisi wa uchimbaji wa mwanga, ili kufikisha lumens kwa wati za juu zaidi na kupunguza matumizi ya nishati ya taa.Uboreshaji wa ubora wa rangi:Maendeleo ya teknolojia ya fosforasi na muundo wa chipi za rangi nyingi (k.m. RGB, zambarau+fosforasi) yanalenga kufikia viwango vya juu vya index ya uonyeshaji rangi na rangi zilizojaa zaidi, ili kukidhi mahitaji ya matumizi ya kitaaluma.Kupunguzwa kwa ukubwa na kuunganishwa:Mwelekeo wa LED ndogo na zenye nguvu zaidi (Micro-LED) na suluhisho za kuunganisha kiendeshi kwenye chipi unaendelea katika nyanja kama vile skrini nyembamba sana, vifaa vinavyovaliwa, na vifaa vya matibabu.Taa zenye akili na zinazounganishwa:Kuunganisha saketi za udhibiti na itifaki za mawasiliano (kama DALI au Zhaga) moja kwa moja kwenye moduli za LED kunazidi kuwa kawaida, na hivyo kusaidia mifumo ya taa inayotegemea IoT.Uthabiti na Urefu wa Maisha:Uboreshaji endelevu wa nyenzo na ufungaji unalenga kuongeza zaidi urefu wa maisha ya uendeshaji na kiwango cha kudumisha mwanga, hasa chini ya hali ya joto na unyevunyevu ulio juu.Uzalishaji Endelevu:Inazidi kuzingatia kupunguza matumizi ya malighafi muhimu, na kukuza muundo wa vipengele vinavyoweza kuchakatwa tena zaidi.
Maelezo ya Istilahi za Vipimo vya LED
Kamusi Kamili ya Istilahi za Teknolojia ya LED
I. Viashiria Muhimu vya Utendaji wa Kielektroniki na Mwanga
| Istilahi | Unit/Penunjukan | Penjelasan Populer | Kwa nini ni muhimu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ufanisi wa Mwanga (Luminous Efficacy) | lm/W (lumens per watt) | The luminous flux emitted per watt of electrical power; the higher the value, the more energy-efficient. | Directly determines the energy efficiency rating and electricity cost of the luminaire. |
| Fluxi Mwanga (Luminous Flux) | lm (lumen) | Jumla ya kiasi cha mwanga kinachotolewa na chanzo cha mwanga, kinachojulikana kwa kawaida kama "mwangaza". | Huamua kama taa inatosha kuwa na mwangaza. |
| Pembe ya kuona (Viewing Angle) | ° (degree), e.g., 120° | The angle at which light intensity drops to half, determining the beam width. | Affects the illumination range and uniformity. |
| Joto la rangi (CCT) | K (Kelvin), k.m. 2700K/6500K | Joto la rangi ya mwanga, thamani ya chini huelekea manjano/joto, thamani ya juu huelekea nyeupe/baridi. | Huamua mazingira ya taa na matumizi yanayofaa. |
| Kielelezo cha Uonyeshaji Rangi (CRI / Ra) | Unitless, 0–100 | The ability of a light source to reproduce the true colors of objects; Ra≥80 is considered good. | Inaathiri usahihi wa rangi, hutumiwa katika maeneo yenye mahitaji makubwa kama vile maduka makubwa, majumba ya sanaa. |
| Tofauti ya uvumilivu wa rangi (SDCM) | Idadi ya hatua za duaradufu ya MacAdam, kama vile "5-step" | A quantitative metric for color consistency; a smaller step number indicates better color consistency. | Ensure no color variation among luminaires from the same batch. |
| Wavelengthu Kuu (Dominant Wavelength) | nm (nanomita), k.m. 620nm (nyekundu) | Thamani ya wavelength inayolingana na rangi ya LED ya rangi. | Determines the hue of monochromatic LEDs such as red, yellow, and green. |
| Spectral Distribution | Wavelength vs. Intensity Curve | It shows the intensity distribution of the light emitted by the LED at various wavelengths. | It affects color rendering and color quality. |
Vigezo vya Umeme
| Istilahi | Ishara | Penjelasan Populer | Vidokezo vya Ubunifu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Voltage ya Mbele (Forward Voltage) | Vf | Voltage ya chini inayohitajika kuwasha LED, kama "kizingiti cha kuanzisha". | Voltage ya chanzo cha usukumaji lazima iwe ≥ Vf, voltage inajumlishwa wakati LED nyingi zimeunganishwa mfululizo. |
| Forward Current | If | The current value that enables the LED to emit light normally. | Inatumika kwa kawaida kuendesha kwa mkondo wa kudumu, mkondo huamua mwangaza na maisha ya huduma. |
| Mkondo wa juu wa msukumo (Pulse Current) | Ifp | Peak current that can be withstood for a short period of time, used for dimming or flashing. | Pulse width and duty cycle must be strictly controlled, otherwise overheating damage will occur. |
| Reverse Voltage | Vr | Upeo wa juu wa voltage ya nyuma ambayo LED inaweza kustahimili, ukizidi huo unaweza kusababisha kuvunjika. | Mzunguko unahitaji kuzuia uunganishaji wa kinyume au mshtuko wa voltage. |
| Thermal Resistance | Rth (°C/W) | Upinzani wa joto kutoka kwenye chip hadi kwenye sehemu ya kuuza, thamani ya chini inaonyesha usambazaji bora wa joto. | Upinzani mkubwa wa joto unahitaji muundo wa upoaji joto wenye nguvu zaidi, vinginevyo joto la kiungo litaongezeka. |
| Uvumilivu wa kutokwa na umeme tuli (ESD Immunity) | V (HBM), kama vile 1000V | Uwezo wa kupiga umeme tuli, thamani ya juu haifai kuharibiwa na umeme tuli. | Hatua za kuzuia umeme tuli zinahitajika katika uzalishaji, hasa kwa LED zenye usikivu mkubwa. |
III. Usimamizi wa Joto na Uaminifu
| Istilahi | Viashiria Muhimu | Penjelasan Populer | Athari |
|---|---|---|---|
| Joto la Kiungo (Junction Temperature) | Tj (°C) | Halisi ya joto la kufanya kazi ndani ya chip ya LED. | Kupunguza kila 10°C kunaweza kuongeza maisha mara mbili; joto la juu sana husababisha kupungua kwa mwanga na kuteleza kwa rangi. |
| Lumen Depreciation | L70 / L80 (saa) | Muda unaohitajika kwa mwangaza kushuka hadi 70% au 80% ya thamani ya awali. | Kufafanua moja kwa moja "maisha ya huduma" ya LED. |
| Kiwango cha Kudumisha Lumini (Lumen Maintenance) | % (kama 70%) | Asilimia ya mwangaza uliobaki baada ya kutumia kwa muda fulani. | Inaonyesha uwezo wa kudumisha mwangaza baada ya matumizi ya muda mrefu. |
| Mabadiliko ya Rangi (Color Shift) | Δu′v′ au Ellipse ya MacAdam | Kiwango cha mabadiliko ya rangi wakati wa matumizi. | Inaathiri uthabiti wa rangi katika eneo la taa. |
| Thermal Aging | Kupungua kwa sifa za nyenzo. | Uharibifu wa nyenzo za ufungaji unaosababishwa na joto la juu kwa muda mrefu. | Inaweza kusababisha kupungua kwa mwangaza, mabadiliko ya rangi, au kushindwa kwa mzunguko wazi. |
Nne. Ufungaji na Nyenzo
| Istilahi | Aina za Kawaida | Penjelasan Populer | Sifa na Matumizi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aina ya Ufungashaji | EMC, PPA, Ceramic | A housing material that protects the chip and provides optical and thermal interfaces. | EMC offers good heat resistance and low cost; ceramic provides superior heat dissipation and long lifespan. |
| Chip Architecture | Face-up, Flip Chip | Chip Electrode Layout. | Flip-chip offers better heat dissipation and higher luminous efficacy, suitable for high-power applications. |
| Phosphor coating | YAG, silicates, nitrides | Coated on the blue LED chip, partially converted to yellow/red light, mixed to form white light. | Different phosphors affect luminous efficacy, color temperature, and color rendering. |
| Lens / Ubunifu wa Optics | Ndege, Micro-lens, Kutafakari kwa Jumla | The optical structure on the encapsulation surface controls the light distribution. | Determines the light emission angle and the light distribution curve. |
V. Quality Control and Binning
| Istilahi | Yaliyomo katika Uainishaji | Penjelasan Populer | Kusudi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luminous Flux Binning | Codes such as 2G, 2H | Grouped by brightness level, each group has a minimum/maximum lumen value. | Ensure consistent brightness within the same batch of products. |
| Voltage binning | Codes such as 6W, 6X | Grouped by forward voltage range. | Facilitates driver power matching and improves system efficiency. |
| Color grading by bin | 5-step MacAdam ellipse | Group by color coordinates to ensure colors fall within an extremely narrow range. | Ensure color consistency to avoid uneven colors within the same luminaire. |
| Color temperature binning | 2700K, 3000K, n.k. | Pangilia kwa makundi kulingana na joto la rangi, kila kundi lina anuwai maalum ya kuratibu. | Inakidhi mahitaji ya joto la rangi katika mazingira tofauti. |
Sita, Uchunguzi na Uthibitishaji
| Istilahi | Kigezo/Uchunguzi | Penjelasan Populer | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| LM-80 | Lumen Maintenance Test | Long-term operation under constant temperature conditions, recording luminance attenuation data. | Used for estimating LED lifetime (in conjunction with TM-21). |
| TM-21 | Lifetime projection standard | Kuhesabu maisha ya matumizi halisi kulingana na data ya LM-80. | Toa utabiri wa maisha wa kisayansi. |
| IESNA Standard | Illuminating Engineering Society Standard | Covers optical, electrical, and thermal test methods. | Kigezo cha upimaji kinachokubalika kitaalamu katika tasnia. |
| RoHS / REACH | Uthibitisho wa usawa na mazingira | Hakikisha bidhaa hazina vitu hatari (kama risasi, zebaki). | Masharti ya kuingia kwenye soko la kimataifa. |
| ENERGY STAR / DLC | Energy Efficiency Certification | Energy efficiency and performance certification for lighting products. | Inatumika kwa kawaida katika miradi ya ununuzi wa serikali na ruzuku, kuimarisha ushindani wa soko. |