Oval LED Lamp Bead 3474BARR/MS Datasheet - Oval Shape - 110°/60° Viewing Angle - 1.6-2.6V Forward Voltage - Bright Red - Technical Documentation

1. Product Overview

Waraka huu unaelezea kwa kina vipimo vya LED yenye umbo la duaradufu na utendaji wa hali ya juu. Kifaa hiki kimeundwa mahsusi kwa matumizi katika mifumo ya kuonyesha taarifa ambayo yanahitaji utendaji bora wa macho na taa ya kuaminika.

1.1 Core Advantages and Product Positioning

The primary advantage of this LED lies in its unique elliptical radiation pattern, which is specifically matched and designed for color mixing applications in yellow, blue, or green systems. It aims to deliver high luminous intensity output within a defined spatial radiation envelope. This product is positioned as a key specialized component in the commercial and public information display sectors, where stringent requirements exist for clarity, reliability, and specific beam shaping.

1.2 Target Market and Applications

The target market encompasses manufacturers of professional signage and information systems. Primary applications include:

• Color graphic signs
• Bodi ya Habari
• Ishara ya Habari Inayobadilika (VMS)
• Matangazo ya Nje ya Kibiashara

Matumizi haya yanafaidika kutokana na mwangaza wa juu wa LED, muundo wazi wa mwale na uimara wa mazingira.

2. In-depth Analysis of Technical Parameters

Sehemu hii inachambua kwa uwazi sifa muhimu za umeme, mwanga na joto za kifaa.

2.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings

Absolute Maximum Ratings hufafanua mipaka ya mkazo inayoweza kusababisha uharibifu wa kudumu wa kifaa. Haipendekezwi kifaa kufanya kazi kwa kuendelea au karibu na mipaka hii, vinginevyo kutathmini uaminifu.

• Reverse Voltage (V_R):5 V. Exceeding this voltage under reverse bias may cause junction breakdown.
• Forward Current (I_F):50 mA (continuous).
• Peak forward current (I_FP):160 mA (pulse, duty cycle 1/10 @ 1kHz). This rating allows short-term overdrive, suitable for multiplexed display applications.
• Power Dissipation (P_d):120 mW. This is the maximum power that can be dissipated by the package at Ta=25°C. It must be derated at higher ambient temperatures.
• Operating Temperature (T_opr):-40°C hadi +85°C. Upeo huu mpana unahakikisha utendaji katika mazingira magumu ya nje.
• Joto la uhifadhi (T_stg):-40°C hadi +100°C.
• Welding temperature (T_sol):260°C for 5 seconds. This defines the tolerance of the reflow soldering temperature profile.

2.2 Photoelectric Characteristics

Vigezo hivi vinapimwa chini ya hali za kawaida za majaribio_F= 15mA na Ta = 25°C, na hutoa msingi wa kulinganisha utendaji.

• Nguvu ya mwanga (I_v):715 mcd (kiwango cha chini), 1573 mcd (kiwango cha juu). Thamani ya kawaida iko ndani ya safu hii ya uainishaji (tazama Sehemu ya 3). Mwangaza wa juu ni muhimu kwa kuonekana kwa alama chini ya mwanga wa jua.
• Angle (2θ_1/2):110° (X-axis) / 60° (Y-axis). This asymmetric elliptical pattern is a key feature, providing wide horizontal coverage and more focused vertical emission, making it ideal for signage viewed from different horizontal angles.
• Peak Wavelength (λ_p):632 nm (typical value). This is the wavelength at which the spectral power distribution reaches its maximum.
• Dominant Wavelength (λ_d):619 nm (min), 621 nm (typ), 629 nm (max). This is the single wavelength point perceived by the human eye for the LED color and is subject to binning control.
• Spectral Radiant Bandwidth (Δλ):20 nm (typical value). This indicates the spectral purity of the red light emitted by the AlGaInP chip.
• Forward voltage (V_F):1.6 V (minimum), 2.6 V (maximum), at I_F=15mA. This range must be considered when designing drivers and power supplies.
• Reverse current (I_R):10 μA (max), at V_R=5V condition. Low reverse current indicates good junction quality.

2.3 Thermal Characteristics

Although not explicitly listed in a separate table, thermal performance is reflected in the power dissipation rating and operating temperature range. Device performance will vary with ambient temperature, as shown in the characteristic curves. Especially when operating at high forward currents or high ambient temperatures, proper PCB layout and, if necessary, heat sinking are required to maintain the junction temperature within safe limits.

3. Maelezo ya Mfumo wa Kugawa

Ili kuhakikisha uthabiti wa rangi na mwangaza katika kifaa, LED huchaguliwa (kugawanywa katika daraja) kulingana na vigezo muhimu.

3.1 Kugawa kwa Nguvu ya Mwanga

LED huzingatiwa kulingana na nguvu ya mwanga yake iliyopimwa kwenye I_F= 15mA na kugawanywa katika vikundi vitatu (RH, RJ, RK). Toleo ndani ya kila kikundi ni ±10%.

• Kikundi RH:715 mcd to 930 mcd
• Gear RJ:930 mcd to 1210 mcd
• Gear RK:1210 mcd to 1573 mcd

For applications requiring uniform panel brightness, specifying the gear code is crucial.

3.2 Dominant Wavelength Binning

LEDs are also binned according to their dominant wavelength to control color consistency. The tolerance is ±1nm.

• Bin R1:619 nm to 624 nm
• Gear R2:624 nm to 629 nm

Kwa matumizi ya kuchanganya rangi au alama zinazohitaji tone maalum la nyekundu, kubainisha safu ya urefu wa wimbi ni muhimu sana.

4. Uchambuzi wa Mkunjo wa Utendaji

Mkunjo wa kawaida wa sifa unaonyesha tabia ya kifaa chini ya hali zisizo za kawaida.

4.1 Uhusiano wa Nguvu ya Jamaa na Urefu wa Wimbi

Mstari huu unaonyesha usambazaji wa nguvu ya wigo, ukiwa na kilele karibu na 632 nm, na upana wa kawaida (nusu ya urefu wa juu) wa 20 nm. Unathibitisha kwamba mwanga unaotolewa uko katika anuwai ya wigo nyekundu ya chip ya AlGaInP.

4.2 Mchoro wa Mwelekeo

The polar plot visually demonstrates the asymmetric field of view: approximately 110° in the horizontal (X) plane and about 60° in the vertical (Y) plane, confirming an elliptical radiation pattern.

4.3 Uhusiano wa Mkondo wa Mbele na Voltage ya Mbele (Mkunjo wa I-V)

Mkunjo huu ni muhimu sana kwa muundo wa kiendeshi. Unaonyesha uhusiano wa kielelezo kati ya mkondo na voltage. Katika mkondo wa kawaida wa uendeshaji, voltage ya mbele inatarajiwa kuwa kati ya 1.6V hadi 2.6V. Mkunjo huu husaidia kuhesabu upinzani wa mfululizo au kubuni kiendeshi cha mkondo wa kudumu.

4.4 Uhusiano wa Nguvu ya Jamaa na Mkondo wa Mwelekeo

Mkunjo huu unaonyesha utegemezi wa pato la mwanga kwenye mkondo wa kuendesha. Ingawa pato linaongezeka kadri mkondo unavyoongezeka, si mstari kamili, na kwenye mikondo ya juu sana kwa sababu ya athari za joto, ufanisi unaweza kupungua. Ni marufuku kufanya kazi chini ya hali zinazozidi viwango vya juu kabisa vilivyowekwa.

4.5 Mtegemezi wa Joto Curve

Uhusiano wa Nguvu ya Jamaa na Joto la Mazingira:Mwanga unaoonyeshwa unapungua kadri joto la mazingira linavyoongezeka. Upungufu huu lazima uzingatiwe katika usanidi wa joto ili kudumisha mwangaza wa kutosha katika mazingira ya joto la juu.
Uhusiano wa Mkondo wa Mbele na Joto la Mazingira:Inaweza kuelezea jinsi sifa za voltage ya mbele zinavyobadilika na joto, jambo muhimu katika hali za kuendesha kwa voltage ya kudumu.

5. Mitambo na Habari ya Ufungaji

5.1 Package Dimensions

The dimension drawing provides critical dimensions for PCB pad design, placement, and clearance. Key features include the oval lens shape, pin pitch (2.54mm pitch), and the maximum resin protrusion below the flange (1.5mm). All unspecified dimensions have a tolerance of ±0.25mm. Designers must adhere to these dimensions to ensure proper mounting and soldering.

5.2 Polarity Identification

The datasheet diagram indicates the anode and cathode pins. Typically, the longer pin is the anode (+), but the PCB pad design must explicitly match the package drawing to prevent reverse installation. Correct polarity is crucial for device operation and to prevent damage from reverse bias.

6. Welding and Assembly Guide

Usindikaji sahihi ni muhimu kwa kuegemea.

6.1 Pin Forming

• Bending must occur at least 3mm away from the bottom of the epoxy lamp bead.
• 在Before Soldering soldering.
• Forming leads. Avoid applying stress to the package during the bending process.
• Cut the leads at room temperature.
• Hakikisha mashimo ya PCB yanalingana kikamilifu na pini za LED, ili kuepuka mkazo wa usakinishaji.

6.2 Storage Conditions

• Masharti yanayopendekezwa ya uhifadhi: ≤30°C na ≤70% unyevu wa jamaa.
• Shelf life after shipment: 3 months under these conditions.
• For longer-term storage (up to 1 year): Please use a sealed container with desiccant under a nitrogen atmosphere.
• Epuka mabadiliko ya ghafla ya joto katika mazingira yenye unyevunyevu ili kuzuia umande.

6.3 Welding Process

• Weka umbali kutoka kwenye mwiko wa chomeleo hadi taa ya epoxy kubwa kuliko 3mm.
• Uunganishaji haupaswi kuzidi mzizi wa kamba ya kuunganisha (tie bar) kwenye fremu ya waya.
• Wakati wa kuunganisha kwa reflow, fuata kikomo cha joto la kilele cha kuunganisha cha 260°C kwa sekunde 5.

7. Packaging and Ordering Information

7.1 Moisture-Proof Packaging

Vipengele vinapatikana kwenye mfuko wa kinga ya unyevu, ikiwa ni pamoja na mkanda wa kubeba na reel, vilivyowekwa ndani ya sanduku la ndani na la nje.

7.2 Idadi ya Ufungaji

• 2500 pieces per inner box.
• Kila sanduku kuu lina sanduku ndogo 10 (jumla ya vipande 25,000).

7.3 Maelezo ya Lebo

Lebo ya reel ina maelezo ya msingi ya kufuatilia na kuthibitisha: Nambari ya Bidhaa ya Mteja (CPN), Nambari ya Bidhaa (P/N), Idadi ya Ufungaji (QTY), pamoja na msimbo wa kiwango cha nguvu ya mwanga (CAT), urefu wa wimbi kuu (HUE) na voltage ya mbele (REF), pamoja na Nambari ya Kundi (LOT No).

7.4 Vipimo vya Tape ya Kubeba na Reel

Detailed dimensions for the carrier tape (pocket pitch, depth, etc.) and reel are provided to ensure compatibility with automated surface-mount assembly equipment. Key parameters include a component pitch (F) of 2.54mm and a feed hole pitch (P) of 12.70mm.

7.5 Kanuni za Aina ya Bidhaa/Nambari ya Sehemu

Nambari ya sehemu inafuata muundo uliowekwa:3474 B A R R - □ □ □ □"3474" inaweza kumaanisha mfululizo wa ufungaji/ukubwa. Herufi zinazofuata (B, A, R, R) zinaelezea sifa kama rangi (nyekundu angavu), aina ya lenzi na kiwango cha utendaji. Nafasi nne za mwisho (□) zimetumika kubainisha msimbo wa kiwango cha nguvu (CAT) na urefu wa wimbi (HUE), ikiruhusu mtumiaji kuagiza kiwango halisi cha utendaji kinachohitajika kwa matumizi yake.

8. Mapendekezo ya Matumizi na Mazingatio ya Ubunifu

8.1 Typical Application Circuit

Kwa usambazaji rahisi wa umeme wa voltage ya kudumu (k.m. 5V), ni lazima kuunganishwa kwa mfululizo upinzani wa kuzuia mkondo. Thamani ya upinzani (R_s) inaweza kuhesabiwa kwa kutumia sheria ya Ohm: R_s= (V_{Chanzo cha umeme}- V_F) / I_F. Tumia thamani ya juu zaidi ya V_Fkwenye maelezo ya ufundi ili kuhakikisha mkondo hauzidi kikomo. Kwa safu nyingi za LED au matumizi muhimu, inapendekezwa sana kutumia kichocheo cha mkondo wa kudumu ili kuhakikisha mwangaza thabiti na maisha marefu, kwani kinasaidia kulipa fidia mabadiliko ya V_Fna athari za joto.

8.2 Thermal Management

Ingawa ni vifaa vya nguvu ya chini, katika alama zilizopangwa kwa msongamano au mazingira yenye joto la juu (k.m. kabati ya nje), usimamizi wa joto bado ni muhimu. Hakikisha uingizaji hewa wa kutosha, na fikiria kutumia MCPCB kwa safu kubwa ili kupunguza joto kwa ufanisi na kudumisha pato la mwanga.

8.3 Ujumuishaji wa Optics

The elliptical beam pattern is specifically designed for mixing with other colors. When designing multi-color pixels (e.g., for full-color signage), the physical placement and orientation of the red, green, and blue LEDs must account for their respective viewing angles to achieve proper color mixing at the intended viewing position.

9. Ulinganishi wa Teknolojia na Tofauti

The primary differentiation of this LED lies in itselliptical radiation pattern (110°x60°). Compared to standard circular LEDs with symmetrical viewing angles (e.g., 120°), this shape provides an optimized light distribution for horizontal signage, potentially reducing light waste and improving efficiency for the target application. It utilizesUV-resistant epoxy resinMuhimu kwa matumizi ya nje, inazuia lenzi kugeuka manjano na kudumisha mwanga kwa muda mrefu. InakidhiHalogen-free(Br/Cl restrictions) naRoHS/REACHThe standard makes it suitable for global markets with stringent environmental regulations.

10. Maswali Yanayoulizwa Mara kwa Mara (FAQ)

Q1: What is the difference between peak wavelength and dominant wavelength?
A1: Peak wavelength (λ_p) is the physical peak of the spectral output curve (here, 632 nm). Dominant wavelength (λ_d) is the perceived color point (typically 621 nm). For color specifications in displays, dominant wavelength is more relevant.

Q2: Naweza kutumia 20mA kuendesha LED hii, badala ya 15mA?
A2: Ndiyo, lakini lazima urejelee mkunjo wa "Relative Intensity vs. Forward Current". Ukubwa wa mwanga utakuwa mkubwa zaidi, lakini lazima uhakikishe kuwa bidhaa ya I_Fna V_Fhaizidi kiwango cha juu kabisa cha matumizi ya nguvu (120mW), haswa katika halijoto ya mazingira ya juu. Inaweza kuhitaji kupunguzwa kwa kiwango cha matumizi.

Q3: Kwa nini maisha ya uhifadhi ni miezi 3 tu?
A3: Hii ni tahadhari kwa vifaa vinavyohisi unyevu. Ufungaji wa Epoxy unachukua unyevu kutoka hewani. Ikiwa kifaa "kikichovu" kinapitia uuzaji wa joto la juu, uvukizi wa haraka wa unyevu unaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa ndani (athari ya "popcorn"). Kizuizi cha miezi 3 kinadhania hali ya kiwango cha karakana ya kiwanda. Kwa uhifadhi wa muda mrefu zaidi, njia ya mfuko wa nitrojeni imetajwa.

Q4: Je, ni vipi kusoma msimbo wa kiwango wakati wa kuagiza?
A4: Lazima ubainishe mchanganyiko wa kiwango cha mwanga kinachohitajika (mfano RK) na kiwango cha wavelength kuu (mfano R1) katika sehemu ya placeholder ya nambari ya sehemu. Hii inahakikisha unapokea LED zenye mwangaza na rangi sawa.

11. Design and Use Case Studies

Mandhari: Kubuni Ishara ya Habari Inayoweza Kubadilika (VMS) ya mstari mmoja kwa barabara kuu.
Mhandisi anarekebisha alama ya habari inayobadilika. Kila pikseli inahitaji pikseli ndogo nyekundu. Wanachagua LED hii ya mviringo kwa sababu ya mwangaza wake mkubwa (unaonekana mchana) na pembe pana ya kuona usawa, kuhakikisha usomaji kwa madereva wa njia nyingi. Wanachagua kiwango cha RK kwa nguvu ya juu kabisa, na kiwango cha R1 kwa rangi nyekundu thabiti. LED inaendeshwa na kiendesha cha mkondo thabiti, kila LED imewekwa kwa 15mA, ili kuhakikisha umri na utoaji thabiti. Mpangilio wa PCB unafuata ukubwa wa kifurushi kwa uangalifu, muundo unajumuisha vifungu vya joto chini ya pedi ya LED, vinavyotoa joto ndani ya kifuniko cha alama cha chuma. Muundo wa mwale usio na ulinganifu umewekwa kwa mhimili wa 110° usawa, ili kuongeza ukubwa wa ukumbi wa kutazama kando ya barabara kuu.

12. Working Principle

LED hii inategemea chipu ya semikondukta ya AlGaInP (Aluminium Gallium Indium Phosphide). Wakati voltage chanya inatumika kwenye makutano ya p-n, elektroni na mashimo huingizwa kwenye eneo lenye shughuli, ambapo huchanganyika. Katika nyenzo ya AlGaInP, tukio hili la kuchanganyika hutolea nishati kwa njia ya fotoni (mwanga) katika sehemu nyekundu hadi ya kahawia ya wigo unaoonekana. Uchanganuzi maalum wa safu ya AlGaInP huamua urefu wa wimbi kuu. Mwanga unaotokana kisha hupangwa na lenzi ya mviringo ya epoksi iliyotengenezwa, ambayo hutumika kama kifaa kikuu cha macho, na kuunda muundo unaohitajika wa mionzi ya 110°x60°.

13. Mwenendo wa Teknolojia

Katika soko la taa za LED za alama na maonyesho, mwenendo unaendelea kuelekea ufanisi zaidi (lumeni zaidi kwa kila watt), na hivyo kupunguza matumizi ya nguvu na mzigo wa joto. Wakati huo huo, pia kuna kusukumia kuboresha uthabiti wa rangi na uvumilivu mkali wa kikundi, ili kufikia maonyesho ya rangi kamili ya hali ya juu bila urekebishaji tata. Teknolojia ya ufungaji inakua ili kutoa uaminifu wa juu na halijoto ya juu ya uendeshaji katika mazingira changamani. Ingawa bidhaa hii inatumia ufungaji wa jadi wa waya, tasnia inageuka kwa upana kwenye vifaa vya ufungaji vya kifaa cha kusakinisha uso (SMD) kwa ajili ya usanikishaji wa otomatiki, ingawa ufungaji wa waya bado unafaa katika matumizi fulani yanayohitaji uimara wa usakinishaji wa shimo au sifa maalum za macho.

Maelezo ya kina ya Istilahi za Uainishaji wa LED

Kamusi Kamili ya Istilahi za Teknolojia ya LED

I. Viashiria Muhimu vya Utendaji wa Kielektroniki na Mwanga

Istilahi	Unit/Penunjukan	Penjelasan Populer	Kwa nini ni muhimu
Ufanisi wa Mwanga (Luminous Efficacy)	lm/W (lumens per watt)	The luminous flux emitted per watt of electrical power; the higher the value, the more energy-efficient.	Directly determines the energy efficiency rating and electricity cost of the luminaire.
Fluxi Mwanga (Luminous Flux)	lm (lumen)	Jumla ya kiasi cha mwanga kinachotolewa na chanzo cha mwanga, kinachojulikana kwa kawaida kama "mwangaza".	Huamua kama taa inatosha kuwa na mwangaza.
Pembe ya kuona (Viewing Angle)	° (degree), such as 120°	The angle at which light intensity drops to half, determining the beam width.	Affects the illumination range and uniformity.
Joto la rangi (CCT)	K (Kelvin), k.m. 2700K/6500K	Joto la rangi ya mwanga, thamani ya chini huelekea manjano/joto, thamani ya juu huelekea nyeupe/baridi.	Huamua mazingira ya taa na matumizi yanayofaa.
Kielelezo cha Uonyeshaji Rangi (CRI / Ra)	Unitless, 0–100	The ability of a light source to reproduce the true colors of objects, with Ra≥80 being preferable.	Inaathiri usahihi wa rangi, hutumika katika maeneo yenye mahitaji makubwa kama vile maduka makubwa, majumba ya sanaa n.k.
Tofauti ya uvumilivu wa rangi (SDCM)	Idadi ya hatua za duaradufu ya MacAdam, k.m. "5-step"	A quantitative indicator of color consistency; the smaller the step number, the better the color consistency.	Ensure no color difference among luminaires from the same batch.
Wavelengthu Kuu (Dominant Wavelength)	nm (nanomita), k.m. 620nm (nyekundu)	Thamani ya wavelength inayolingana na rangi ya LED ya rangi.	Determines the hue of monochromatic LEDs such as red, yellow, and green.
Spectral Distribution	Wavelength vs. Intensity Curve	It shows the intensity distribution of light emitted by the LED across various wavelengths.	It affects color rendering and color quality.

Vigezo vya Umeme

Istilahi	Ishara	Penjelasan Populer	Vidokezo vya Ubunifu
Voltage ya Mbele (Forward Voltage)	Vf	Voltage ya chini inayohitajika kuwasha LED, kama "kizingiti cha kuanzisha".	Voltage ya chanzo cha umeme inahitaji kuwa ≥ Vf, voltage inajumlishwa wakati LED nyingi zimeunganishwa mfululizo.
Forward Current	If	The current value that enables the LED to emit light normally.	Inatumika kwa kawaida kuendesha kwa mkondo wa kudumu, mkondo huamua mwangaza na maisha ya taa.
Maximum Pulse Current	Ifp	Peak current that can be withstood for a short period, used for dimming or flashing.	Pulse width and duty cycle must be strictly controlled, otherwise overheating damage will occur.
Reverse Voltage	Vr	Maksimum voltage ya nyuma ambayo LED inaweza kustahimili, ikiwa inazidi hii thamani inaweza kuharibika.	Katika mzunguko wa umeme, ni muhimu kuzuia uunganishaji wa kinyume au mshtuko wa voltage.
Thermal Resistance	Rth (°C/W)	Upinzani wa joto kutoka kwenye chip hadi kwenye sehemu ya kuuza, thamani ya chini inaonyesha usambazaji bora wa joto.	Upeo wa juu wa upinzani wa joto unahitaji muundo wa upunguzaji joto wenye nguvu zaidi, vinginevyo joto la kiungo litaongezeka.
Uvumilivu wa Utoaji Umeme wa Tuli (ESD Immunity)	V (HBM), kama vile 1000V	Uwezo wa kupiga umeme tuli, thamani ya juu zaidi inamaanisha uwezo mdogo wa kuharibiwa na umeme tuli.	Hatua za kuzuia umeme tuli zinahitajika katika uzalishaji, hasa kwa LED zenye usikivu mkubwa.

III. Usimamizi wa Joto na Uaminifu

Istilahi	Viashiria Muhimu	Penjelasan Populer	Athari
Joto la Kiungo (Junction Temperature)	Tj (°C)	The actual operating temperature inside the LED chip.	For every 10°C reduction, the lifespan may double; excessively high temperatures lead to lumen depreciation and color shift.
Lumen Depreciation	L70 / L80 (saa)	Muda unaohitajika ili mwangaza upunguke hadi 70% au 80% ya thamani ya awali.	Kufafanua moja kwa moja "maisha ya huduma" ya LED.
Kiwango cha Kudumisha Lumini (Lumen Maintenance)	% (kama 70%)	Asilimia ya mwangaza uliobaki baada ya kutumia kwa muda fulani.	Inaonyesha uwezo wa kudumisha mwangaza baada ya matumizi ya muda mrefu.
Mabadiliko ya Rangi (Color Shift)	Δu′v′ au Ellipse ya MacAdam	Kiwango cha mabadiliko ya rangi wakati wa matumizi.	Inaathiri uthabiti wa rangi katika eneo la taa.
Thermal Aging	Deterioration of material properties	Degradation of packaging materials due to prolonged high temperatures.	May lead to decreased brightness, color shift, or open-circuit failure.

Nne. Ufungaji na Nyenzo

Istilahi	Aina za Kawaida	Penjelasan Populer	Sifa na Matumizi
Aina ya Ufungaji	EMC, PPA, Ceramic	A housing material that protects the chip and provides optical and thermal interfaces.	EMC offers good heat resistance and low cost; ceramics provide superior heat dissipation and long lifespan.
Chip Architecture	Face-up, Flip Chip	Chip Electrode Layout.	Flip-chip offers better heat dissipation and higher luminous efficacy, suitable for high-power applications.
Phosphor coating	YAG, silicates, nitrides	Coated on the blue LED chip, partially converted to yellow/red light, mixed to form white light.	Different phosphors affect luminous efficacy, color temperature, and color rendering.
Lens / Optical Design	Ndege, microlens, kutafakari kwa jumla	Optical structure of the encapsulation surface, controlling light distribution.	Determines the emission angle and light distribution curve.

V. Quality Control and Binning

Istilahi	Yaliyomo katika Uainishaji	Penjelasan Populer	Kusudi
Luminous flux binning	Codes such as 2G, 2H	Grouped by brightness level, each group has a minimum/maximum lumen value.	Ensure consistent brightness within the same batch of products.
Voltage binning	Codes such as 6W, 6X	Group by forward voltage range.	Facilitates driver power matching and improves system efficiency.
Kugawanya kwa makundi kulingana na rangi	5-step MacAdam ellipse	Group by color coordinates to ensure colors fall within an extremely narrow range.	Ensure color consistency to avoid uneven color within the same luminaire.
Color temperature binning	2700K, 3000K, n.k.	Pangilia kwa makundi kulingana na joto la rangi, kila kundi lina anuwai maalum ya kuratibu.	Inakidhi mahitaji ya joto la rangi katika mazingira tofauti.

Sita, Uchunguzi na Uthibitishaji

Istilahi	Kigezo/Uchunguzi	Penjelasan Populer	Meaning
LM-80	Lumen Maintenance Test	Long-term operation under constant temperature conditions, recording luminance attenuation data.	Used for estimating LED lifetime (combined with TM-21).
TM-21	Lifetime projection standard	Kutabiri maisha ya taa kwa kutumia data ya LM-80 chini ya hali halisi za matumizi.	Kutoa utabiri wa kisayansi wa maisha ya taa.
IESNA Standard	Illuminating Engineering Society Standard	Covers optical, electrical, and thermal test methods.	Misingizo ya upimaji inayokubaliwa na tasnia.
RoHS / REACH	Uthibitisho wa mazingira	Hakikisha bidhaa hazina vitu hatari (kama risasi, zebaki).	Masharti ya kuingia kwenye soko la kimataifa.
ENERGY STAR / DLC	Energy Efficiency Certification	Energy efficiency and performance certification for lighting products.	Commonly used in government procurement and subsidy programs to enhance market competitiveness.