Table of Contents
- 1. Product Overview
- 1.1 Core Advantages
- 1.2 Target Markets and Applications
- 2. In-depth Technical Parameter Analysis
- 2.1 Tabia za Umeme na Mwangaza
- 2.2 Tabia za Joto
- 2.3 Viwango vya Juu Kabisa
- 3. Performance Curve Analysis
- 3.1 Relationship Between Forward Current and Forward Voltage (I-V Curve)
- 3.2 Uhusiano wa Ukubwa wa Mwanga wa Jamaa na Sasa ya Mbele
- 3.3 Uhusiano wa Nguvu ya Mwanga wa Jamaa na Joto la Kiungo
- 3.4 Kuteleza kwa Rangi
- 3.5 Forward Current Derating Curve
- 3.6 Allowable Pulse Handling Capability
- 3.7 Spectral Distribution
- 4. Mfumo wa Uainishaji Maelezo
- 4.1 Uainishaji wa Ukubwa wa Mwanga
- 4.2 Color Binning
- 5. Mechanical and Packaging Information
- 5.1 Mechanical Dimensions
- 5.2 Recommended Solder Pad Layout
- 5.3 Polarity Identification
- 6. Mwongozo wa Uchomaji na Usanikishaji
- 6.1 Mkunjo wa Joto wa Reflow Soldering
- 6.2 Usage Precautions
- 7. Ufungaji na Taarifa za Kuagiza
- 7.1 Taarifa za Ufungaji
- 7.2 Part Number and Ordering Information
- 8. Application Design Considerations
- 8.1 Drive Circuit Design
- 8.2 PCB Thermal Design
- 8.3 Optical Integration
- 9. Technical Comparison and Differentiation
- 10. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- 10.1 Ni mkondo gani wa kazi unaopendekezwa?
- 10.2 Jinsi ya Kuchagua Upinzani Unaofaa wa Kizuizi cha Mkondo?
- 10.3 Kwa Nini Usimamizi wa Joto Ni Muhimu Sana?
- 10.4 Je, LED nyingi zinaweza kuunganishwa katika mfululizo au sambamba?
- 11. Uchambuzi wa Kesi ya Ubunifu wa Vitendo
- 11.1 Mwanga wa Nyuma wa Swichi ya Dashibodi ya Gari
- 12. Kanuni ya Uendeshaji
- 13. Mwelekeo wa Teknolojia
1. Product Overview
Waraka huu unaelezea kwa kina vipimo vya LED ya rangi ya barafu yenye mwangaza mkali, inayotumia ufungaji wa PLCC-2 (Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier) wa kusakinishwa kwenye uso. Kifaa hiki kimeundwa kwa uaminifu na utendaji bora katika mazingira magumu, kina pembe ya kuona ya upana wa digrii 120, na kinakidhi viwango vikali vya AEC-Q101 vinavyotumika kwa vipengele vya magari. Kusudi lake kuu la muundo ni kutoa taa thabiti na yenye kung'aa kwa matumizi ya mambo ya ndani ya gari, huku kikihakikisha maisha marefu na uthabiti chini ya hali tofauti za umeme na joto.
1.1 Core Advantages
- Ufanisi wa Juu wa Mwanga:Chini ya mkondo wa kawaida wa mbele wa 10mA, kiwango cha kawaida cha nguvu ya mwanga kinaweza kufikia milikandela 300 (mcd), kuhakikisha pato la mwanga lenye mwangaza unaoonekana.
- Upangazaji wa Pembe Pana:Mtazamo wa digrii 120 hutoa usambazaji wa mwanga mpana na sawasawa, unaofaa kabisa kwa paneli za taa za nyuma na viashiria vya mwanga.
- Uthabiti wa Kiasi cha Magari:Uthibitisho wa AEC-Q101 unathibitisha utumizi wake katika hali ngumu za mazingira ya elektroniki ya magari, ikijumuisha mabadiliko makubwa ya joto na mtikisiko.
- Ulinzi Imara wa ESD:Inaweza kustahimili kutokwa kwa umeme hadi 8kV (mfano wa mwili wa binadamu), na kuimarisha uimara wa usindikaji na usanikishaji.
- Uzingatiaji wa Mazingira:Bidhaa inakidhi kanuni za RoHS (Vizuizi vya Vitu Hatari) na REACH, na inasaidia viwango vya kimataifa vya ulinzi wa mazingira.
1.2 Target Markets and Applications
LED hii imekusudiwa hasa kwa soko la elektroniki ya magari. Maeneo yake makuu ya matumizi ni pamoja na:
- Taa za ndani za gari:Inatumika kwa taa za shimo la miguu, kishikio cha mlango, kiweko cha vikombe na taa za mazingira ya jumla ya chumba cha abiria.
- Nyuma ya taa ya swichi:Inatoa uwazi waziwazi kwa vifungo na vidhibiti kwenye dashibodi, katikati ya udhibiti, na usukani.
- Taa za Kiashiria za Dashibodi:Inatumika kwa taa za onyo, taa za hali, na taa ya nyuma ya mita ndani ya dashibodi ya dereva.
2. In-depth Technical Parameter Analysis
2.1 Tabia za Umeme na Mwangaza
Operating parameters define the performance of the LED under standard test conditions (Ts=25°C).
- Mmenyuko wa mwelekeo (IF):Mmenyuko unaopendekezwa wa kufanya kazi ni 10mA, na kiwango cha juu kabisa cha kukubalika ni 20mA. Kufanya kazi kunahitaji angalau mmenyuko wa chini wa 2mA.
- Nguvu ya mwanga (IV):At 10mA, the intensity typically reaches 355 mcd, with a guaranteed minimum of 140 mcd and a maximum of 560 mcd for standard binning. The measurement tolerance is ±8%.
- Forward Voltage (VF):Typically 3.1V at 10mA, ranging from a minimum of 2.75V to a maximum of 3.75V. The forward voltage has a negative temperature coefficient, decreasing as the junction temperature increases.
- Viewing Angle (φ):Inafasiriwa kama pembe kamili wakati ukali unapungua hadi nusu ya kilele chake. LED hii inatoa mtazamo mpana wa digrii 120 ± 5.
- Kuratibu za rangi (CIE x, y):Sehemu ya kawaida ya rangi ni (0.18, 0.23), inayofafanua tone lake la bluu ya barafu. Toleransi ya kuratibu hizi ni ±0.005.
2.2 Tabia za Joto
Thermal management is crucial for the lifespan and performance stability of LEDs.
- Thermal resistance (Rth JS):Upinzani wa joto kutoka kwenye kiungo hadi kwenye mwamba wa kuunganishia umebainishwa kuwa thamani mbili: 130 K/W (kipimo halisi) na 100 K/W (thamani iliyohesabiwa kwa umeme). Kigezo hiki kinaonyesha ufanisi wa uhamishaji wa joto kutoka kwenye chipi ya LED hadi kwenye PCB.
- Joto la kiungo (TJ):Joto la juu linaloruhusiwa la kiungo ni 125°C. Kuzidi kikomo hiki kunaweza kusababisha upungufu wa kudumu wa utendaji.
- Joto la uendeshaji na uhifadhi:The device's rated operating temperature range is -40°C to +110°C, suitable for global automotive applications.
2.3 Viwango vya Juu Kabisa
These are stress limits that must not be exceeded under any conditions to prevent permanent damage.
- Matumizi ya nguvu (Pd):Upeo wa 75 mW.
- Mkondo wa mafuriko (IFM):Inaweza kudumu kwa muda usiozidi 10μs, na uwiano wa kazi mdogo (D=0.005) wa msukumo wa 300mA.
- Voltage ya kinyume (VR):LED hii haikusudiwa kwa uendeshaji wa voltage ya kinyume. Kutumia voltage ya kinyume kunaweza kusababisha kushindwa mara moja.
- Joto la kuunganisha:Capable of withstanding peak temperatures of 260°C for up to 30 seconds during reflow soldering, compatible with standard lead-free soldering processes.
3. Performance Curve Analysis
3.1 Relationship Between Forward Current and Forward Voltage (I-V Curve)
Mchoro unaonyesha uhusiano usio na mstari. Voltage ya mwelekeo huongezeka kwa kuongezeka kwa sasa, lakini inaonyesha mgawo hasi wa joto. Hii lazima izingatiwe wakati wa kubuni mzunguko wa kudhibiti sasa, kwa sababu VFitapungua wakati LED inapokua moto wakati wa kufanya kazi.
3.2 Uhusiano wa Ukubwa wa Mwanga wa Jamaa na Sasa ya Mbele
Katika safu ya chini ya sasa, pato la mwanga lina uhusiano takriban laini na sasa, lakini inaweza kuonyesha ishara za kupungua kwa ufanisi (kupungua kwa ufanisi) wakati sasa inakaribia kiwango cha juu cha kipekee (20mA). Inashauriwa kufanya kazi kwa kawaida kwa 10mA au chini, ili kupata ufanisi bora na maisha ya huduma.
3.3 Uhusiano wa Nguvu ya Mwanga wa Jamaa na Joto la Kiungo
Nguvu ya mwanga hupungua kadri joto la kiungo linavyoongezeka. Mchoro unaonyesha kuwa wakati TJKaribu 140°C, pato linaweza kupungua hadi takriban 40% ya thamani yake ya joto la kawaida. Hii inaonyesha umuhimu wa muundo bora wa joto wa PCB (kwa kutumia mashimo ya upitishaji joto, eneo la kutosha la shaba) kudumisha mwangaza.
3.4 Kuteleza kwa Rangi
Mmenyuko wa sasa wa mbele na joto la kiungo zote huathiri viwianishi vya rangi vya LED. Michoro ya ΔCIE-x na ΔCIE-y inaonyesha mabadiliko madogo. Ingawa safu ya mabadiliko ni ndogo, inapaswa kuzingatiwa kwa matumizi yanayohitaji uthabiti mkali wa rangi chini ya hali tofauti za uendeshaji au katika safu zinazotumia LED nyingi.
3.5 Forward Current Derating Curve
This key chart defines the maximum allowable continuous forward current based on the pad temperature (TS). As TSincreases, the maximum allowable IFInapaswa kupunguzwa ili kudumisha joto la kiungo chini ya 125°C. Kwa mfano, kwenye TSya 110°C, I ya juu zaidiFni 20mA. Mkunjo huu ni muhimu sana katika kubainisha hali salama za uendeshaji katika matumizi ya mwisho.
3.6 Allowable Pulse Handling Capability
Grafu hii inaonyesha uhusiano kati ya upana wa msukumo (tp), uwiano wa wakati wa kazi (D), na kiwango cha juu cha ruhusiwa cha mkondo wa msukumo (IFA). Kwa msukumo mfupi sana (k.m. 10μs) chini ya uwiano wa chini wa wakati wa kazi (0.005), LED inaweza kushughulikia mkondo hadi 300mA. Hii ni muhimu kwa kubuni utendakazi wa ishara ya msukumo au kuwashwa kwa mara moja.
3.7 Spectral Distribution
The relative spectral distribution graph shows the characteristic peak wavelength of the ice blue LED. The narrow main peak ensures color purity. The absence of significant secondary peaks in the red or green regions confirms the expected color output.
4. Mfumo wa Uainishaji Maelezo
Ili kuhakikisha uthabiti katika uzalishaji wa wingi, LED zinagawanywa katika vikundi tofauti kulingana na vigezo muhimu.
4.1 Uainishaji wa Ukubwa wa Mwanga
Kulingana na nguvu ya mwanga iliyopimwa kwa 10mA, LED zimegawanywa katika vigezo mbalimbali (L1 hadi GA). Kila kigezo kinashughulikia anuwai maalum kwenye kiwango cha logarithm (mfano, T1: 280-355 mcd, T2: 355-450 mcd). Uhakiki unaonyesha "vigezo vya uwezekano wa pato" kwa aina hii maalum ya bidhaa. Waundaji lazima wataje kigezo kinachohitajika wakati wa kuagiza, ili kuhakikisha usawa wa mwangaza katika sehemu zinazotumia LED nyingi.
4.2 Color Binning
Muundo wa kawaida wa mgawanyo wa rangi ya barafu ya bluu umefafanuliwa kwenye chati ya CIE 1931 chromaticity. Jedwali lililotolewa linaorodhesha misimbo maalum ya mgawanyo (mfano CM0, CL3) na mipaka yao inayolingana ya kuratibu za CIE x na y. Hii inaruhusu kuchagua LED zenye sehemu za rangi karibu sawa, ambayo ni muhimu kwa matumizi kama vile taa za nyuma, kwani kutolingana kwa rangi kati ya LED zilizo karibu hakikubaliki kwa macho.
5. Mechanical and Packaging Information
5.1 Mechanical Dimensions
PLCC-2 encapsulation is a standard surface-mount design. The dimension drawing (referenced in the PDF) provides key dimensions, including body length, width, height, lead pitch, and pad location. Adherence to these dimensions is crucial for PCB pad design and automated assembly.
5.2 Recommended Solder Pad Layout
The recommended PCB pad design is provided. This layout is optimized for forming reliable solder joints during reflow soldering, ensuring proper mechanical connection and thermal conduction to the PCB. Following this recommendation helps prevent tombstoning or poor soldering.
5.3 Polarity Identification
Kifurushi cha PLCC-2 kwa kawaida kina notch ya umbo au alama ya cathode kwenye kona moja ya mwili wa kifaa. Katika mchakato wa usanikishaji wa PCB, mwelekeo sahihi wa polarity ni muhimu ili kuhakikisha LED inafanya kazi ipasavyo. Inakatazwa kutumia voltage ya nyuma.
6. Mwongozo wa Uchomaji na Usanikishaji
6.1 Mkunjo wa Joto wa Reflow Soldering
Kipengele hiki kinaendana na mchakato wa kawaida wa reflow soldering usio na risasi (SnAgCu). Mkunjo wa joto unajumuisha hatua za joto la awali, kuzamishwa kwenye joto, reflow na baridi, na kiwango cha juu cha joto kisizozidi 260°C kwa sekunde 30 kwa upeo. Muda wa joto juu ya 217°C (joto la kioevu) unapaswa kudhibitiwa ili kuhakikisha muundo sahihi wa mshipi bila kuharibu kifurushi cha LED.
6.2 Usage Precautions
- Tahadhari za ESD:Ingawa kiwango cha kipimo ni 8kV HBM, bado ni lazima kufuata taratibu za kawaida za usindikaji wa ESD wakati wa usanikishaji (kutumia mkanda wa mkono uliowekwa ardhini, kituo cha kazi na chombo chenye uwezo wa kufanya umeme).
- Kikomo cha sasa:Daima tumia chanzo cha sasa kisichobadilika au upinzani unaozuia sasa uliounganishwa mfululizo na chanzo cha voltage kudhibiti LED. Kuunganisha moja kwa moja kwenye chanzo cha voltage kinachozidi VFkutasababisha sasa kupita kiasi na kushindwa kufanya kazi.
- Usimamizi wa joto:Tekeleza muundo unaofaa wa joto wa PCB. Tumia mkunjo wa kupunguza nguvu ili kubaini mkondo salama wa kufanya kazi kulingana na hali ya juu ya joto ya mazingira inayotarajiwa na utendaji wa joto wa PCB.
- Usafi:If cleaning is required after soldering, use a compatible solvent that will not damage the plastic lens or epoxy.
- Storage Conditions:Store in a dry, anti-static environment within the specified temperature range of -40°C to +110°C.
7. Ufungaji na Taarifa za Kuagiza
7.1 Taarifa za Ufungaji
LEDs are supplied in tape and reel format, which is the standard packaging for automated surface mount assembly equipment. Reel specifications (tape width, pocket pitch, reel diameter) are provided to ensure compatibility with assembly line feeders.
7.2 Part Number and Ordering Information
The base part number is67-11-IB0100L-AMNambari hii inaweka sifa muhimu:
- 67-11:Inaweza kumaanisha aina ya kifuniko (PLCC-2) na/au mfululizo.
- IB:Inaonyesha rangi ya barafu ya bluu.
- 0100L:Inaweza kuhusiana na kiwango cha mwangaza au msimbo wa bidhaa.
- AM:Inaweza kuashiria kiwango cha gari au toleo maalum lililorekebishwa.
8. Application Design Considerations
8.1 Drive Circuit Design
For stable operation, a constant current driver is preferred over a simple resistor-limited voltage source, especially in automotive environments where the supply voltage (e.g., a 12V battery) can fluctuate significantly. The driver should be designed to deliver the required current (e.g., 10mA) across the expected input voltage range and temperature.
8.2 PCB Thermal Design
To maintain performance and lifespan:
- Use a PCB with sufficient copper thickness.
- Tumia pedi ya joto inayounganishwa na ndege kubwa ya shaba au safu ya ardhini ya ndani, na uunganishe kupitia vizio vingi vya joto.
- Fuata mkunjo wa kupunguza mzigo. Ikiwa joto la PCB kwenye kiungo cha kuuza linatarajiwa kufikia 80°C, lazima upunguze mkondo wa juu unaoendelea kutoka kwa thamani kamili ya juu ya 20mA ipasavyo.
8.3 Optical Integration
A 120° viewing angle is suitable for wide-area illumination. For applications requiring more focused light, secondary optical elements (lenses, light guides) may be necessary. When designing light guides or diffusers, the chromaticity coordinates of ice blue should be considered to achieve the desired final color effect.
9. Technical Comparison and Differentiation
Ikilinganisha na LED za kawaida za PLCC-2, kifaa hiki kinatoa faida kubwa kwa matumizi ya magari:
- Uthabiti:Uthibitisho wa AEC-Q101 unahusisha majaribio makali ya mkazo (uhifadhi wa joto la juu, mzunguko wa joto, unyevunyevu, n.k.), ambayo hayahitajiki kwa vipengele vya kiwango cha kibiashara.
- Anuwai ya joto iliyopanuliwa:The operating ambient temperature is up to +110°C, exceeding the typical +85°C limit for commercial LEDs, which is necessary for locations near heat sources in vehicles.
- Controlled Binning:Detailed intensity and color binning ensure consistency, which is less stringent or absent in low-cost alternatives.
- ESD Robustness:The 8kV HBM ESD rating provides a higher safety margin against electrostatic damage during manufacturing and handling.
10. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
10.1 Ni mkondo gani wa kazi unaopendekezwa?
Mkondo wa kawaida wa uendeshaji ni 10mA. Inaweza kufanya kazi kati ya chini kabisa cha 2mA hadi kiwango cha juu kabisa cha 20mA, lakini kufanya kazi kwa 10mA hutoa usawa bora zaidi kati ya mwangaza, ufanisi na uimara wa muda mrefu.
10.2 Jinsi ya Kuchagua Upinzani Unaofaa wa Kizuizi cha Mkondo?
Tumia Kanuni ya Ohm: R = (VChanzo cha Umeme- VF) / IF. Tumia V ya juu kwenye maelezo ya kiufundiF(3.75V) kwa muundo wa hali mbaya zaidi, ili kuhakikisha mkondo hauzidi thamani inayotarajiwa. Kwa usambazaji wa 12V na lengo la 10mA: R = (12V - 3.75V) / 0.01A = 825Ω. Tumia thamani ya kawaida inayofuata ya juu zaidi (k.m. 820Ω au 1kΩ), na hesabu matumizi ya nguvu kwenye kipingamizi (P = I2R).
10.3 Kwa Nini Usimamizi wa Joto Ni Muhimu Sana?
Joto la juu la kiungo husababisha moja kwa moja matatizo matatu: 1)Kupungua kwa pato la mwanga:Kupungua kwa pato la mwanga. 2)Mabadiliko ya rangi:Rangi inayotolewa inaweza kubadilika. 3)Uzeefu wa kasi:Maisha ya LED hupungua kwa kasi ya kielelezo. Kupoza joto kwa njia ya PCB ni muhimu kudumisha utendaji uliobainishwa.
10.4 Je, LED nyingi zinaweza kuunganishwa katika mfululizo au sambamba?
Muunganisho wa mfululizoKawaida ni chaguo la kwanza, kwa sababu LED zote hubeba mkondo sawa, kuhakikisha mwangaza sawa. Voltage ya umeme lazima iwe kubwa kuliko V zote.F values. Muunganisho SambambaHaipendekezwi kufanywa bila kupata kizuizi cha mkondo kimoja kwa kila LED, kwa sababu VFMabadiliko madogo yanaweza kusababisha kutofautiana kwa mkubwa kwa mkondo, na kusababisha usawa wa mwanga na mzigo mkubwa kwa LED moja.
11. Uchambuzi wa Kesi ya Ubunifu wa Vitendo
11.1 Mwanga wa Nyuma wa Swichi ya Dashibodi ya Gari
Scene:Design backlighting for a row of 5 identical push-button switches on the dashboard.
- Design Objectives:Mwanga wa baridi wa bluu uliosambazwa kwa usawa kwenye vitufe vyote.
- Utekelezaji wa Mpango:
- Uchaguzi wa LED:Bainisha nambari ya sehemu 67-11-IB0100L-AM, na uchague darasa la rangi kali (k.m. CM2) na darasa maalum la nguvu ya mwanga (k.m. T1: 280-355 mcd) ili kuhakikisha uthabiti.
- Saketi:Unganisha LED 5 zote mfululizo kwenye kichocheo kimoja cha mkondo thabiti kilichowekwa kwa 10mA. Chukulia V ya kawaidaF为3.1V,驱动器需要输出顺从电压 > 15.5V(5 * 3.1V)。12V汽车电源不足,因此需要升压转换器或从稳压更高电压(例如18V)工作的驱动器。
- PCB Layout:Place each LED directly behind its corresponding switch diffuser. Design the PCB pads strictly according to the recommended pad layout. Connect the thermal pad of each LED to a dedicated copper pour area on the board and use multiple thermal vias to connect to the internal ground plane for heat dissipation.
- Verification:After assembly, measure the pad temperature near an LED while operating in a high ambient temperature chamber (e.g., +85°C). Use the derating curve to verify if a 10mA current is still safe at the measured TS.
12. Kanuni ya Uendeshaji
This is a semiconductor light-emitting diode (LED). When a forward voltage exceeding its bandgap energy is applied between the anode and cathode, electrons and holes recombine in the active region of the semiconductor chip (typically based on InGaN material for blue/white/ice blue). This recombination process releases energy in the form of photons (light). The specific composition of the semiconductor layers determines the wavelength (color) of the emitted light. The plastic PLCC package protects the chip, provides mechanical protection, and incorporates a molded lens that shapes the light output to achieve a 120° viewing angle.
13. Mwelekeo wa Teknolojia
Maendeleo ya LED za aina hii yanaongozwa na mwelekeo muhimu kadhaa katika tasnia ya magari na taa za jumla:
- Uboreshaji wa ufanisi (lm/W):Maboresho endelevu ya sayansi ya nyenzo yanalenga kutoa mwanga zaidi (lumeni) kwa kila kitengo cha nguvu ya umeme (wati), na hivyo kupunguza matumizi ya nishati na mzigo wa joto.
- Uthabiti na Urefu wa Maisha Bora:Maendeleo katika nyenzo za ufungaji, teknolojia ya kushikilia chip, na teknolojia ya fosforasi (kwa taa nyeupe za LED) yanaendelea kuimarisha thamani za MTBF, kuzidi saa 50,000.
- Miniaturization:The demand for smaller, denser electronic components drives the development of LEDs in smaller package forms (e.g., chip-scale packages) while maintaining or increasing light output.
- Smart & Adaptive Lighting:Uunganishaji na mifumo ya udhibiti ili kufikia athari za taa zinazobadilika, kupunguza mwangaza na kurekebisha joto la rangi unazidi kuwa kawaida, ingawa kwa kawaida huhusisha LED drive IC ngumu zaidi, badala ya vipengele vya LED wenyewe.
- Viwango vikali vya ubora:Utumiaji wa viwango kama vile AEC-Q102 (kiwango maalum zaidi kwa semiconductor za optoelectroniki tofauti katika matumizi ya magari), kinawakilisha mwelekeo wa vipengele vya matumizi ya magari kuelekea upimaji maalum na mkali zaidi.
Maelezo ya istilahi za maelezo ya LED
Ufafanuzi Kamili wa Istilahi za Teknolojia ya LED
I. Viashiria Muhimu vya Utendaji wa Kielektroniki na Mwanga
| Terminology | Unit/Representation | Layman's Explanation | Kwa Nini Ni Muhimu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ufanisi wa Mwanga (Luminous Efficacy) | lm/W (lumens per watt) | The luminous flux emitted per watt of electrical power; the higher the value, the more energy-efficient. | It directly determines the energy efficiency rating of the luminaire and the electricity cost. |
| Mfumko wa Mwanga (Luminous Flux) | lm (lumen) | Jumla ya mwanga unaotolewa na chanzo cha mwanga, unaojulikana kwa kawaida kama "mwangaza". | Huamua kama taa inatosha kuwa na mwangaza. |
| Pembe ya kuona mwanga (Viewing Angle) | ° (digrii), kama 120° | Pembe ambayo nguvu ya mwanga hupungua hadi nusu, inayoamua upana wa boriti ya mwanga. | Inayoathiri eneo la mwanga na usawa wake. |
| Joto la rangi (CCT) | K (Kelvin), kama 2700K/6500K | Joto la rangi ya mwanga, thamani ya chini inaelekea manjano/joto, thamani ya juu inaelekea nyeupe/baridi. | Huamua mazingira ya taa na matumizi yanayofaa. |
| Color Rendering Index (CRI / Ra) | Unitless, 0–100 | The ability of a light source to reproduce the true colors of objects, with Ra≥80 being preferable. | Inaathiri ukweli wa rangi, hutumika katika maeneo yenye mahitaji makubwa kama maduka makubwa, majumba ya sanaa. |
| Tofauti ya uvumilivu wa rangi (SDCM) | MacAdam ellipse steps, such as "5-step" | A quantitative indicator of color consistency; a smaller step number indicates better color consistency. | Ensure no color difference among luminaires from the same batch. |
| Mdomo Mkuu (Dominant Wavelength) | nm (nanomita), k.m. 620nm (nyekundu) | Wavelength values corresponding to the colors of colored LEDs. | Determines the hue of monochromatic LEDs such as red, yellow, and green. |
| Spectral Distribution | Mkunjo wa Urefu wa Mawimbi dhidi ya Ukubwa | Inaonyesha usambazaji wa ukubwa wa mwanga unaotolewa na LED katika urefu wa mawimbi tofauti. | Inapotosha uhalisia wa rangi na ubora wa rangi. |
II. Vigezo vya Umeme
| Terminology | Ishara | Layman's Explanation | Mazingatio ya Ubunifu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Forward Voltage (Forward Voltage) | Vf | The minimum voltage required to light up an LED, similar to a "starting threshold". | The driving power supply voltage must be ≥ Vf; the voltages add up when multiple LEDs are connected in series. |
| Forward Current | If | The current value that makes the LED emit light normally. | Constant current drive is often used, as the current determines brightness and lifespan. |
| Maximum Pulse Current | Ifp | Kilele cha mkondo kinachoweza kustahimili kwa muda mfupi, kinachotumika kwa kudimisha au kumulika. | Upanaaji wa upana wa msukumo na uwiano wa kazi unahitaji udhibiti mkali, vinginevyo utaharibika kwa joto kupita kiasi. |
| Reverse Voltage | Vr | Upeo wa voltage ya nyuma ambayo LED inaweza kustahimili, inapozidi hii thamani inaweza kuharibika. | Katika mzunguko wa umeme, ni muhimu kuzuia uunganishaji wa nyuma au mshtuko wa voltage. |
| Upinzani wa Joto (Thermal Resistance) | Rth (°C/W) | Upinzani wa joto unaposogea kutoka kwenye chip hadi kwenye sehemu ya kuunganishia, thamani ya chini inaonyesha usambazaji bora wa joto. | Upinzani wa juu wa joto unahitaji muundo wenye nguvu zaidi wa kusambaza joto, vinginevyo joto la kiungo litaongezeka. |
| ESD Immunity | V (HBM), kama 1000V | Uwezo wa kukabiliana na mshtuko wa umeme wa tuli, thamani ya juu zaidi inamaanisha uwezekano mdogo wa kuharibika kwa mshtuko wa tuli. | Katika uzalishaji, ni muhimu kuchukua hatua za kinga dhidi ya umeme wa tuli, hasa kwa LED zenye usikivu mkubwa. |
III. Thermal Management and Reliability
| Terminology | Key Indicators | Layman's Explanation | Athari |
|---|---|---|---|
| Joto la Kiungo (Junction Temperature) | Tj (°C) | Halisi ya joto la kufanya kazi ndani ya chip ya LED. | Kwa kila kupungua kwa 10°C, maisha yanaweza kuongezeka mara mbili; joto la juu sana husababisha kupungua kwa mwanga, na mabadiliko ya rangi. |
| Kupungua kwa Mwangaza (Lumen Depreciation) | L70 / L80 (saa) | Muda unaohitajika ili mwangaza upunguke hadi 70% au 80% ya thamani ya awali. | Kufafanua moja kwa moja "maisha ya huduma" ya LED. |
| Lumen Maintenance | % (e.g., 70%) | The percentage of remaining brightness after a period of use. | Characterizes the ability to maintain brightness after long-term use. |
| Mabadiliko ya rangi (Color Shift) | Δu′v′ au MacAdam ellipse | Kiwango cha mabadiliko ya rangi wakati wa matumizi. | Huathiri uthabiti wa rangi katika eneo la taa. |
| Thermal Aging | Kupungua kwa utendaji wa nyenzo | Uharibifu wa nyenzo za ufungaji kutokana na joto la juu kwa muda mrefu. | Inaweza kusababisha kupungua kwa mwangaza, mabadiliko ya rangi au kushindwa kwa mzunguko wazi. |
Nne. Ufungaji na Nyenzo
| Terminology | Aina za Kawaida | Layman's Explanation | Sifa na Matumizi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aina ya Ufungaji | EMC, PPA, Ceramic | A housing material that protects the chip and provides optical and thermal interfaces. | EMC offers good heat resistance and low cost; ceramic provides superior heat dissipation and long lifespan. |
| Muundo wa Chip | Usanidi wa Kawaida, Usanidi wa Kugeuzwa (Flip Chip) | Chip electrode arrangement method. | Flip-chip offers better heat dissipation and higher luminous efficacy, suitable for high-power applications. |
| Phosphor coating. | YAG, silicate, nitride | Coated on the blue LED chip, partially converted to yellow/red light, mixed to form white light. | Different phosphors affect luminous efficacy, color temperature, and color rendering. |
| Lens/Optical Design | Flat, microlens, total internal reflection | Optical structure on the packaging surface, controlling light distribution. | Determines the emission angle and light distribution curve. |
V. Udhibiti wa Ubora na Uainishaji
| Terminology | Yaliyomo ya Uainishaji | Layman's Explanation | Kusudi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kugawanya kwa mwanga | Msimbo kama 2G, 2H | Group by brightness level, each group has a minimum/maximum lumen value. | Ensure consistent brightness for products within the same batch. |
| Voltage binning | Codes such as 6W, 6X | Grouped by forward voltage range. | Inafaa kwa usawazishaji wa chanzo cha umeme, kuboresha ufanisi wa mfumo. |
| Kugawanya kwa makundi kulingana na rangi | 5-step MacAdam ellipse | Group by color coordinates to ensure colors fall within an extremely small range. | Ensure color consistency to avoid color unevenness within the same luminaire. |
| Color temperature grading | 2700K, 3000K, etc. | Group by color temperature, each group has a corresponding coordinate range. | Kukidhi mahitaji ya joto la rangi katika hali tofauti. |
Sita, Upimaji na Uthibitishaji
| Terminology | Standard/Test | Layman's Explanation | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| LM-80 | Lumen Maintenance Test | Long-term operation under constant temperature conditions, recording luminance attenuation data. | For estimating LED lifetime (in conjunction with TM-21). |
| TM-21 | Lifetime projection standard | Projecting lifespan under actual use conditions based on LM-80 data. | Providing scientific life prediction. |
| IESNA Standard | Illuminating Engineering Society Standard | Covers optical, electrical, and thermal testing methods. | Msingi wa upimaji unaokubaliwa na tasnia. |
| RoHS / REACH | Uthibitisho wa Mazingira | Hakikisha bidhaa hazina vitu hatari (kama risasi, zebaki). | Masharti ya kuingia kwenye soko la kimataifa. |
| ENERGY STAR / DLC | Uthibitisho wa ufanisi wa nishati | Uthibitishaji wa ufanisi wa nishati na utendaji kwa bidhaa za taa. | Inatumika kwa kawaida katika ununuzi wa serikali na miradi ya ruzuku, kuimarisha ushindani wa soko. |