LTS-547AJG 0.52-Inch AlInGaP Green LED Digital Tube Datasheet - 13.2mm Character Height - 2.6V Forward Voltage - Technical Documentation

1. Product Overview

The LTS-547AJG is a high-performance, single-digit character display module, specifically designed for applications requiring clear and bright numeric indication. Its primary function is to provide highly legible numeric readouts. The core technology utilizes AlInGaP (Aluminum Indium Gallium Phosphide) semiconductor material as the light-emitting chip, a material renowned for generating high-efficiency green light. The device features a gray panel with white segment markings, optimizing contrast and thereby enhancing readability under various lighting conditions. It is constructed as a common-cathode type display, meaning the cathodes of all individual LED segments are internally connected to a common pin, simplifying the driving circuit design. This display is classified as a lead-free component, compliant with environmental directives such as RoHS.

1.1 Core Advantages and Target Market

Kionyeshi hiki kina faida muhimu kadhaa, zinazofanya kiwe kinachofaa kwa matumizi mapana ya viwanda na matumizi ya watumiaji. Mwangaza wake wa juu na tofauti bora ya rangi huhakikisha kuwa kinaonekana wazi hata katika mazingira yenye mwanga mkali. Pembe pana ya maoni inaruhusu usomaji wa herufi za maonyesho kutoka maeneo tofauti bila kupoteza kwa kiasi kikubwa mwangaza au uwazi. Kifaa hiki kina uaminifu wa hali thabiti, ambayo inamaanisha hakina sehemu zinazosonga, na kwa kulinganisha na teknolojia nyingine za kuonyesha, kina uwezo wa kustahimili mshtuko na mtikisiko. Kinahitaji nguvu kidogo, kinachofaa sana kwa vifaa vinavyotumia betri au vifaa vinavyotumia nguvu kwa ufanisi. Sehemu zinazoendelea na zenye usawa hutoa muonekano safi na wa kitaalamu wa herufi. Soko lengwa la kawaida linajumuisha vifaa vya kupima na kukadiria, paneli za udhibiti wa viwanda, vifaa vya matibabu, dashibodi za magari (kwa maonyesho ya ziada), vifaa vya matumizi ya watumiaji, na vifaa vyovyote vya elektroniki vinavyohitaji usomaji wa nambari ulio kompakt na unaoaminika.

2. Maelezo ya Vigezo vya Kiufundi

This section provides a detailed and objective interpretation of the key electrical and optical parameters defined in the datasheet. Understanding these parameters is crucial for proper circuit design and ensuring long-term reliability.

2.1 Viwango vya Juu Kabisa

These ratings define the stress limits that may cause permanent damage to the device. Operation at or beyond these limits is not guaranteed and should be avoided.

• Power Dissipation per Segment:Upeo wa 70 mW. Hii ndiyo nguvu ya juu ambayo sehemu moja ya LED inaweza kutawanya kwa usalama kama joto chini ya uendeshaji endelevu. Kuzidi thamani hii kunaweza kusababisha chip ya LED kuwa moto kupita kiasi na kuharakisha uzee.
• Kilele cha sasa cha mbele kwa kila sehemu:Upeo wa 60 mA, lakini tu chini ya hali maalum za msukumo (duty cycle ya 1/10, upana wa msukumo 0.1 ms). Ukadiriaji huu unatumika kwa misukumo mifupi ya sasa kubwa inayotumika katika mipango ya multiplexing, na haifai kwa uendeshaji endelevu wa DC.
• Sasa endelevu cha mbele kwa kila sehemu:Maximum 25 mA at 25°C. This is a key parameter for designing the DC drive current. Crucially, this rating is linearly derated at a rate of 0.33 mA/°C above 25°C. For example, at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 85°C, the maximum allowable continuous current is: 25 mA - ((85°C - 25°C) * 0.33 mA/°C) = 25 mA - 19.8 mA =5.2 mA. This derating is critical for thermal management.
• Reverse voltage per segment:Maximum 5 V. Applying a reverse bias higher than this value may cause LED junction breakdown and failure.
• Operating and storage temperature range:-35°C hadi +105°C. Kifaa kinaweza kufanya kazi na kuhifadhiwa katika anuwai hii pana ya joto.
• Joto la kuchomelea:Kiwango cha juu cha 260°C, kwa muda wa sekunde 3 kwa upeo, kipimo kinachukuliwa 1.6mm chini ya ndege ya usakinishaji. Hii ni muhimu kwa michakato ya wave soldering au reflow soldering ili kuzuia uharibifu wa kifurushi cha plastiki au muunganisho wa ndani.

2.2 Electrical and Optical Characteristics

Hizi ni vigezo vya kawaida vya uendeshaji vilivyopimwa chini ya hali maalum za majaribio na Ta=25°C. Zinafafanua utendakazi unaotarajiwa wa kifaa.

• Nguvu ya wastani ya mwanga (I_V):Katika I_F=1mA, 320 μcd (kiwango cha chini), 750 μcd (kiwango cha kawaida). Hii ni kipimo cha mwanga unaotolewa. Upeo mpana unaonyesha kuwepo kwa mchakato wa kugawanya daraja; vifaa vinagawanywa kulingana na nguvu zao halisi zilizopimwa.
• Urefu wa wimbi la kilele cha mionzi (λ_p):Katika I_F=20mA, 571 nm (kiwango cha kawaida). Hii ndiyo urefu wa wimbi ambapo nguvu ya mwanga unaotolewa ni ya juu zaidi, na kuuifanya iwe katika eneo la kijani la wigo unaoonekana.
• Upana wa nusu ya mstari wa wigo (Δλ):15 nm (thamani ya kawaida). Hii inaashiria usafi wa wigo au usambazaji wa urefu wa mawimbi ya mionzi. Thamani ya 15nm ni ya kawaida kwa LED ya kijani ya AlInGaP, na hivyo kutoa kijani kinachotakata kiasi.
• Urefu wa mawimbi kuu (λ_d):572 nm (thamani ya kawaida). Hii ndio urefu wa mawimbi mmoja unaolingana zaidi na rangi ya mwanga unaotolewa, kama inavyohisiwa na jicho la mwanadamu, na iko karibu sana na urefu wa mawimbi wa kilele.
• Voltage ya mbele kwa sehemu (V_F):Katika I_FAt =20mA, 2.05V (min), 2.6V (max). This is the voltage drop across the LED during operation. Designers must ensure the driving circuit can provide sufficient voltage to overcome this drop at the desired current. This variation necessitates a driving method that limits current, not voltage.
• Per segment reverse current (I_R):At V_R=5V, 100 μA (max). This is the small leakage current that flows when the LED is reverse-biased within its maximum ratings.
• Luminous intensity matching ratio (I_V-m):2:1 (maximum). This specifies the maximum allowable ratio between the brightest and darkest segments within a single device under identical driving conditions (I_F=1mA). A ratio of 2:1 ensures uniformity in the digital display appearance.

3. Binning System Description

The datasheet indicates that the device is "classified by luminous intensity." This refers to the binning or classification process performed during manufacturing. Due to inherent variations in semiconductor epitaxial growth and chip fabrication, LEDs from the same production batch may have slightly different optical and electrical characteristics. To ensure consistency for end users, manufacturers test and sort (bin) LEDs into groups with closely matched parameters. For the LTS-547AJG, the primary binning parameter isLuminous intensity, as indicated by the minimum (320 μcd) and typical (750 μcd) values. The device is tested under standard conditions (I_F=1mA) and binned by intensity. For applications requiring strict brightness matching across multiple displays, customers can order specific bins. Forward voltage (V_F) pia ina anuwai maalum (2.05V hadi 2.6V), ambayo inaweza kuhusisha upangaji wa pili, au kuthibitishwa kama viwango vya juu/viwango vya chini.

4. Uchambuzi wa Mviringo wa Utendaji

Ingawa mchoro wa PDF uliotolewa unataja kuwa kuna "Mviringo wa Kawaida wa Umeme/Optiki" kwenye ukurasa wa mwisho, miviringo maalum haijajumuishwa katika maandishi yaliyotolewa. Kwa kawaida, aina hii ya hati ya viwango inajumuisha michoro muhimu kwa uchambuzi wa kina wa muundo. Kulingana na desturi za kawaida za hati za viwango za LED, inatarajiwa kuwa na miviringo ifuatayo, na uchambuzi wake utatolewa:

4.1 Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage (I-V Curve)

This graph shows the relationship between the current flowing through an LED and the voltage across it. For an LED, this is an exponential curve. The "knee" voltage is where the current begins to increase significantly—this is close to the typical V_Fvalue of 2.6V at 20mA. This curve illustrates why an LED must be driven by a current-limiting source; a voltage slightly exceeding the knee point leads to a large, potentially damaging increase in current. The slope of the curve is also related to the dynamic resistance of the LED.

4.2 Luminous Intensity vs. Forward Current

Grafu hii inaonyesha jinsi pato la mwanga (nguvu) linavyobadilika kadri mkondo wa kuendesha unavyoongezeka. Kwa LED za AlInGaP, uhusiano kwa kawaida ni wa mstari katika safu ya mkondo wa kati, lakini kwa mikondo ya juu sana inaweza kuwa chini ya mstari kwa sababu ya kupungua kwa ufanisi (joto na athari zingine zisizo za mionzi). Mkunjo huu husaidia wabunifu kuchagua mkondo wa uendeshaji unaotoa mwangaza unaohitajika bila kusababisha mkazo mwingi kwa LED au kupunguza ufanisi wake.

4.3 Mwangaza wa Mwanga wa Jamaa dhidi ya Joto la Mazingira

Hii ni mojawapo ya mikunjo muhimu zaidi kwa upande wa kuegemea. Inaonyesha jinsi pato la mwanga linavyopungua kadri joto la mazingira (au kiungo) linavyopanda. LED za AlInGaP ni nyeti sana kwa joto; pato hupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa kadri joto linavyoongezeka. Mkunjo huu, ukichanganywa na vipimo vya kupunguza mkondo, hutoa msingi wa maamuzi ya usimamizi wa joto. Ikiwa kionyeshi kitatumika katika mazingira yenye joto la juu, inaweza kuhitajika kupunguza mkondo (kupunguza rating), na mwangaza unaotarajiwa pia utapungua.

4.4 Usambazaji wa Wigo

Chati inayochora uhusiano wa nguvu ya jamaa dhidi ya urefu wa wimbi. Itaonyesha kilele karibu na 571-572 nm, na upana wa sifa (upana wa nusu ya 15 nm). Mkunjo huu unathibitisha nukta ya rangi ya kijani, muhimu kwa matumizi yanayohitaji kuratibu maalum za rangi.

5. Mechanical and Packaging Information

5.1 Package Dimensions

This device features a standard single-digit seven-segment display outline. Key dimensions in the drawing (not fully detailed in the text) typically include overall height, width, and depth, character height (specified as 0.52 inches or 13.2 mm), segment dimensions, and pin pitch. Notes specify that all dimensions are in millimeters with a standard tolerance of ±0.25 mm unless otherwise stated. A specific note mentions a pin tip offset tolerance of +0.4 mm, which is crucial for PCB hole placement and wave soldering processes to ensure proper alignment.

5.2 Pin Definition and Polarity Identification

The display has 10 pins with a pitch of 0.1 inch (2.54 mm), arranged in two rows. A pin connection table is provided:

• Pin 1: Anode for Segment E
• Pin 2: Anode for Segment D
• Pin 3: Common Cathode 1
• Pin 4: Segment C Anode
• Pin 5: Decimal Point (D.P.) Anode
• Pin 6: Segment B Anode
• Pin 7: Anode ya sehemu A
• Pin 8: Cathode ya pamoja 2
• Pin 9: F-segment anode
• Pin 10: G-segment anode

The device adoptsCommon CathodeConfiguration. There are two common cathode pins (3 and 8), which are internally connected. This provides flexibility for PCB routing and helps distribute current. To illuminate a segment, its corresponding anode pin must be driven to a positive voltage relative to the common cathode, while the common cathode must be connected to ground (or a lower voltage). The decimal point is an independent LED with its own anode (pin 5).

5.3 Internal Circuit Diagram

Mchoro wa kanuni uliotolewa kwenye maelezo ya uainishaji unaonyesha wazi muundo wa cathode ya pamoja. Unaonyesha chipsi nane za kujitegemea za LED (sehemu A-G pamoja na nukta ya desimali). Cathodes zote (upande mbaya) zimeunganishwa pamoja na kuchukuliwa kwenye pini 3 na 8. Kila anode (upande chanya) inachukuliwa kwenye pini yake ya pekee. Mchoro huu ni muhimu sana kwa kuelewa jinsi ya kuunganisha kionyeshi na kidhibiti kidogo au IC ya kuendesha.

6. Mwongozo wa Uchomaji na Usanikishaji

Kufuata miongozo hii ni muhimu ili kuzuia uharibifu wakati wa usanikishaji wa PCB.

• Mbinu ya kuchomea:Kifaa hiki kinafaa kwa mchakato wa kuchomea kwa wimbi au kuchomea kwa kurudisha.
• Mkunjo wa joto:Joto la juu kabisa la kulehemu ni 260°C. Joto kwenye kiolesio cha pini/sehemu ya kulehemu halipaswi kuzidi thamani hii. Kwa kulehemu kwa kufurika, mkunjo wa kawaida wa vifaa visivyo na risasi (joto la kilele takriban 245-250°C) unafaa, lakini muda juu ya mstari wa kioevu lazima udhibitiwe.
• Muda wa kufichuliwa:Muda wa juu wa kufichuliwa kwenye joto la kilele ni sekunde 3. Kufichuliwa kwa muda mrefu kunaweza kuyeyusha kifuniko cha plastiki au kuharibu waya za ndani za kuunganisha.
• Sehemu ya kupimia:Temperature is measured 1.6 mm below the mounting plane (the point where the pins protrude from the plastic body). This is typically lower than the PCB pad temperature.
• Cleaning:If cleaning is required, use a solvent compatible with the LED plastic packaging material to avoid cracking or hazing.
• Operation:Avoid applying mechanical stress to the pins. Take appropriate ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) precautions during handling and assembly.
• Storage Conditions:Hifadhi katika anuwai maalum ya joto (-35°C hadi +105°C), katika mazingira yaliyokauka na yasiyo na umeme tuli. Epuka kufichuliwa kwenye mazingira yenye unyevu mwingi; ikiwa kifaa kimehifadhiwa katika mazingira yenye unyevu mwingi, inaweza kuhitaji kukaushwa kabla ya kuuzalisha ili kuzuia tukio la "popcorn" wakati wa mchakato wa reflow soldering.

7. Mapendekezo ya Utumiaji

7.1 Mzunguko wa Matumizi ya Kawaida

LTS-547AJG inahitaji utaratibu wa nje wa kudhibiti mkondo. Njia rahisi zaidi ya kuendesha ni kutumia pini ya GPIO ya microcontroller kupitia kipingamkondo kwenye anode ya sehemu, na cathode ya kawaida kuunganishwa kwenye ardhi. Thamani ya kipingamkondo hutumia fomula R = (V_{Power Supply}- V_F) / I_F Calculation. For a 5V power supply, the desired I_FIs 20mA, typical V_FIs 2.6V: R = (5 - 2.6) / 0.02 = 120 Ω. A 120Ω resistor will be used. For multiplexing multiple digits, use a dedicated driver IC (such as MAX7219 or TM1637) or a transistor array to sink the higher combined cathode current.

7.2 Kuzingatia Katika Ubunifu

• Current Limiting:Daima tumia upinzani wa mfululizo au kiendeshi cha mkondo wa mara kwa mara. Kamwe usiunganishe LED moja kwa moja kwenye chanzo cha voltage.
• Kuzidisha njia:Wakati wa kuendesha nambari nyingi, anode za sehemu zinaweza kutumia kiwango cha kilele cha mkondo wa msukumo (60mA kwenye mzunguko wa kazi 1/10), lakini mkondo wa wastani wa kila sehemu haupaswi kuzidi kiwango cha DC kinachoendelea baada ya wastani wa wakati.
• Kupoza joto:Fikiria mazingira ya kazi. Ikiwa kioonyesho kiko katika nafasi iliyofungwa au joto la juu la mazingira, tumia kanuni ya 0.33 mA/°C kupunguza mkondo wa kufanya kazi ipasavyo, ili kuhakikisha maisha ya huduma.
• Pembe ya mtazamo:Upana mpana ni faida, lakini kwa usomaji bora zaidi, kiwakilishi cha maonyesho kipangwe mahali ambapo mstari wa kuona wa mwangalizi wa kawaida unakaribia kuwa sawa na uso wa paneli.
• Mpangilio wa PCB:Hakikisha kifuniko kinalingana na mchoro wa vipimo. Pini mbili za kathodi za pamoja zinaweza kuunganishwa pamoja kwenye PCB ili kupunguza upinzani wa njia na kuboresha usambazaji wa mkondo.

8. Ulinganishi wa Kiufundi na Tofauti

Compared to other seven-segment display technologies, the LTS-547AJG offers specific advantages:

• Compared to red GaAsP or GaP LEDs:AlInGaP technology provides significantly higher luminous efficacy, resulting in a brighter display at the same drive current. The green light (approximately 570nm) is also close to the peak of the human eye's photopic sensitivity curve, making it subjectively appear brighter than red light at the same radiant power.
• Ikilinganisha na skrini ya LCD:LED hutoa mwanga wenyewe, na kufanya iwe wazi kuonekana gizani bila taa ya nyuma. Zina muda wa kukabiliana wa haraka, anuwai pana ya joto la kufanya kazi, na hazipatikani kwa urahisi na mabaki ya picha au kukabiliana polepole kwenye joto la chini.
• Ikilinganisha na VFD (Vacuum Fluorescent Display):LEDs are more robust and durable, require lower operating voltages (20-50V for VFDs vs. 3-5V for LEDs), and have simpler drive circuits. They also do not require filament power.
• In AlInGaP displays:The key differentiators of the LTS-547AJG are its specific 0.52-inch character height, common-cathode configuration, gray panel/white segment design for contrast, and its guaranteed luminous intensity classification, which provides a degree of brightness consistency.

9. Frequently Asked Questions (Based on Technical Specifications)

Q1: Naweza kutumia mantiki ya 3.3V kuendesha kionyeshi hiki?
A: Ndiyo, lakini lazima ukagua voltage ya mwelekeo. Katika V ya kawaida_Fya 2.6V, kuna ukingo wa 0.7V tu (3.3V - 2.6V). Upinzani wa kudhibiti mkondo utakuwa mdogo sana: R = (3.3 - 2.6)/0.02 = 35 Ω. Kwa mkondo mdogo (mfano 5mA), itafanya kazi vizuri. Kwa mwangaza kamili wa 20mA, hakikisha usambazaji wako wa umeme wa 3.3V ni thabiti na unaweza kutoa mkondo. Kwa mfumo wa 3.3V, shauri ni kutumia kiendeshi cha mkondo wa kudumu.

Q2: Kwa nini kuna pini mbili za cathode za pamoja?
A: Pini mbili hutumiwa kusambaza jumla ya mkondo wa cathode, ambao unaweza kuwa jumla ya sehemu 8 (ikiwa zote zimewashwa). Hii inapunguza msongamano wa mkondo kwenye pini moja/mshono wa PCB, inaboresha uhakika, na inatoa urahisi wa mpangilio.

Q3: Jinsi ya kuhesabu matumizi ya nguvu ya kionyeshi?
A: Kwa sehemu moja: P = V_F* I_FKatika hali ya kawaida ya 20mA na 2.6V, P_segment = 52 mW. Kwa nambari nzima, sehemu zote 7 zikiwa zimewashwa (bila nukta ya desimali), P_total ≈ 7 * 52 mW = 364 mW. Kwa kuzingatia upunguzaji wa joto, hakikisha thamani hii daima iko chini ya uwezo wa jumla wa utawanyiko wa mfuko.

Q4: "Mfuko usio na risasi" unamaanisha nini kwa mchakato wangu wa usanikishaji?
A: Pini za kifaa zimepakiwa na mipako inayolingana na uuzaji usio na risasi (mfano, stani-fedha-shaba). Wakati wa usanikishaji, lazima utumie mchanga wa muundo usio na risasi na mkunjo unaolingana wa joto la juu la reflow (kilele cha takriban 245-250°C).

10. Uchunguzi wa Kesi Halisi za Ubunifu

Tukio:Buni kipima joto rahisi cha kidijitali kwa kituo cha hali ya hewa cha ndani/nje. Kipimo hicho lazima kiweze kuonyesha halijoto kutoka -35°C hadi 105°C (kulingana na anuwai ya uendeshaji ya onyesho). Kitatumia betri kwa ajili ya usafiri.

Chaguo za Ubunifu:
1. Uchaguzi wa Kionyeshi:LTS-547AJG inafaa kwa masafa yake makubwa ya joto, mwangaza wa juu (unaoweza kusomeka nje) na mahitaji ya nguvu ya chini (muhimu kwa maisha ya betri). Kijani hurahisisha macho.
2. Drive circuit:Use a low-power microcontroller (e.g., ARM Cortex-M0+ or PIC), which remains in sleep mode most of the time and wakes up to update the display. To save power and pins, use a dedicated LED driver IC with built-in multiplexing and constant current output. This can efficiently drive multiple digits (for tens and units places).
3. Current Setting:For indoor use, set the segment current to 5-10 mA to save battery. For outdoor use in bright light, press a button to temporarily increase the current to 15-20 mA for maximum brightness. The drive IC's current setting must be programmed accordingly.
4. Thermal Considerations:Ikiwa kifaa kimewekwa kwenye mwanga wa moja kwa moja wa jua, joto la ndani linaweza kuzidi 50°C. Kulingana na fomula ya kupunguza uwezo, kwa 50°C, mkondo wa juu unaoendelea ni 25 mA - ((50-25)*0.33) = 25 - 8.25 = 16.75 mA. Mpangilio wetu wa juu wa 20mA utazidi hii, kwa hivyo muundo unapaswa kuzuia hali ya "mwanga mkali" kwa uwiano wa kazi au upana wa msukumo, ili wastani wa mkondo uwe ndani ya kikomo cha kupunguza uwezo katika hali ya joto ya juu ya mazingira.

11. Utangulizi wa Kiufundi

LTS-547AJG inategemeaAlInGaP (Aluminium Indium Gallium Phosphide)Semiconductor technology. This material system is epitaxially grown onan opaque GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) substrate. AlInGaP is a direct bandgap semiconductor whose bandgap energy can be tuned by varying the proportions of aluminium, indium, gallium, and phosphorus. For green emission around 570-580 nm, a specific composition is used. The opaque GaAs substrate absorbs some of the generated light, which is a disadvantage compared to devices using transparent substrates, such as GaP used in some older green LEDs. However, modern AlInGaP-on-GaAs processes achieve very high internal quantum efficiency, and the light is primarily emitted from the top surface of the chip. The gray panel and white segments of the package are not part of the semiconductor; they are part of the plastic molding. The gray panel reduces ambient light reflection, while the white segments diffuse and scatter the green light from the underlying LED chip, creating a uniform, bright segment appearance.

12. Technology Trends

The LED display field continues to evolve. For discrete seven-segment displays like the LTS-547AJG, trends focus on improving efficiency, achieving higher brightness, and a wider color gamut. While AlInGaP dominates the high-efficiency red, orange, amber, and green spectra, new materials like InGaN (Indium Gallium Nitride) can now produce efficient green and even yellow LEDs, potentially offering different chromaticity points and efficiency characteristics. There is also a trend towards higher integration, such as displays with built-in controllers (I2C or SPI interfaces), which greatly simplifies microcontroller interfacing. Furthermore, the demand for lower power consumption drives LED development, enabling usable brightness for ultra-low-power IoT devices at currents below 1 mA. Environmental regulations continue to push for the elimination of hazardous substances beyond lead, affecting plating and packaging materials.

Detailed Explanation of LED Specification Terminology

Kamusi Kamili ya Istilahi za Teknolojia ya LED

I. Viashiria Muhimu vya Utendaji wa Kielektroniki na Mwanga

Istilahi	Unit/Penulisan	Penjelasan Populer	Kwa nini ni muhimu
Ufanisi wa Mwanga (Luminous Efficacy)	lm/W (lumens per watt)	The luminous flux emitted per watt of electrical power; the higher the value, the more energy-efficient.	Directly determines the energy efficiency rating and electricity cost of the luminaire.
Fluxi ya Mwanga (Luminous Flux)	lm (lumen)	Jumla ya kiasi cha mwanga kinachotolewa na chanzo cha mwanga, kinachojulikana kwa kawaida kama "mwangaza".	Huamua kama taa inatosha kuwa na mwangaza.
Pembe ya kuona (Viewing Angle)	° (degree), e.g., 120°	The angle at which light intensity drops to half, determining the beam width.	Affects the illumination range and uniformity.
Joto la rangi (CCT)	K (Kelvin), k.m. 2700K/6500K	Joto la rangi ya mwanga, thamani ya chini huelekea manjano/joto, thamani ya juu huelekea nyeupe/baridi.	Huamua mazingira ya taa na matumizi yanayofaa.
Kielelezo cha Uonyeshaji Rangi (CRI / Ra)	Unitless, 0–100	The ability of a light source to reproduce the true colors of objects, with Ra≥80 being preferable.	Inaathiri usahihi wa rangi, hutumiwa katika maeneo yenye mahitaji makubwa kama vile maduka makubwa, majumba ya sanaa.
Tofauti ya uvumilivu wa rangi (SDCM)	Hatua za duaradufu ya MacAdam, kama vile "5-step"	A quantitative metric for color consistency; a smaller step number indicates better color consistency.	Ensures no color variation among luminaires from the same batch.
Wavelengthu Kuu (Dominant Wavelength)	nm (nanomita), k.m. 620nm (nyekundu)	Thamani ya wavelength inayolingana na rangi ya LED ya rangi.	Determines the hue of monochromatic LEDs such as red, yellow, and green.
Spectral Distribution	Wavelength vs. Intensity Curve	Shows the intensity distribution of light emitted by the LED at various wavelengths.	Affects color rendering and color quality.

Vigezo vya Umeme

Istilahi	Ishara	Penjelasan Populer	Vidokezo vya Ubunifu
Voltage ya Mbele (Forward Voltage)	Vf	Voltage ya chini inayohitajika kuwasha LED, kama "kizingiti cha kuanzisha".	Voltage ya chanzo cha usukumaji lazima iwe ≥ Vf, voltage inajumlishwa wakati LED nyingi zimeunganishwa mfululizo.
Forward Current	If	The current value that enables the LED to emit light normally.	Inatumika kwa kawaida kuendesha kwa mkondo wa kudumu, mkondo huamua mwangaza na maisha ya taa.
Mkondo wa juu wa msukumo (Pulse Current)	Ifp	Peak current that can be sustained for a short period, used for dimming or flashing.	Pulse width and duty cycle must be strictly controlled, otherwise overheating damage will occur.
Reverse Voltage	Vr	Upeo wa juu wa voltage ya nyuma ambayo LED inaweza kustahimili, ukizidi huo unaweza kusababisha kuvunjika.	Mzunguko unahitaji kuzuia uunganishaji kinyume au mshtuko wa voltage.
Thermal Resistance	Rth (°C/W)	Upinzani wa joto kutoka kwenye chip hadi kwenye sehemu ya kuuza, thamani ya chini inaonyesha usambazaji bora wa joto.	Upinzani mkubwa wa joto unahitaji muundo wa upoaji joto wenye nguvu zaidi, vinginevyo joto la kiungo litaongezeka.
Uvumilivu wa kutokwa na umeme tuli (ESD Immunity)	V (HBM), kama vile 1000V	Uwezo wa kukabiliana na mshtuko wa umeme wa tuli, thamani ya juu zaidi inamaanisha uwezekano mdogo wa kuharibika na umeme wa tuli.	Katika uzalishaji, ni muhimu kuchukua hatua za kinga dhidi ya umeme wa tuli, hasa kwa LED zenye usikivu mkubwa.

III. Usimamizi wa Joto na Uaminifu

Istilahi	Viashiria Muhimu	Penjelasan Populer	Athari
Joto la Kiungo (Junction Temperature)	Tj (°C)	Halisi ya joto la kufanya kazi ndani ya chip ya LED.	Kupunguza kila 10°C kunaweza kuongeza maisha mara mbili; joto la juu sana husababisha kupungua kwa mwanga na kuteleza kwa rangi.
Lumen Depreciation	L70 / L80 (saa)	Muda unaohitajika kwa mwangaza kupungua hadi 70% au 80% ya thamani ya awali.	Kufafanua moja kwa moja "maisha ya huduma" ya LED.
Kiwango cha Kudumisha Lumini (Lumen Maintenance)	% (kama 70%)	Asilimia ya mwangaza uliobaki baada ya kutumia kwa muda fulani.	Inaonyesha uwezo wa kudumisha mwangaza baada ya matumizi ya muda mrefu.
Mabadiliko ya Rangi (Color Shift)	Δu′v′ au Duaradufu ya MacAdam	Kiwango cha mabadiliko ya rangi wakati wa matumizi.	Inaathiri uthabiti wa rangi katika eneo la taa.
Thermal Aging	Deterioration of material properties.	Degradation of packaging materials due to prolonged high temperatures.	May lead to decreased brightness, color shift, or open-circuit failure.

Nne. Ufungaji na Nyenzo

Istilahi	Aina za Kawaida	Penjelasan Populer	Sifa na Matumizi
Aina ya Ufungashaji	EMC, PPA, Ceramic	A housing material that protects the chip and provides optical and thermal interfaces.	EMC offers good heat resistance and low cost; ceramics provide superior heat dissipation and long lifespan.
Chip Architecture	Face-up, Flip Chip	Chip Electrode Layout.	Flip-chip offers better heat dissipation and higher luminous efficacy, suitable for high-power applications.
Phosphor coating	YAG, silicates, nitrides	Coated on the blue LED chip, partially converted to yellow/red light, mixed to form white light.	Different phosphors affect luminous efficacy, color temperature, and color rendering.
Lens/Usanifu wa Optics	Uso wa gorofa, microlens, kutafakari kwa jumla	Optical structure on the encapsulation surface, controlling light distribution.	Determines the emission angle and light distribution curve.

V. Quality Control and Binning

Istilahi	Yaliyomo ya Uainishaji	Penjelasan Populer	Kusudi
Luminous Flux Binning	Codes such as 2G, 2H	Grouped by brightness level, each group has a minimum/maximum lumen value.	Ensure consistent brightness within the same batch of products.
Voltage binning	Codes such as 6W, 6X	Group by forward voltage range.	Facilitates driver power matching and improves system efficiency.
Kundi la rangi	5-step MacAdam ellipse	Group by color coordinates to ensure colors fall within an extremely narrow range.	Ensure color consistency to avoid uneven color within the same luminaire.
Color temperature binning	2700K, 3000K, n.k.	Pangilia kwa makundi kulingana na joto la rangi, kila kundi lina anuwai maalum ya kuratibu.	Inakidhi mahitaji ya joto la rangi katika mazingira mbalimbali.

Sita, Uchunguzi na Uthibitishaji

Istilahi	Standard/Test	Penjelasan Populer	Meaning
LM-80	Lumen Maintenance Test	Long-term operation under constant temperature conditions, recording luminance attenuation data.	Used for estimating LED lifetime (combined with TM-21).
TM-21	Lifetime projection standard	Kuhesabu maisha ya matumizi halisi kulingana na data ya LM-80.	Toa utabiri wa maisha wa kisayansi.
IESNA standard	Illuminating Engineering Society Standard	Covers optical, electrical, and thermal test methods.	Msingi unaokubalika kitaalamu wa upimaji.
RoHS / REACH	Uthibitisho wa usafi wa mazingira.	Hakikisha bidhaa hazina vitu hatari (kama risasi, zebaki).	Masharti ya kuingia kwenye soko la kimataifa.
ENERGY STAR / DLC	Energy Efficiency Certification	Energy efficiency and performance certification for lighting products.	Inatumiwa kwa kawaida katika miradi ya ununuzi wa serikali na ruzuku, kuimarisha ushindani wa soko.